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ÇEVRİMİÇİ EL YAZISI TANIMA SİSTEMİ OLAN GRAFFİTİ’NİN KULLANILABİLİRLİK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 46 - 57, 01.03.2012

Abstract

Bütün mobil cihazlar var olan sınırlılıkları nedeni ile metin girişi konusunda benzer yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerden biri her cihazda farklı uygulamaları bulunan, farklı algoritmalar ve yöntemler kullanan el yazısı tanıma sistemleridir. Bu çalışmada Palm-OS işletim sistemlerinde kullanılan el yazısı tanıma sistemi olan Graffiti üzerinde farklı yazma alışkanlıkları olan (sağ elini ya da sol eli ile yazan) kullanıcıların bu durumlarının kullanılabilirlik skorlarına ve yazma hızlarına etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya 20-28 yaş aralığında ve daha önce Graffiti kullanımı üzerine hiç tecrübesi olmayan 20 ODTÜ öğrencisi katılmıştır. Katılımcılardan 10 tanesi sol, 10 tanesi sağ elini kullanmaktadır. Katılımcılardan 2 kullanıcı testi ve 1 anket ile veri toplanmıştır. Birinci kullanıcı testinde kullanıcılardan kendilerine verilen metni A4 kâğıda kalem ile yazmaları istenmiştir. İkinci kullanıcı testinde ise yine kendilerine verilen metni Graffiti ile PDA’e yazmaları istenmiştir. Son olarak sistem kullanılabilirlik ölçeği ile Graffiti el yazısı tanıma sisteminin kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Böylelikle kullanıcıların yazma hızlarına, hata oranlarına ve sistemin kullanılabilirliğine yönelik bilgi elde edilmiştir. Kağıt üzerine el yazısı yazarken sol elini kullananlar sağ elini kullananlara göre istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir şekilde yavaş yazmalarına karşın bu farklar Graffiti üzerinde yazma hızlarına ve sistemin kullanılabilirliğine yönelik görüşlerinde hiçbir anlamlı farka sebep olmamıştır. Ayrıca kağıt üzerine yazma hızları ile Graffiti ile yazma hızları arasında istatistiki bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Yani hızlı el yazısı yazmak, bu tip el yazısı tanıma sistemi kullanan cihazlara veri girişinde de hızlı olmak anlamına gelmemektedir çünkü bu iki aktivite birbirinden farklı zihinsel ve motor kabiliyetler gerektirmektedir.

