NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF THERMAL AND SMOKE BEHAVIOUR IN A STACK-VENTILATED ATRIUM WITH DIFFERENT NATURAL VENTILATION OPENING CONFIGURATIONS

Öz

This study uses numerical simulations to evaluate the effects of architectural variables such as the location of natural ventilation openings and opening status on the temperature distribution and smoke density during a fire in buildings with an atrium. In scenarios modeled in different configurations, the fire starting point is defined at two locations, the ground floor room and the atrium floor, and only the location and open/closed status of the ventilation openings are considered variables. The findings reveal that when the top and side ventilations are open together, the stack effect works more effectively, smoke is concentrated at the upper floor levels, and contributes to the evacuation process. On the other hand, in scenarios with limited openings, smoke accumulation increased throughout the building, and absorption coefficient (κ) values reached levels that would negatively affect visibility. Thermocouple data also support this trend; temperature values increased on all floors when openings were limited, and temperatures remained lower on the lower floors in scenarios where openings were active. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the decisive role of positioning natural ventilation openings on the stack effect and fire safety.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atrium
• Natural ventilation
• Stack effect
• Fire simulation
• Smoke spread

Farklı Doğal Havalandırma Açıklığı Konfigürasyonlarına Sahip, Baca Etkisiyle Havalandırılan Bir Atriumda Isıl ve Duman Davranışının Sayısal Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışma, atrium içeren yapılarda doğal havalandırma açıklıklarının konumu ve açıklık durumu mimari değişkenlerinin, yangın sırasında sıcaklık dağılımı ve duman yoğunluğu üzerindeki etkilerini sayısal simülasyonlarla değerlendirmektedir. Farklı konfigürasyonlarda modellenen senaryolarda, yangın başlangıç noktası zemin kat odası ve atrium zemini olmak üzere iki farklı konumda tanımlanmış; yalnızca havalandırma açıklıklarının konumları ve açık/kapalı olma durumları değişken olarak ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, üst ve yan havalandırma açıklıklarının birlikte açık olduğu durumlarda baca etkisinin daha etkin çalıştığını, dumanın üst kat seviyelerinde yoğunlaştığını ve tahliye sürecine katkı sağlandığını; alt katlarda ise görüş mesafesinin büyük ölçüde korunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık, açıklıkların sınırlı olduğu senaryolarda duman birikimi tüm yapı boyunca artmış, absorption coefficient (κ) değerleri kritik eşiklerin üzerine çıkarak görüş güvenliği açısından riskli koşullar oluşturmuştur. Termokupl verileri de bu eğilimi desteklemekte; açıklıkların sınırlı olduğu durumlarda sıcaklık değerleri tüm katlarda artarken, açıklıkların aktif olduğu senaryolarda alt katlarda sıcaklıkların daha düşük kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma doğal havalandırma açıklıklarının konumlandırılmasının baca etkisi ve yangın güvenliği üzerindeki belirleyici rolünü açık biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atrium
• Doğal havalandırma
• Baca etkisi
• Yangın simülasyonu
• Duman yayılımı

Kaynakça

1. Ab Ghani, M.Z., and Aripin, S. (2018) A comparative review of design requirements for natural smoke ventilation in hospital buildings, Planning Malaysia Journal, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v16i6.487.
2. Al-Waked, R., Nasif, M., Groenhout, N., and Partridge, L. (2021) Natural ventilation of residential building atrium under fire scenario, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 26, 101041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101041.
3. Ayala, P., Cantizano A., and Rein, G. (2018) Factors affecting the make-up air and their ınfluence on the dynamics of atrium fires, Fire Technology, 54(4), 1067-1091. 10.1007/s10694-018-0725-z.
4. Chen, B., Lu, S.X., Li, C.H., Huang, Y., Hu, J., Zheng, Y.Q., and Chen, S. (2010) Experimental investigation on effect of smoke management system in a high-large atrium, 2nd International Symposium on Computational Mechanics (ISCM II) and the 12th International Conference on the Enhancement and Promotion of Computational Methods in Engineering and Science (EPMESC XII), 30 November-3 December 2009, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1233, 899-904. doi:10.1063/1.3452298.
5. Chen, Y., Wang, D., and Chen, J. (2019) Heat transfer and smoke flow filling progress in a super-high atrium under influence of fire source characteristics, Journal of Fire Sciences, 37(3), 213-235. Doi: 10.1177/0734904119848120.
6. Chow, C.L., and Li, J. (2010) An analytical model on static smoke exhaust in atria, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 16(3), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2010.42.
7. Chow, W.K., and Chow, C.L. (2005) Evacuation with smoke control for atria in green and sustainable buildings, Building and Environment, 40(2), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.07.008.
8. Ding, W., Minegishi, Y., Hasemi, Y., and Yamada, T. (2004) Smoke control based on a solar-assisted natural ventilation system, Building and Environment, 39 (7), 775-782. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.002.

