NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF THERMAL AND SMOKE BEHAVIOUR IN A STACK-VENTILATED ATRIUM WITH DIFFERENT NATURAL VENTILATION OPENING CONFIGURATIONS

Abstract

This study uses numerical simulations to evaluate the effects of architectural variables such as the location of natural ventilation openings and opening status on the temperature distribution and smoke density during a fire in buildings with an atrium. In scenarios modeled in different configurations, the fire starting point is defined at two locations, the ground floor room and the atrium floor, and only the location and open/closed status of the ventilation openings are considered variables. The findings reveal that when the top and side ventilations are open together, the stack effect works more effectively, smoke is concentrated at the upper floor levels, and contributes to the evacuation process. On the other hand, in scenarios with limited openings, smoke accumulation increased throughout the building, and absorption coefficient (κ) values reached levels that would negatively affect visibility. Thermocouple data also support this trend; temperature values increased on all floors when openings were limited, and temperatures remained lower on the lower floors in scenarios where openings were active. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the decisive role of positioning natural ventilation openings on the stack effect and fire safety.

Keywords

• Atrium
• Natural ventilation
• Stack effect
• Fire simulation
• Smoke spread

Farklı Doğal Havalandırma Açıklığı Konfigürasyonlarına Sahip, Baca Etkisiyle Havalandırılan Bir Atriumda Isıl ve Duman Davranışının Sayısal Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, atrium içeren yapılarda doğal havalandırma açıklıklarının konumu ve açıklık durumu mimari değişkenlerinin, yangın sırasında sıcaklık dağılımı ve duman yoğunluğu üzerindeki etkilerini sayısal simülasyonlarla değerlendirmektedir. Farklı konfigürasyonlarda modellenen senaryolarda, yangın başlangıç noktası zemin kat odası ve atrium zemini olmak üzere iki farklı konumda tanımlanmış; yalnızca havalandırma açıklıklarının konumları ve açık/kapalı olma durumları değişken olarak ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, üst ve yan havalandırma açıklıklarının birlikte açık olduğu durumlarda baca etkisinin daha etkin çalıştığını, dumanın üst kat seviyelerinde yoğunlaştığını ve tahliye sürecine katkı sağlandığını; alt katlarda ise görüş mesafesinin büyük ölçüde korunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık, açıklıkların sınırlı olduğu senaryolarda duman birikimi tüm yapı boyunca artmış, absorption coefficient (κ) değerleri kritik eşiklerin üzerine çıkarak görüş güvenliği açısından riskli koşullar oluşturmuştur. Termokupl verileri de bu eğilimi desteklemekte; açıklıkların sınırlı olduğu durumlarda sıcaklık değerleri tüm katlarda artarken, açıklıkların aktif olduğu senaryolarda alt katlarda sıcaklıkların daha düşük kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma doğal havalandırma açıklıklarının konumlandırılmasının baca etkisi ve yangın güvenliği üzerindeki belirleyici rolünü açık biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. 

Keywords

• Atrium
• Doğal havalandırma
• Baca etkisi
• Yangın simülasyonu
• Duman yayılımı

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