Abstract
Epoxy composites reinforced with organo-modified montmorillonite (oMMT) and alumina (Al2O3) particles were prepared by incorporating nanoparticles into epoxy via high shear mixing followed by liquid molding. The effects of loading of nanoparticles on the mechanical and wear properties were studied. The results showed that the incorporation of nano-Al2O3 with nano-oMMT could effectively enhance the tensile properties of the composites. The tensile strength decreased and Young’s modulus of the epoxy increased with the increasing nano-oMMT content. The enhancement effect of the nanoparticles was more significant in the hybrid reinforced composites. The compounding of the two fillers also remarkably improved the wear resistance of the composites under higher load. The average coefficient of friction also decreased in Al2O3 filled oMMT-epoxy hybrid composite. It was revealed that the excellent wear resistance of the oMMT+Al2O3-epoxy hybrid composite was due to a synergistic effect between the oMMT and Al2O3. Nano-Al2O3 carried the majority of load during the sliding process and prevented severe wear of the oMMT-epoxy. Further, the specific wear rates of the hybrid composites decreased with the increasing applied load and sliding distance. Nanoparticles distribution and their influence on properties were emphasized. Different wear mechanisms were observed on the worn surfaces of the composites, including pitting, micro-and/or macro-cracks, as well as crack propagation of the matrix in the transverse direction.
References
- Hutchings IM. Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials, CRC Press, 1992.
- Zhang SW. State of the art of polymer tribology. Tribol. Int., 1998; 31: 49 – 60.
- Wang Q, Xue Q, Liu W, Shen W and Xu J. The effect of particle size of nanometer ZrO2 on the tribological behavior of PEEK. Wear, 1996; 198: 216 – 219.
- Schwartz CJ and Bahadur S. Studies on the tribological behavior and transfer film-counterface bond strength for polyphenylene sulfide filled with nanoscale alumina particles. Wear, 2000; 237: 261 – 273.
- Li F, Hu K, Li J and Zhao B. The friction and wear characteristics of nanometer ZnO filled Polytetrafluoroethylene. Wear, 2002; 249: 877 – 882.
- Ng CB, Schadler LS and Siegel RW. Synthesis and mechanical properties of TiO2 epoxy nanocomposites. Nanostruct. Mater., 1999; 12: 507 – 510.
- Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Liu V, Zeng HM, Wetzel K and Friedrich B. Microstructure and tribological behavior of polymeric nanocomposites. Ind. Lubr. Tribo., 2001; 3(2): 72 – 77.
- Bauer F, Sauerland V, Gläsel H, Ernst H, Findeisen M, Hartmann E, Langguth H, Marquardt B and Mehnert R. Preparation of scratch and abrasion resistant polymeric nanocomposites by monomer grafting onto nanoparticles effect of filler particles and grafting agents. Macromol Mater. Eng., 2002; 287: 546 – 552.
- Wetzel B, Haupert F, Friedrich K, Zhang MQ and Rong MZ. Impact and wear resistance of polymer nanocomposites at low filler content. Polym. Eng. Sci., 2002; 42: 1919 – 1927.
- Mallick PK and Zhou YX. Yield and fatigue behavior of polypropylene and polyamide-6 nanocomposite. J. Mater. Sci., 2003; 38: 3183 – 3190.
- Lan T, Kaviratna PD and Pinnavaia TJ. Epoxy self-polymerization in smectite clays. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1996; 57: 6 – 8.
- Ma J, Zhang S and Qi ZN. Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric polyurethane/clay nanocomposite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2001; 82(6): 1444 – 1448.
- Ke YC, Long CF and Qi ZN. Crystallization, properties, and crystal and nanoscale morphology of PET-clay nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1999; 71:1139– 1146.
- Donnet JB. Nano and microcomposites of polymers elastomers and their reinforcement. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2003; 63: 1085 – 1088.
- Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Yu SL, Wetzel B and Friedrich K. Effect of particle surface treatment on the tribological performance of epoxy based nanocomposites. Wear, 2002; 253: 1086 – 1093.
- Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Yu SL, Wetzel B and Friedrich K. Improvement of tribological performance of epoxy by the addition of irradiation grafted nano- inorganic particles. Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2002; 287: 111 – 115.
- Su FH, Zhang ZZ, Wang K, Jiang W and Liu WM. Friction and wear properties of carbon fabric composites filled with nano-Al2O3 and nano-Si2N4. Journal of Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2006; 37(9): 1351 – 1357.
- Chang L, Zhang Z, Breidt C and Friedrich K. Tribological properties of epoxy nanocomposites: I. enhancement of the wear resistance by nano-TiO2 particles. Wear, 2005; 58(1-4): 141 – 148.
- Kojima Y, Usuki A, Kawasumi M, Fukushima Y, Okada A, Kuranchi Y and Kamigatito O. Synthesis and mechanical properties of nylon-6/clay hybrid. Journal of Materials Research, 1993; 8: 1179 – 1185.
- Wang LX, Li JF and Zhang HV. Friction and wear behavior of unsaturated polyester/montmorillonite intercalated nanocomposites. Tribology, 2003; 23: 197 – 200.
- Wang MS and Pinnavaia TJ. Clay-polymer nanocomposites formed from acidic derivatives of montmorillonite and an epoxy resin. Chem. Mater, 1994; 6: 468 – 474.
- Yasmin A, Abot JL and Daniel IM. Compounding of nanoclay/epoxy composites with a three-roll mill. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Boston, MA, 740: 75 – 80, 2002.
- discontinuous carbon fiber-reinforced PPS and PESC composites. Polym.
- Compos., 1993; 1: 357 – 365.
- Wu CL, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ and Friedrich K. Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled-polypropylene composites. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2002; 62: 1327 – 1340.
- Friedrich K, Zhang Z and Schlarb AK. Effect of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2005; 65: 2329 – 2343.
- Xing XS and Li RKY. Wear behavior of epoxy matrix composites filled with uniform sized sub-micron spherical particles. Wear, 2004; 256: 21 – 26.
Abstract
Epoxy composites reinforced with organo-modified montmorillonite (oMMT) and alumina (Al2O3) particles were prepared by incorporating nanoparticles into epoxy via high shear mixing followed by liquid molding. The effects of loading of nanoparticles on the mechanical and wear properties were studied. The results showed that the incorporation of nano-Al2O3 with nano-oMMT could effectively enhance the tensile properties of the composites. The tensile strength decreased and Young’s modulus of the epoxy increased with the increasing nano-oMMT content. The enhancement effect of the nanoparticles was more significant in the hybrid reinforced composites. The compounding of the two fillers also remarkably improved the wear resistance of the composites under higher load. The average coefficient of friction also decreased in Al2O3 filled oMMT-epoxy hybrid composite. It was revealed that the excellent wear resistance of the oMMT+Al2O3-epoxy hybrid composite was due to a synergistic effect between the oMMT and Al2O3. Nano-Al2O3 carried the majority of load during the sliding process and prevented severe wear of the oMMT-epoxy. Further, the specific wear rates of the hybrid composites decreased with the increasing applied load and sliding distance. Nanoparticles distribution and their influence on properties were emphasized. Different wear mechanisms were observed on the worn surfaces of the composites, including pitting, micro-and/or macro-cracks, as well as crack propagation of the matrix in the transverse direction.
References
- Hutchings IM. Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials, CRC Press, 1992.
- Zhang SW. State of the art of polymer tribology. Tribol. Int., 1998; 31: 49 – 60.
- Wang Q, Xue Q, Liu W, Shen W and Xu J. The effect of particle size of nanometer ZrO2 on the tribological behavior of PEEK. Wear, 1996; 198: 216 – 219.
- Schwartz CJ and Bahadur S. Studies on the tribological behavior and transfer film-counterface bond strength for polyphenylene sulfide filled with nanoscale alumina particles. Wear, 2000; 237: 261 – 273.
- Li F, Hu K, Li J and Zhao B. The friction and wear characteristics of nanometer ZnO filled Polytetrafluoroethylene. Wear, 2002; 249: 877 – 882.
