Research Article
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An Examination of Enemy Construction Propaganda in Serbian Society in Milan Nedić’s Reign

Year 2020, Issue: 21, 81 - 110, 02.12.2020

Abstract

Axis Powers occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia on April 18, 1941 and partitioned its territory among themselves. A state called as Government of National Salvation which was led by Germany in Serbia was founded and Serbian General Milan Nedić was appointed as prime minister. After Nedić became prime minister, Allied States and Jews began to be constructed as Serbia's national enemies with propaganda activities. For this purpose, the Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition was held in Belgrade between 22 October 1941 and 19 January 1942 during the Nedić government and hate speech was developed against both Allied States and Jews through materials in the exhibition. In the study, it was aimed to reveal how Allied States and Jews were constructed as enemies in the eyes of Serbs through materials in the Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition. For this purpose, visuals determined within the scope of the study were analyzed in terms of semiotics and it was tried to reveal discourses used in enemy construction. As a result of the study, it is asserted that through the exhibition the message was given that the Allied States are under the control of the Jews and working for the Zionism. The study, in this context, claims that the perception of Jews are the enemies of the Serbs was tried to be constructed in the society.

References

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  • Aleksić, Dragan. “The Sale of Confi scated Jewish Immovable Property in Serbia During World War II for Financing War Damages to Germans,” LIMESplus, no. 2 (2015): 21-38.
  • Antic, Ana. “Therapeutic Fascism: re-educating Communists in Nazi-occupied Serbia, 1942–44.” History of psychiatry 25, no. 1 (2014): 35-56.
  • Browning, R. Christopher. “Wehrmacht Reprisal Policy and the Mass Murder of Jews in Serbia.” Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift, no. 1 (1983): 31-47.
  • Byford, Jovan. “Christian Right‐Wing Organisations and the Spreading of Anti‐Semitic Prejudice in post‐Milošević Serbia: The Case of the Dignity Patriotic Movement.” East European Jewish Affairs 32, no. 2 (2002): 43-60.
  • Byford, Jovan. “When I say “The Holocaust,” I mean “Jasenovac” Remembrance of the Holocaust in Contemporary Serbia.” East European Jewish Affairs 37, no. 1 (2007): 51-74.
  • Byford, Jovan. “The Collaborationist Administration and the Treatment of the Jews in Nazi-Occupied Serbia” in Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, edited by Sabrina P. Ramet and Ola Listhaug, 109-127. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Čvorović, Jelena and Nikolić, Kosta. “Differential Reproductive Success among the Serbian Jews,” Mankind Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2015): 297-324.
  • D’Acunto, Francesco, Prokopczuk, Marcel and Weber, Michael. “Historical Antisemitism, Ethnic Specialization, and Financial Development.” The Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 3, (2019): 1170-1206.
  • Goebbels, Joseph. Gerçek Yüzüyle Komünizm ve Teori ve Pratikte Bolşevizm, Çev. Zehra Köroğlu. İstanbul: Bilge Karınca Yayınları, 2016.
  • Herf, Jeffrey. “The ‘Jewish war’: Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 19, no. 1 (2005): 51-80
  • Kovačević-Ristanović, Ružica. “Lela Mevorah: A Professional Jewish Woman's Contribution to the Practice of Medicine in Serbia in the Aftermath of the Holocaust.” Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies 25, no. 2 (2011): 199-211.
  • Lakic, Branko and Dajc, Haris. “The Holocaust and Restitution in Serbia: Confiscation of Jewish Property in Serbia.” Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 41, no. 3 (2018): 607-616.
  • Lynn, Richard and Cvorovic, Jelena. “The Intelligence of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in Serbia.” Mankind Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2015): 352-359.
  • MacDonald, B. David. “Globalizing the Holocaust: A Jewish “Useable Past” in Serbian Nationalism.” PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 2, no. 2 (2005): 1-31.
  • Melzer, Ralf. “In the Eye of a Hurricane: German Freemasonry in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 4, no. 2 (2003): 113-132.
  • Murphey, Rhoads. “Jewish Contributions to Ottoman Medicine (1450-1800).” In Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Century edited by Avigdor Levy, 61-74. The United States of America: Syracuse University Press, 2002.
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  • Ramet, P. Sabrina. Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. Germany: Springer, 2011.
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  • Ristović, Milan. “Rural ‘anti-utopia’in the Ideology of Serbian Collaborationists in the Second World War.” European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire 15, no. 2 (2008): 179-192.
  • Ristović, Milan. Jews in Serbia During World War Two: Between ‘The Final Solution to the Jewish Question’and ‘The Righteous Among Nations’, 260-285. Serbia. Righteous Among Nations, 2010.
  • Ristović, Milan. “Jews in Serbia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 1 (2018): 16-22.
  • Shelach, Menachem. “Sajmište-an Extermination Camp in Serbia.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2, no. 2 (1987): 243-260.
  • Smith, W. Tom and Schapiro, Benjamin. “Antisemitism in Contemporary America.” In American Jewish Year Book 2018 edited by Arnold Dashefsky, Ira M. Sheskin, 113-161. Germany: Springer, 2019.
  • Todosijević, Sanja Petrović. “Holocaust With (out) Bullets: The Public and Property of the Jewish People from Šabac and the Kladovo Transport 1941–1944.” AM Časopis za studije umetnosti i medija, no. 13 (2017): 5-15.
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  • USHMM. “Komintern Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542386.
  • USHMM. “Kukla Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542389.
  • USHMM. “Yıldız Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542638.
  • USHMM. “Avrupa Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed March 12, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542644.
  • Volkov, Shulamit. “Antisemitism as a Cultural Code: Reflections on the History and Historiography of Antisemitism in Imperial Germany.” In European Political History 1870–1913 edited by Thomas Mergel, 243-264. The United Kingdom: Routledge, 2017.

