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Enerji Jeopolitiği Kapsamında Bir Değerlendirme: Türk Boğazları

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 179 - 194
https://doi.org/10.70101/ussmad.1783986

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk Boğazlarının enerji jeopolitiği bağlamındaki stratejik önemini ortaya koymak ve uluslararası güç dengeleri açısından sunduğu fırsat ve riskleri analiz etmektir. Konu, enerji jeopolitiği ve enerji güvenliği kavramı çerçevesinde ele alınmakta; özellikle Alfred Thayer Mahan’ın Deniz Hâkimiyet Teorisi ışığında boğazların küresel darboğaz (chokepoint) niteliği tartışılmaktadır. Araştırmada yöntem olarak nitel yaklaşım benimsenmiş ve doküman analizi yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda uluslararası kuruluşların raporları, resmi istatistikler ve akademik literatür incelenerek tarihsel ve güncel veriler karşılaştırmalı biçimde değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular; enerji jeopolitiği kapsamında Türk Boğazlarının önemli deniz yollarından biri olduğunu, küresel ve bölgesel enerji politikaları içinde yer aldığını, jeopolitik fırsatlar yanında önemli güvenlik riskleri de barındırdığını göstermektedir.

References

  • Agayev, V., Akhundov, F., Aliyev, F. T. & Agarunov, M. (1995). World War II and Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan International, s. 50-55.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2025, 18 Haziran). Strategic maritime chokepoints in global oil trade [Info-graphic]. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/info/infographic/46564
  • Anderson, E. (2000). Middle East: geography and geopolitics (8th ed). Routledge.
  • Andreeva, E. (2007). Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism. Routledge.
  • Asada, S. (2012). From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The imperial Japanese navy and the United States. Naval Institute Press.
  • Brothers, L. (2008). Global Equity Research, Global Oil Choke Points.
  • CIA. (2014, 14 Ekim). Pipelines, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2117.html.
  • Demir, M. F. (2010). Enerji Oyunu. Alkım Yayıncılık.
  • DenizHaber. (2014, 11 Ekim). Boğazlar gemi geçiş. http://www.denizhaber.com/HABER/34675/3/bogazlar-gemi-gecis.html
  • EIA. (2025, June 16). Amid regional conflict, the Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepoint. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65504
  • EIA. (2025, June 24). About one-fifth of global liquefied natural gas trade flows through the Strait of Hormuz. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65584
  • EIA. (2023). Today in energy. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61002
  • EIA. (2023). Red Sea chokepoints are critical for international oil and natural gas flows. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61025
  • EIA. (2024). World oil transit chokepoints. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved September. 2025, https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/special-topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints
  • Emeklier B., & Ergül, N. ( 2010). Petrolün uluslararası ilişkilerdeki yeri: jeopolitik teoriler ve petropolitik, Bilge Strateji, 2(3), 59-86.
  • Glassner, M. I. (1996). Political geography. J.Wiley.
  • Helwa, R., & Al-Riffai, P. (2025, 20 March). A lifeline under threat: why the Suez Canal’s security matters for the world[Issue brief]. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/a-lifeline-under-threat-why-the-suez-canals-security-matters-for-the-world/?utm
  • Henniker, E.M. (2013). Nationalisation: The Anglo – Iranian Oil company, 1951, Britain vs. Iran, Seven Pillars Institute, Moral Cents 2(2), 16-34.
  • Hopkins, P. (2014, 11 Ekim). Oil and gas pipelines: yesterday and today. http://www.penspen.com/downloads/papers/documents/oilandgaspipelines.pdf
  • International Gas Union, (2013). World LNG report.
  • İşcan, İ. H. (2004). Uluslararası ilişkilerde klasik jeopolitik teoriler ve çağdaş yansımaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, I(2) 47-79.
  • Kalkan, D. (2020). Soğuk savaş dönemi sonrası Türk dış politikasında enerji güvenliği ve Azerbaycan. Sonçağ Yayınları.