- Ng CB, Schadler LS and Siegel RW. Synthesis and mechanical properties of TiO2 epoxy nanocomposites. Nanostruct. Mater., 1999; 12: 507 – 510.
- Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Liu V, Zeng HM, Wetzel K and Friedrich B. Microstructure and tribological behavior of polymeric nanocomposites. Ind. Lubr. Tribo., 2001; 3(2): 72 – 77.
- Bauer F, Sauerland V, Gläsel H, Ernst H, Findeisen M, Hartmann E, Langguth H, Marquardt B and Mehnert R. Preparation of scratch and abrasion resistant polymeric nanocomposites by monomer grafting onto nanoparticles effect of filler particles and grafting agents. Macromol Mater. Eng., 2002; 287: 546 – 552.
- Wetzel B, Haupert F, Friedrich K, Zhang MQ and Rong MZ. Impact and wear resistance of polymer nanocomposites at low filler content. Polym. Eng. Sci., 2002; 42: 1919 – 1927.
- Mallick PK and Zhou YX. Yield and fatigue behavior of polypropylene and polyamide-6 nanocomposite. J. Mater. Sci., 2003; 38: 3183 – 3190.
- Lan T, Kaviratna PD and Pinnavaia TJ. Epoxy self-polymerization in smectite clays. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1996; 57: 6 – 8.
- Ma J, Zhang S and Qi ZN. Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric polyurethane/clay nanocomposite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2001; 82(6): 1444 – 1448.
- Ke YC, Long CF and Qi ZN. Crystallization, properties, and crystal and nanoscale morphology of PET-clay nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1999; 71:1139– 1146.
- Donnet JB. Nano and microcomposites of polymers elastomers and their reinforcement. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2003; 63: 1085 – 1088.
- Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Yu SL, Wetzel B and Friedrich K. Effect of particle surface treatment on the tribological performance of epoxy based nanocomposites. Wear, 2002; 253: 1086 – 1093.
- Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Yu SL, Wetzel B and Friedrich K. Improvement of tribological performance of epoxy by the addition of irradiation grafted nano- inorganic particles. Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2002; 287: 111 – 115.
- Su FH, Zhang ZZ, Wang K, Jiang W and Liu WM. Friction and wear properties of carbon fabric composites filled with nano-Al2O3 and nano-Si2N4. Journal of Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2006; 37(9): 1351 – 1357.
- Chang L, Zhang Z, Breidt C and Friedrich K. Tribological properties of epoxy nanocomposites: I. enhancement of the wear resistance by nano-TiO2 particles. Wear, 2005; 58(1-4): 141 – 148.
- Kojima Y, Usuki A, Kawasumi M, Fukushima Y, Okada A, Kuranchi Y and Kamigatito O. Synthesis and mechanical properties of nylon-6/clay hybrid. Journal of Materials Research, 1993; 8: 1179 – 1185.
- Wang LX, Li JF and Zhang HV. Friction and wear behavior of unsaturated polyester/montmorillonite intercalated nanocomposites. Tribology, 2003; 23: 197 – 200.
- Wang MS and Pinnavaia TJ. Clay-polymer nanocomposites formed from acidic derivatives of montmorillonite and an epoxy resin. Chem. Mater, 1994; 6: 468 – 474.
- Yasmin A, Abot JL and Daniel IM. Compounding of nanoclay/epoxy composites with a three-roll mill. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Boston, MA, 740: 75 – 80, 2002.
- discontinuous carbon fiber-reinforced PPS and PESC composites. Polym.
- Compos., 1993; 1: 357 – 365.
- Wu CL, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ and Friedrich K. Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled-polypropylene composites. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2002; 62: 1327 – 1340.
- Friedrich K, Zhang Z and Schlarb AK. Effect of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2005; 65: 2329 – 2343.
- Xing XS and Li RKY. Wear behavior of epoxy matrix composites filled with uniform sized sub-micron spherical particles. Wear, 2004; 256: 21 – 26.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 27, 2016 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA37BZ46CY |
| Published in Issue | Year 2012 Volume: 1 Issue: 2 |