Milan Nedić İktidarında Sırp Toplumunda Düşman İnşası Propagandasına Yönelik Bir İnceleme

Year 2020, Issue: 21, 81 - 110, 02.12.2020

Abstract

Mihver Devletleri, 18 Nisan 1941 tarihinde Yugoslavya Krallığı'nı işgal ederek topraklarını kendi aralarında paylaşmıştır. Sırbistan'da ise Ulusal Kurtuluş Hükümeti adında Almanya'nın güdümünde bir devlet kurulmuş, Başbakanlığına da Sırp General Milan Nedić getirilmiştir. Nedić'in Başbakanlığa getirilmesinden sonra yapılan propaganda faaliyetleri ile Müttefik Devletleri ve Yahudiler, Sırbistan'ın ulusal düşmanları olarak inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Nedić hükümeti döneminde Belgrad'ta 22 Ekim 1941-19 Ocak 1942 tarihleri arasında Büyük Masonluk Karşıtı Sergi (BMKS) düzenlenmiş ve bu sergide yer alan materyaller üzerinden hem Müttefik Devletlerine hem de Yahudilere yönelik nefret söylemine yönelinmiştir. Çalışmada Büyük Masonluk Karşıtı Sergi'de yer alan materyaller üzerinden Müttefik Devletleri'nin ve Yahudilerin ne şekilde Sırplar nezdinde düşman olarak inşa edildiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışma kapsamında belirlenen görseller, göstergebilimsel açıdan analiz edilerek, düşman inşasında kullanılan söylemlerin ortaya konulmasına çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, BMKS yoluyla Müttefik Devletlerin Yahudilerin denetimi altında olduğu ve Siyonizm adına hareket ettiği mesajının verildiği öne sürülmekte ve bu şekilde Yahudilerin Sırpların düşmanı olduğu algısının yerleştirilmesine çalışıldığı iddiasında bulunulmaktadır.