  • Kaplan, R. (2014, 20 Mayıs). The geopolitics of energy, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stratfor/2014/04/04/the-geopolitics-of-energy/
  • Kennedy, J. L. (1993). Oil and gas pipeline fundamentals. Pennwell.
  • Komiss, W., & Lavar, H. (2011, March). The Economic implications of disruptions to maritime oil chokepoints. NA Analysis and Solutions Report.
  • Kurumahmut, A. ve Tosun, S. A. (1999). Uluslararası boğazlardan geçiş ve Türk Boğazları'nın hukuki statüsü. Harp Akademisi Komutanlığı Yayınları.
  • Maurer, N. (2011). The Empire struck back: sanctions and compensation in the Mexican oil expropriation of 1938. The Journal of Economic History, 71(3).
  • MFA. (2014, 4 Ağustos). Türk boğazları, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turk-bogazlari.tr.mfa
  • Minchin, J., & Diakun, B. (2025, September 4). Bab el Mandeb transits hit highest level since Red Sea exodus [Analysis]. Lloyd’s List. https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1154707/Bab-el-Mandeb-transits-hit-highest-level-since-Red-Sea-exodus?utm
  • Myers, J. (2021, March). The Suez canal in numbers. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/03/the-suez-canal-in-numbers/
  • Nacs. (2013). The history of fuels retailing, Nacs Report: 14.
  • Özil, E. (2004). Dünya’daki stratejik enerji kaynakları ve ulaşım yolları, dünya ve Türkiye’deki enerji ve su kaynaklarının ulusal ve uluslararası güvenliğe etkileri, 15-16 Ocak 2004 Bildiriler, Soru-Cevaplar, Katkılar ve Konuşma Metinleri, Harp Akademileri Basım Evi, s. 41-91.
  • Özey, R. (1998). Jeopolitik ve jeostrotejik açıdan Türkiye. Marifet Yayınevi.
  • Parra, F.(2004). Oil politics : a modern history of petroleum. I.B. Tauris.
  • Pazarcı, H. (2003). Uluslararası hukuk. Turhan Yayınları.
  • Pena, J. D.(2009). Maritime crime in the Strait of Malacca: balancing regional and extra – regional concerns. Stanford Journal of International Relations, X(2), 1-8.
  • Pitakdumrongkit, K. (2023, October 5). Geoeconomic crossroads: The Strait of Malacca’s impact on regional trade. The National Bureau of Asian Research. https://www.nbr.org/publication/geoeconomic-crossroads-the-strait-of-malaccas-impact-on-regional-trade/?utm
  • Pour H. A., (2008). The petroleum industry, Iran : a country study, (Ed. Curtis, G. E., Hooglund, E.) Fifth Edition. Library of Congress Cataloging Publication.
  • Rodrigue, J.P.(2004, December). Straits, passages and chokepoints a maritime geostrategy of petroleum distribution. Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec, 48(135), 357-374.
  • Saudi Aramco. (2014, 10 Ekim). The early days: 1933 – 1944, http://www.saudiaramco.com/content/dam/Publications/Saudi%20Aramco%20and%20Its%20People/Chapter1_The_Early_Days_part1.pdf
  • Scaife, M. (2004). History: modern British and European. Letts.
  • Smith, J. M., & Swanson, J. (2013, September). Global maritime chokepoints: dynamics and threats, American Foreign Policy Council: Defense Dossier, (8), 15-18.
  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel enerji jeopolitiği ve enerji güvenliği. Journal of Yaşar University, 26(7), 4378 – 4391.
  • Şener, B. (2014, Mart) Türk Boğazları’nın geçiş rejiminin tarihi gelişimi ve hukuki statüsü. Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 7(17), 467-493.
  • Tuathail, G.Ó. (2003). Thinking critically about geopolitcs, (ed. Tuathail, G. Ó. Dalby, S., Routledge P.). The Geopoliticas Reader, London, Routledge, 1-14.
  • Vassiliou, M.S. (2009). Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry. Scarecrow Press,
  • Yüce, Ç. K. (2008). Hazar enerji kaynaklarının Türk Cumhuriyetleri için önemi ve bölgedeki yeni büyük oyun, Beykent Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 158-183.
  • World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme. (2003).Cross- border oil and gas pipelines: problems and prospects.
  • Venditti, B. (2024, July 12). Visualizing global energy production in 2023. https://elements.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-global-energy-production-in-2023
  • Yeni Aktüel. (2014, 3 Ekim). İstanbul Boğazı’nda meydana gelen büyük kazalar, http://www.yeniaktuel.com.tr/tur105,222@2100.html
  • Zang, Z.Z. (2011). China's energy security, the Malacca dilemma and responses, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511007221?utm