References

  • Bangor, A., Kortum, Miller, J. A. (2008), An empirical evaluation of the System Usability
  • Scale (SUS). International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24(6), 574–594. Bohan, M. (2000a). Entering text into hand-held devices: Comparing two soft keyboards.
  • Usability News, 2(1),19 Ocak 2012, http://www.surl.org/usabilitynews/21/softkeyboards.asp
  • Bohan, M. (2000b). Two years and six hand-held devices later: What I have learned. Usability
  • News, 2(2),19 Ocak 2012, http://www.surl.org/usabilitynews/22/PDAreview.asp
  • Brooke J. (1996), “SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale,“ 20 Ekim 2011, www.usabilitynet.org/trump/documents/Suschapt.doc
  • Cheng, S. ve Y. Macredie, R. D. (2005). The assessment of usability of electronic shopping:
  • A heuristic evaluation. International Journal of Information Management, 25, 516-532. Çağıltay K. (2011), İnsan Bilgisayar Etkileşimi ve Kullanılabilirlik Mühendisliği: Teoriden
  • Pratiğe, Ankara: METU-Press. Finstad, K. (2010), The Usability Metric for User Experience, Interacting with Computers, 22 (5), 323-327.
  • Fleetwood M. D., Byrne M. D., Centgraf P., Dudziak K. Q., Lin B. ve Mogilev D. (2002), An evaluation of text entry in Palm OS – Graffiti and the virtual keyboard, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th Annual Meeting, 617-621.
  • Golubitsky, O. ve Watt, S.M. (2009), Online Recognition of Multi-Stroke Symbols with
  • Orthogonal Series, International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR '09), 1265-1269.
  • Holzinger, A., Schlögl, M., Peischl, B. ve Debevc, M. (2010), Preferences of handwriting recognition on mobile information systems in medicine: Improving handwriting algorithm on the basis of real-life usability research, International Conference on e-Business (ICE-B), 1-8.
  • Lew P., Olsina L. ve Zhang L. (2010), Quality, Quality in Use, Actual Usability and User
  • Experience as Key Drivers for Web Application, International Conference on Web Engineering, 218-232. Inkpen K., Dearman D., Argue R., Comeau M., Fu C., Kolli S., Moses J., Pilon N. ve Wallace J. (2006), Left-handed scrolling for pen-based devices, International Journal of Human
  • Computer Interaction. 21(1), 91-108. Jawad A., Jinchang R., Jianmin J., Husni A. (2011), Offline handwritten Arabic cursive text recognition using Hidden Markov Models and re-ranking, Pattern Recognition Letters, 32 (8), 1081-1088.
  • Jeong S. ve Lee K. (2003), The effects of experience with a PC on the usability of a mobile product. November, 19 Ocak 2012, www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/conferences/CD_doNotOpen/ADC/final_paper/3 pdf
  • Költringer T. ve Grechenig T. (2004), Comparing the Immediate Usability of Graffiti 2 and Virtual Keyboard, Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1175-1178.
  • MacKenzie, I. S. ve Zhang, S. Z. (1997), The immediate usability of Graffiti, Proceedings of
  • Graphics Interface '97, 129-137. MacKenzie, I. S. ve Zhang, S. Z. (1999), The design and evaluation of a high performance soft keyboard, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI '99, 25-31.
  • MacKenzie, I. S. ve Zhang, S. Z. (2001), An empirical investigation of the novice experience with soft keyboards, Behaviour & Information Technology, 20, 411-418.
  • MacKenzie, I. S., Zhang, S. Z. ve Soukoreff R. W. (2002), Text entry using soft keyboards,
  • Behaviour & Information Technology, 18, 235-244. MacKenzie, S. ve Soukoreff, R. W. (2002), Text entry for mobile computing: Models and methods, theory and practice, Human-Computer Interaction, 17, 147-198.
  • Raymond M., Pontier D., Dufour D. ve Moller A. P. (1996), Frequency-Dependent
  • Maintenance of Left Handedness in Humans, Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 263(1377), 1633.
  • Shanthi N. ve Duraiswamy K. (2007), Performance Comparison of Different Image Sizes for
  • Recognizing Unconstrained Handwritten Tamil Characters using SVM, Journal of Computer Science, 3 (9), 760-764. Shneiderman, B. (1997). Human factors of interactive software. In Designing the User
  • Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, Addison-Wesley, 1-37.

A USABILITY STUDY OF ONLINE HANDWRITING RECOGNITION SYSTEM GRAFFITI

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 46 - 57, 01.03.2012

Abstract

All mobile devices use similar methods for text entry, because of their limitations. One of these methods is handwriting recognition systems which has different applications in different devices. In this study, the effects of handedness were examined whether it has any effect on usability scores and handwriting speed on a Graffiti handwriting recognition system in Palm-OS. This study was carried out on 20 Middle East Technical University students who have no experience on Graffiti with the age range of 20-28. Ten of them named themselves as left-handed and ten of them named themselves as a right-handed. Data collected from these users with two user tests and one questionnaire. In the first user test, users supposed to write a given text on an A4 paper. In the second user test, they supposed to write given text to PDA via Graffiti handwriting recognition system. At the end, System Usability Scale (SAS) is used to see the usability of the Graffiti. By this way, writing speed, error rates, and usability of the system can be seen. In the paper based user test, left handed users significantly writes slower than right handed users. On the other hand, there is no significant difference between writing speed of left-handed and right-handed users. Also, there is no correlation between writing speed difference on this task. That means, being a fast writer on paper does not meant to be a fast writer on a handwriting recognition system because those two activity needs different mental and motor skills.