References

  • Albahari, Biljana. “A Review of Jewish Periodicals in Serbia from 1888 to World War II.” Čitalište 15, no. 28 (2016): 85-108.
  • Aleksić, Dragan. “The Sale of Confi scated Jewish Immovable Property in Serbia During World War II for Financing War Damages to Germans,” LIMESplus, no. 2 (2015): 21-38.
  • Antic, Ana. “Therapeutic Fascism: re-educating Communists in Nazi-occupied Serbia, 1942–44.” History of psychiatry 25, no. 1 (2014): 35-56.
  • Browning, R. Christopher. “Wehrmacht Reprisal Policy and the Mass Murder of Jews in Serbia.” Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift, no. 1 (1983): 31-47.
  • Byford, Jovan. “Christian Right‐Wing Organisations and the Spreading of Anti‐Semitic Prejudice in post‐Milošević Serbia: The Case of the Dignity Patriotic Movement.” East European Jewish Affairs 32, no. 2 (2002): 43-60.
  • Byford, Jovan. “When I say “The Holocaust,” I mean “Jasenovac” Remembrance of the Holocaust in Contemporary Serbia.” East European Jewish Affairs 37, no. 1 (2007): 51-74.
  • Byford, Jovan. “The Collaborationist Administration and the Treatment of the Jews in Nazi-Occupied Serbia” in Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, edited by Sabrina P. Ramet and Ola Listhaug, 109-127. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Čvorović, Jelena and Nikolić, Kosta. “Differential Reproductive Success among the Serbian Jews,” Mankind Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2015): 297-324.
  • D’Acunto, Francesco, Prokopczuk, Marcel and Weber, Michael. “Historical Antisemitism, Ethnic Specialization, and Financial Development.” The Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 3, (2019): 1170-1206.
  • Goebbels, Joseph. Gerçek Yüzüyle Komünizm ve Teori ve Pratikte Bolşevizm, Çev. Zehra Köroğlu. İstanbul: Bilge Karınca Yayınları, 2016.
  • Herf, Jeffrey. “The ‘Jewish war’: Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 19, no. 1 (2005): 51-80
  • Kovačević-Ristanović, Ružica. “Lela Mevorah: A Professional Jewish Woman's Contribution to the Practice of Medicine in Serbia in the Aftermath of the Holocaust.” Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies 25, no. 2 (2011): 199-211.
  • Lakic, Branko and Dajc, Haris. “The Holocaust and Restitution in Serbia: Confiscation of Jewish Property in Serbia.” Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 41, no. 3 (2018): 607-616.
  • Lynn, Richard and Cvorovic, Jelena. “The Intelligence of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in Serbia.” Mankind Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2015): 352-359.
  • MacDonald, B. David. “Globalizing the Holocaust: A Jewish “Useable Past” in Serbian Nationalism.” PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 2, no. 2 (2005): 1-31.
  • Melzer, Ralf. “In the Eye of a Hurricane: German Freemasonry in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 4, no. 2 (2003): 113-132.
  • Murphey, Rhoads. “Jewish Contributions to Ottoman Medicine (1450-1800).” In Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Century edited by Avigdor Levy, 61-74. The United States of America: Syracuse University Press, 2002.
  • Obradović, Marija and Novaković, Nada. “Milan Nedic’s Quisling Regime and Forced Labor in Serbia from 1941 to 1944.” E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies 8, no. 3 (2019): 91.
  • Prusin, Alexander. Serbia Under the Swastika: A World War II Occupation. The United States: University of Illinois Press, 2017.
  • Ramet, P. Sabrina. Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. Germany: Springer, 2011.
  • Ramet, P. Sabrina and Lazić, Sladjana. “The collaborationist regime of Milan Nedić.” In Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two edited by Sabrina P. Ramet, Ola Listhaug, 17-43. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Rentschler, Eric. The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and its Afterlife, Harvard University Press, 1996.
  • Rifat, Mehmet. Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013.
  • Ristović, Milan. “Yugoslav Jews Fleeng the Holocaust, 1941–1945.” In Remembering for the Future edited by John K. Roth, Elisabeth Maxwell, Margot Levy, Wendy Whitworth, 512-526. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
  • Ristović, Milan. “Rural ‘anti-utopia’in the Ideology of Serbian Collaborationists in the Second World War.” European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire 15, no. 2 (2008): 179-192.
  • Ristović, Milan. Jews in Serbia During World War Two: Between ‘The Final Solution to the Jewish Question’and ‘The Righteous Among Nations’, 260-285. Serbia. Righteous Among Nations, 2010.
  • Ristović, Milan. “Jews in Serbia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 1 (2018): 16-22.
  • Shelach, Menachem. “Sajmište-an Extermination Camp in Serbia.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2, no. 2 (1987): 243-260.
  • Smith, W. Tom and Schapiro, Benjamin. “Antisemitism in Contemporary America.” In American Jewish Year Book 2018 edited by Arnold Dashefsky, Ira M. Sheskin, 113-161. Germany: Springer, 2019.
  • Todosijević, Sanja Petrović. “Holocaust With (out) Bullets: The Public and Property of the Jewish People from Šabac and the Kladovo Transport 1941–1944.” AM Časopis za studije umetnosti i medija, no. 13 (2017): 5-15.
  • USHMM. “Terazi Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed December 23, 2019. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542383.
  • USHMM. “Denge Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542646.
  • USHMM. “Komintern Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542386.
  • USHMM. “Kukla Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542389.
  • USHMM. “Yıldız Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542638.
  • USHMM. “Avrupa Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed March 12, 2020. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn542644.
  • Volkov, Shulamit. “Antisemitism as a Cultural Code: Reflections on the History and Historiography of Antisemitism in Imperial Germany.” In European Political History 1870–1913 edited by Thomas Mergel, 243-264. The United Kingdom: Routledge, 2017.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özkan Avcı 0000-0003-1524-1379

Caner Çakı 0000-0002-1523-4649

Publication Date December 2, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 21

Cite

Chicago Avcı, Özkan, and Caner Çakı. “Milan Nedić İktidarında Sırp Toplumunda Düşman İnşası Propagandasına Yönelik Bir İnceleme”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, no. 21 (December 2020): 81-110.