The Turkish Straits: An Analysis within the Framework of Energy Geopolitics

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 179 - 194
https://doi.org/10.70101/ussmad.1783986

Abstract

The primary aim of this study is to reveal the strategic significance of the Turkish Straits within the context of energy geopolitics and to analyze the opportunities and risks they present in terms of international power relations. The subject is addressed within the framework of energy geopolitics and energy security, with particular emphasis on the global chokepoint character of the Straits in light of Alfred Thayer Mahan’s Sea Power Theory. The research employs a qualitative approach and utilizes document analysis. In this regard, reports of international organizations, official statistics, and academic literature were examined, allowing for a comparative evaluation of both historical and contemporary data. The findings indicate that, within the scope of energy geopolitics, the Turkish Straits constitute one of the most significant maritime routes, occupying a central role in both global and regional energy policies, while simultaneously embodying geopolitical opportunities as well as substantial security risks.

References

  • Agayev, V., Akhundov, F., Aliyev, F. T. & Agarunov, M. (1995). World War II and Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan International, s. 50-55.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2025, 18 Haziran). Strategic maritime chokepoints in global oil trade [Info-graphic]. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/info/infographic/46564
  • Anderson, E. (2000). Middle East: geography and geopolitics (8th ed). Routledge.
  • Andreeva, E. (2007). Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism. Routledge.
  • Asada, S. (2012). From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The imperial Japanese navy and the United States. Naval Institute Press.
  • Brothers, L. (2008). Global Equity Research, Global Oil Choke Points.
  • CIA. (2014, 14 Ekim). Pipelines, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2117.html.
  • Demir, M. F. (2010). Enerji Oyunu. Alkım Yayıncılık.
  • DenizHaber. (2014, 11 Ekim). Boğazlar gemi geçiş. http://www.denizhaber.com/HABER/34675/3/bogazlar-gemi-gecis.html
  • EIA. (2025, June 16). Amid regional conflict, the Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepoint. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65504
  • EIA. (2025, June 24). About one-fifth of global liquefied natural gas trade flows through the Strait of Hormuz. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65584
  • EIA. (2023). Today in energy. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61002
  • EIA. (2023). Red Sea chokepoints are critical for international oil and natural gas flows. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61025
  • EIA. (2024). World oil transit chokepoints. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved September. 2025, https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/special-topics/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints
  • Emeklier B., & Ergül, N. ( 2010). Petrolün uluslararası ilişkilerdeki yeri: jeopolitik teoriler ve petropolitik, Bilge Strateji, 2(3), 59-86.
  • Glassner, M. I. (1996). Political geography. J.Wiley.
  • Helwa, R., & Al-Riffai, P. (2025, 20 March). A lifeline under threat: why the Suez Canal’s security matters for the world[Issue brief]. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/a-lifeline-under-threat-why-the-suez-canals-security-matters-for-the-world/?utm
  • Henniker, E.M. (2013). Nationalisation: The Anglo – Iranian Oil company, 1951, Britain vs. Iran, Seven Pillars Institute, Moral Cents 2(2), 16-34.
  • Hopkins, P. (2014, 11 Ekim). Oil and gas pipelines: yesterday and today. http://www.penspen.com/downloads/papers/documents/oilandgaspipelines.pdf
  • International Gas Union, (2013). World LNG report.
  • İşcan, İ. H. (2004). Uluslararası ilişkilerde klasik jeopolitik teoriler ve çağdaş yansımaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, I(2) 47-79.
  • Kalkan, D. (2020). Soğuk savaş dönemi sonrası Türk dış politikasında enerji güvenliği ve Azerbaycan. Sonçağ Yayınları.
  • Kaplan, R. (2014, 20 Mayıs). The geopolitics of energy, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stratfor/2014/04/04/the-geopolitics-of-energy/
  • Kennedy, J. L. (1993). Oil and gas pipeline fundamentals. Pennwell.
  • Komiss, W., & Lavar, H. (2011, March). The Economic implications of disruptions to maritime oil chokepoints. NA Analysis and Solutions Report.