References

  • Bangor, A., Kortum, Miller, J. A. (2008), An empirical evaluation of the System Usability
  • Scale (SUS). International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24(6), 574–594. Bohan, M. (2000a). Entering text into hand-held devices: Comparing two soft keyboards.
  • Usability News, 2(1),19 Ocak 2012, http://www.surl.org/usabilitynews/21/softkeyboards.asp
  • Bohan, M. (2000b). Two years and six hand-held devices later: What I have learned. Usability
  • News, 2(2),19 Ocak 2012, http://www.surl.org/usabilitynews/22/PDAreview.asp
  • Brooke J. (1996), “SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale,“ 20 Ekim 2011, www.usabilitynet.org/trump/documents/Suschapt.doc
  • Cheng, S. ve Y. Macredie, R. D. (2005). The assessment of usability of electronic shopping:
  • A heuristic evaluation. International Journal of Information Management, 25, 516-532. Çağıltay K. (2011), İnsan Bilgisayar Etkileşimi ve Kullanılabilirlik Mühendisliği: Teoriden
  • Pratiğe, Ankara: METU-Press. Finstad, K. (2010), The Usability Metric for User Experience, Interacting with Computers, 22 (5), 323-327.
  • Fleetwood M. D., Byrne M. D., Centgraf P., Dudziak K. Q., Lin B. ve Mogilev D. (2002), An evaluation of text entry in Palm OS – Graffiti and the virtual keyboard, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th Annual Meeting, 617-621.
  • Golubitsky, O. ve Watt, S.M. (2009), Online Recognition of Multi-Stroke Symbols with
  • Orthogonal Series, International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR '09), 1265-1269.
  • Holzinger, A., Schlögl, M., Peischl, B. ve Debevc, M. (2010), Preferences of handwriting recognition on mobile information systems in medicine: Improving handwriting algorithm on the basis of real-life usability research, International Conference on e-Business (ICE-B), 1-8.
  • Lew P., Olsina L. ve Zhang L. (2010), Quality, Quality in Use, Actual Usability and User
  • Experience as Key Drivers for Web Application, International Conference on Web Engineering, 218-232. Inkpen K., Dearman D., Argue R., Comeau M., Fu C., Kolli S., Moses J., Pilon N. ve Wallace J. (2006), Left-handed scrolling for pen-based devices, International Journal of Human
  • Computer Interaction. 21(1), 91-108. Jawad A., Jinchang R., Jianmin J., Husni A. (2011), Offline handwritten Arabic cursive text recognition using Hidden Markov Models and re-ranking, Pattern Recognition Letters, 32 (8), 1081-1088.
  • Jeong S. ve Lee K. (2003), The effects of experience with a PC on the usability of a mobile product. November, 19 Ocak 2012, www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/conferences/CD_doNotOpen/ADC/final_paper/3 pdf
  • Költringer T. ve Grechenig T. (2004), Comparing the Immediate Usability of Graffiti 2 and Virtual Keyboard, Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1175-1178.
  • MacKenzie, I. S. ve Zhang, S. Z. (1997), The immediate usability of Graffiti, Proceedings of
  • Graphics Interface '97, 129-137. MacKenzie, I. S. ve Zhang, S. Z. (1999), The design and evaluation of a high performance soft keyboard, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI '99, 25-31.
  • MacKenzie, I. S. ve Zhang, S. Z. (2001), An empirical investigation of the novice experience with soft keyboards, Behaviour & Information Technology, 20, 411-418.
  • MacKenzie, I. S., Zhang, S. Z. ve Soukoreff R. W. (2002), Text entry using soft keyboards,
  • Behaviour & Information Technology, 18, 235-244. MacKenzie, S. ve Soukoreff, R. W. (2002), Text entry for mobile computing: Models and methods, theory and practice, Human-Computer Interaction, 17, 147-198.
  • Raymond M., Pontier D., Dufour D. ve Moller A. P. (1996), Frequency-Dependent
  • Maintenance of Left Handedness in Humans, Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 263(1377), 1633.
  • Shanthi N. ve Duraiswamy K. (2007), Performance Comparison of Different Image Sizes for
  • Recognizing Unconstrained Handwritten Tamil Characters using SVM, Journal of Computer Science, 3 (9), 760-764. Shneiderman, B. (1997). Human factors of interactive software. In Designing the User
  • Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, Addison-Wesley, 1-37.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA48RF86CJ
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erman Uzun This is me

Kürşat Çağıltay This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE E. Uzun and K. Çağıltay, “ÇEVRİMİÇİ EL YAZISI TANIMA SİSTEMİ OLAN GRAFFİTİ’NİN KULLANILABİLİRLİK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”, UTBD, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 46–57, 2012.

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