The investigation of desired product properties of polycaprolactone-hydroxy apatite composites for tissue engineering applications

Year 2014, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 107 - 119, 27.07.2014

Yelda Küçükgöksel Serap Cesur -

https://doi.org/10.12748/uujms.201416505

Abstract

Biomaterials are used to perform or support the function of living tissues and contact with body fluids [1-3]. For temporary implants, biodegradation products of scaffolds have to be compatible with the body, and biodegradation time must be sufficient for regeneration of the tissue [4,5]. The aim of this study is to produce composites with improved product properties by using Polycaprolactone (PCL, hydrophobic and long biodegradation time) and Hydroxy apatite (HA, weak mechanical properties) that are not sufficient alone. Oleic Acid (OA) and Glycerol Monooleate (GMO) as organic additives were selected to provide a homogeneous distribution of the ceramic material in the polymer matrix. Desired product properties of prepared composites using different concentrations of these inorganic and organic additives and affecting parameters on these product properties were investigated for tissue engineering. Biocomposite materials were prepared with solvent casting technique using dichloromethane as the solvent. Salt was used as the porosifier. FTIR and EDX analyses for chemical characterization, tensile and compressive tests for determining mechanical properties, SEM analyses for determining surface properties, and BET analyses for pore sizes, total surface areas and total pore volumes of scaffolds were performed. Materials were kept in 5 times concentrated simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for 2 days to determine the bioactivity. FTIR, EDX, and SEM analyses were performed again for characterization after SBF treatment. MTT test for determining toxicity and cell proliferation experiments for testing tissue regeneration will be performed. Composite materials which have micro and macro pore distribution are required for tissue engineering applications. Optical microscope images showed that prepared scaffolds had porous structure. Neat PCL is biocompatible with human body because of the increment of Ca/P ratio after SBF from zero to 2. Scaffolds that contain 3 wt% HA are more compatible than scaffolds that contain 20 wt% HA, and OA is more effective than GMO to form a new HA layer. Obtained results show that the composites are suitable for soft tissue applications.

Keywords

Polycaprolactone, hydroxy apatite, tissue engineering, scaffold, simulated body fluid, bioactivity

References

• Çalımlı A, Aktaş Z, Yıldız N, Gökçe Y and Cengiz B. Synthesis and Particle Characterization of Chitosan, Hydroxy appatite and Their Composites in Nano Structure. Project no: 104M412; 2008: 148.
• Godbey WT and Atala A. In vitro systems for tissue engineering. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2002; 961: 10 – 26.
• Ross JM. Cell extracellular matrix interactions. Frontiers in Tissue Engineering, Elsevier Science, 1998; 15 – 27.
• Thomson RC, Wake MJ and Yaszemski AG. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds to regenerate organs. Adv. Polymer Science, 1995; 122: 245.
• Murugan R, Ramakrishna S. Development of nanocomposites for bone grafting. Composites Science and Technology, 2005; 65: 2385 – 2406.
• Leong KF, Chua CK, Sudarmadji N, Yeong WY. Review article: Engineering functionally graded tissue engineering scaffolds. Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical Materials 1, 2008; 140 – 152.
• Bose S, Roy M and Bandyopadhyay A. Review article: Recent advances in bone tissueengineering scaffolds. Trends in Biotechnology, 2012; 30(10): 546 – 554. Cheung H, Lau K, Lu T and Hui D. A critical review on polymer-based bioengineered materials for scaffold development. Composites: Part B, 2007; 38, 291 – 300.
• Kim HN, Jiao A, Hwang NS, Kim MS, Kang DH, Kim D and Suh K. Nanotopographyguided tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Advance Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012.
• Gümüşderelioğlu M. Biyomalzemeler. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, TÜBİTAK, Temmuz Özel Sayısı, 2002.
• Güngör A, Apohan NK, Ceyhan T, Kahraman MV, Karataş S, Karaca Ç, Akçakaya H and Haholu A. New polymer biomaterials that can be hardened with UV rays and injectable for use in orthopedics: A Tissue Engineering Study, Project No: 105T254, 2008.
• Choi SH and Park TG. Synthesis and characterization of elastic PLGA/PCL/PLGA tri-block copolymers. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2002; 13: 1163 – 74.
• Yang SF, Leong KF, Du ZH and Chua CK. The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering, Part 1, traditional factors. Tissue Engineering, 2001; 7: 679 – 689. Zeltinger J, Sherwood JK, Graham DA, Müeller R and Griffith LG. Effect of pore size and void fraction on cellular adhesion, proliferation, and matrix deposition. Tissue Engineering, 2001; 7: 557 – 572.
• Black J, Hastings GW. Handbook of Biomaterials Properties, London, UK, Chapman and Hall, 1998.