Research Article

THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS

Number: 17 February 6, 2026
  • Cengiz Haksöz *
EN TR

THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS

Abstract

Nation-state borders are a phenomenon became part of the international relations as well as the everyday lives of people. Even though borders, in theory, are constructed entities state borders directly or indirectly influence identity formation of communities. The Pomaks are Slavic-speaking Muslim population living historically in the Rhodope Mountains region on the Bulgarian-Greek border. In Bulgarian, Greek, and Turkish nation-building processes, Pomak identity was continuously contested by all the three states. For the Bulgarian state, the Pomaks are ethnic Bulgarians who forcefully converted to Islam. Thus, if this process can be reversed, they can become “real” Bulgarians, again. For the Greek state, the Pomaks are descendants of Hellenic tribes who were assimilated by more populous Slavic-speaking populations in the region. In Turkey, the Pomaks are regarded as descendants of pre-Ottoman Turkic tribes, such as Kumans and Pechenegs, who later assimilated by Slavic-speaking populations. This paper discusses how the modern Rhodopean borders were created and how their creation influenced and shaped the construction of Pomak identity in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. The first part focuses on the making of the modern Rhodope Mountains borders between Bulgaria and Greece. The second part evaluates the identity construction processes of Pomaks in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. Finally, the paper discusses how the making of state borders, directly and indirectly, influenced the construction of Pomak identity boundaries in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.

Keywords

References

  1. Ágoston, Gábor. “A Flexible Empire: Authority and its Limits on the Ottoman Frontiers,” in Ottoman Borderlands: Issues, Personalities and Political Changes, edited by Kemal H. Karpat and Robert W. Zens, pp. 15-32. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2003.
  2. Ágoston, Gábor. “Treaty of Karlowitz,” in Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Political History (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Cengiz Haksöz * This is me
United States

Publication Date

February 6, 2026

Submission Date

January 1, 2016

Acceptance Date

February 26, 2016

Published in Issue

Year 2016 Number: 17

APA
Haksöz, C. (2026). THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, 17, 47-99. https://izlik.org/JA88WF24NT
AMA
1.Haksöz C. THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS. UST / ICH. 2026;(17):47-99. https://izlik.org/JA88WF24NT
Chicago
Haksöz, Cengiz. 2026. “THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, nos. 17: 47-99. https://izlik.org/JA88WF24NT.
EndNote
Haksöz C (February 1, 2026) THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih 17 47–99.
IEEE
[1]C. Haksöz, “THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS”, UST / ICH, no. 17, pp. 47–99, Feb. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA88WF24NT
ISNAD
Haksöz, Cengiz. “THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS”. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih. 17 (February 1, 2026): 47-99. https://izlik.org/JA88WF24NT.
JAMA
1.Haksöz C. THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS. UST / ICH. 2026;:47–99.
MLA
Haksöz, Cengiz. “THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, no. 17, Feb. 2026, pp. 47-99, https://izlik.org/JA88WF24NT.
Vancouver
1.Cengiz Haksöz. THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS. UST / ICH [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 1;(17):47-99. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA88WF24NT