9. Doheim, R.M., Yohanis, Y.G., Nadjai, A., and Elkadi, H. (2014) The impact of atrium shape on natural smoke ventilation, Fire Safety Journal, 63, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.11.005.
10. Fakir, R., Barka, N. ve Brousseau, J. (2018) Natural ventilation of smoke subject to wind pressure within fire safety engineering approach, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, 2(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ep.20180201.15.
11. Fan, C., Sheng, Z., and Jiao, A. (2023) Full-scale experimental investigation on temperature distribution and smoke spread control in indoor pedestrian street atrium fires, Tumu Gongcheng Xuebao/China Civil Engineering Journal, 56(11), 56-63.
12. Heydari, M.D., Ghanbaran, A., and Varmazyar, M. (2023) The effect of atrium configurations on energy usage and natural ventilation in high-rise office buildings in Tehran climate, International Journal of Ventilation, 23(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2023.2187536.
13. Hurley, J.M. (Ed.) (2016) SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th ed., New York: Springer.
14. Gutiérrez-Montes, C., Sanmiguel-Rojas, E., and Viedma, A (2010) Influence of different make-up air configurations on the fire-induced conditions in an atrium, Building and Environment, 45(11), 2458-2472. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.006.
15. Ivanov, M.L., Peng, W., Wang, Q., and Chow, W.K. (2021) Sustainable smoke extraction system for atrium: A numerical study, Sustainability, 13(13), 7406. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137406.
16. Kaviani, S., and Zarandi, M.M. (2024) The effect of the physical characteristics of atriums on the natural ventilation of buildings, Journal of Art and Architecture Studies, 13(1), 12–25. https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/jaas.2024.2.
17. Krol, M. (2016) Numerical studies on the wind effects on natural smoke venting of atria, International Journal of Ventilation, 40(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2016.1173293.
18. Krol M., and Krol A. (2017) Multi-criteria numerical analysis of factors influencing the efficiency of natural smoke venting of atria, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 170, 149-161. 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.08.012
19. Lei, W., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Zheng, Z., Tai, C., and Zhang, L. (2024) Experimental study on the effect of makeup air inlets height on the fire combustion and smoke diffusion, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 61, 104951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.104951
20. Liu, Q., Xiao, J., Cai, B., Guo, X., Wang, H., Chen, J., Zhang, M., Qiu, H., Zheng, C. and Zhou, Y. (2022) Numerical simulation on the effect of fire shutter descending height on smoke extraction efficiency in a large atrium, Fire, 5(4), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5040101.
21. Liu, Y. Huang, L., Li, X.-Q., and Wu, S.-P. (2021) Design Considerations for Fundamental Atrium With Buoyancy-driven Ventilation, Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 42(4), 986-998.
22. McGrattan K., Hostikka, S., McDermott, R., Floyd, J., Weinschenk, C., and Overholt, K. (2013) Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide, Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
23. Meroney, R.N. (2011) Wind effects on atria fires, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99(4), 443–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.11.003.
24. Mijorski, S. ve Cammelli, S. (2016) Stack effect in high-rise buildings: A review, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 5(4), 328–338. 10.21022/IJHRB.2016.5.4.327.
25. Mo, S., Zhao, Z., Liang, D. ve Hu, Z. (2011) Engineering simulation of smoke extraction design in atrium fires of student union, Procedia Engineering, 11, 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.665.
26. Montes, G.C., Rojas, S.E., Kaiser, A.S. ve Viedma, A. (2008) Numerical model and validation experiments of atrium enclosure fire in a new fire test facility, Building and Environment, 43(11), 1912–1928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.11.010.
27. Montes, G.C., Rojas, S.E., Viedma, A. ve Rein, G. (2009) Experimental data and numerical modelling of 1.3 and 2.3 MW fires in a 20 m cubic atrium, Building and Environment, 44(9), 1827–1839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.12.010.