  • Kurumahmut, A. ve Tosun, S. A. (1999). Uluslararası boğazlardan geçiş ve Türk Boğazları'nın hukuki statüsü. Harp Akademisi Komutanlığı Yayınları.
  • Maurer, N. (2011). The Empire struck back: sanctions and compensation in the Mexican oil expropriation of 1938. The Journal of Economic History, 71(3).
  • MFA. (2014, 4 Ağustos). Türk boğazları, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turk-bogazlari.tr.mfa
  • Minchin, J., & Diakun, B. (2025, September 4). Bab el Mandeb transits hit highest level since Red Sea exodus [Analysis]. Lloyd’s List. https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1154707/Bab-el-Mandeb-transits-hit-highest-level-since-Red-Sea-exodus?utm
  • Myers, J. (2021, March). The Suez canal in numbers. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/03/the-suez-canal-in-numbers/
  • Nacs. (2013). The history of fuels retailing, Nacs Report: 14.
  • Özil, E. (2004). Dünya’daki stratejik enerji kaynakları ve ulaşım yolları, dünya ve Türkiye’deki enerji ve su kaynaklarının ulusal ve uluslararası güvenliğe etkileri, 15-16 Ocak 2004 Bildiriler, Soru-Cevaplar, Katkılar ve Konuşma Metinleri, Harp Akademileri Basım Evi, s. 41-91.
  • Özey, R. (1998). Jeopolitik ve jeostrotejik açıdan Türkiye. Marifet Yayınevi.
  • Parra, F.(2004). Oil politics : a modern history of petroleum. I.B. Tauris.
  • Pazarcı, H. (2003). Uluslararası hukuk. Turhan Yayınları.
  • Pena, J. D.(2009). Maritime crime in the Strait of Malacca: balancing regional and extra – regional concerns. Stanford Journal of International Relations, X(2), 1-8.
  • Pitakdumrongkit, K. (2023, October 5). Geoeconomic crossroads: The Strait of Malacca’s impact on regional trade. The National Bureau of Asian Research. https://www.nbr.org/publication/geoeconomic-crossroads-the-strait-of-malaccas-impact-on-regional-trade/?utm
  • Pour H. A., (2008). The petroleum industry, Iran : a country study, (Ed. Curtis, G. E., Hooglund, E.) Fifth Edition. Library of Congress Cataloging Publication.
  • Rodrigue, J.P.(2004, December). Straits, passages and chokepoints a maritime geostrategy of petroleum distribution. Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec, 48(135), 357-374.
  • Saudi Aramco. (2014, 10 Ekim). The early days: 1933 – 1944, http://www.saudiaramco.com/content/dam/Publications/Saudi%20Aramco%20and%20Its%20People/Chapter1_The_Early_Days_part1.pdf
  • Scaife, M. (2004). History: modern British and European. Letts.
  • Smith, J. M., & Swanson, J. (2013, September). Global maritime chokepoints: dynamics and threats, American Foreign Policy Council: Defense Dossier, (8), 15-18.
  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel enerji jeopolitiği ve enerji güvenliği. Journal of Yaşar University, 26(7), 4378 – 4391.
  • Şener, B. (2014, Mart) Türk Boğazları’nın geçiş rejiminin tarihi gelişimi ve hukuki statüsü. Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 7(17), 467-493.
  • Tuathail, G.Ó. (2003). Thinking critically about geopolitcs, (ed. Tuathail, G. Ó. Dalby, S., Routledge P.). The Geopoliticas Reader, London, Routledge, 1-14.
  • Vassiliou, M.S. (2009). Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry. Scarecrow Press,
  • Yüce, Ç. K. (2008). Hazar enerji kaynaklarının Türk Cumhuriyetleri için önemi ve bölgedeki yeni büyük oyun, Beykent Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 158-183.
  • World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme. (2003).Cross- border oil and gas pipelines: problems and prospects.
  • Venditti, B. (2024, July 12). Visualizing global energy production in 2023. https://elements.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-global-energy-production-in-2023
  • Yeni Aktüel. (2014, 3 Ekim). İstanbul Boğazı’nda meydana gelen büyük kazalar, http://www.yeniaktuel.com.tr/tur105,222@2100.html
  • Zang, Z.Z. (2011). China's energy security, the Malacca dilemma and responses, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511007221?utm
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects European and Region Studies, International Politics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Duhan Kalkan 0000-0001-5346-7016

Early Pub Date October 27, 2025
Publication Date October 29, 2025
Submission Date September 14, 2025
Acceptance Date October 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kalkan, D. (2025). Enerji Jeopolitiği Kapsamında Bir Değerlendirme: Türk Boğazları. Uluslararası Sosyal Siyasal Ve Mali Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.70101/ussmad.1783986