28. Moosavi, L., Mahyuddin, N., Ghafar, N. A., and Ismail, M. A. (2014). Thermal performance of atria: An overview of natural ventilation effective designs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 654–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.035.
29. National Fire Protection Association. (2021) NFPA 92: Standard for Smoke Control Systems, Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
30. Rafinazari, A., and Hadjisophocleous, G. (2018) A study of the effect of make-up air velocity on the smoke layer height with symmetric openings in atrium fires, Fire Technology, 54(1), 229-253. 10.1007/s10694-017-0682-y
31. Rastegari, M., Pournaseri, S., and Sanaieian, H. (2021) Daylight optimization through architectural aspects in an office building atrium in Tehran, Journal of Building Engineering, 33, 101718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101718.
32. Saxena, S., and Sharma, A. (2018) Assessing energy preservative measures and substantial parameters for optimizing cooling performance in atrium buildings, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 7(1), 1–5.
33. Sha, H., Zhang, X., Liang, X., and Qi, D. (2022) Reduced-scale experimental and numerical investigation on the energy and smoke control performance of natural ventilation systems in a high-rise atrium, E3S Web of Conferences, 356, 02010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235602010.
34. Sha, H. and Qi, D. (2019) Energy and fire safety performance of atrium ventilation in high-rise buildings, in: Proceedings of Building Simulation 2019: 16th Conference of IBPSA, Rome, Italy. https://doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2019.211102.
35. Sharples, S., and Lash, D. (2007) Daylight in atrium buildings: A critical review, Architectural Science Review, 50(4), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2007.5037.
36. Strege, S., and Ferreira, M. (2017) Characterization of stack effect in high-rise buildings under winter conditions, including the impact of stairwell pressurization, Fire Technology, 53, 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-016-0562-x.
37. Wang, J., Gui, J., Gao, J., and Hu, X. (2016) Parametrization of the fire-smoke exhaust system for a large and high-rise atrium in Shanghai through salt-bath experiment, Indoor and Built Environment, 26(2), 272–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X16660600.
38. Wang, P., Wang, X., and Chen, K. (2022) Influence of opening ratios and directions of windows on natural smoke exhaust effect in atrium buildings, Building Simulation, 15, 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-021-0800-0.
39. Xie, B., Han, Y., Huang, H., and Xliu, X. (2018) Numerical study of natural ventilation in urban shallow tunnels: Impact of shaft cross section, Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, 521-537. 10.1016/j.scs.2018.07.022.
40. Xue, L., Yuan, S., and He, Q. (2018) A comparative study on the influence of ventilation on weather- and fire-induced stack effect in the elevator shafts of a high-rise building, Fire Technology, 54, 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-017-0679-6.
41. Yetiş, C., and Tuna Kayılı, M. (2024). Improving indoor air quality with natural ventilation methods: a simulation study. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 12(1) https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2024.273.
42. Yuen, A.C.Y., Chen, T.B.Y., Yang, W., Wang, C., Li, A., Yeoh, G.H., Chan, Q.N., and Chan, M.C. (2019) Natural ventilated smoke control simulation case study using different settings of smoke vents and curtains in a large atrium, Fire, 2(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2010007.
43. Yıldız, M.A., and Beyhan, F. (2024) Evaluation of the effect of outer skin slope on fire safety in double-skin façade systems, Sakarya University Journal of Science, 28(1), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1375061.
44. Yıldız, M.A., and Beyhan, F. (2025) Fire safety optimization in vertical voids in green buildings: Performance and sensitivity analysis for smoke extraction and temperature control, Gazi University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Journal, 40(3), 1543–1558. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1578525.