Experimental Investigation of Train-Induced Vibrations on And Around Little Hagia Sophia Mosque

Abstract

Parallel to the increase in worldwide urbanization, road and rail traffic has also risen. Consequently, widespread railway lines have been built adjacent to the existing cultural heritage structures. Dynamic loading induced by train traffic may cause damage to these structures as well as discomfort to the residents. Due to the close proximity to the railway, historical significance and communal value, Little Hagia Sophia Mosque was selected as a case study. At first, vibrations on and around the mosque were measured and analyzed in the frequency domain. Attenuation characteristics of vibrations on the ground were determined theoretically and experimentally with distance from the railway. Then, measured vibration levels have been assessed in connection with the thresholds for potential damage and human response. Frequency of vibrations was distributed in a wide range and an amplification zone on the ground was observed 35-45m from the railway. Notably, peak particle velocities sometimes exceeded the previously established minimum damage thresholds. In conclusion, vibration measurement on and around the structure is crucial for the evaluation of structure’s condition and potential damage prevention.

Keywords

• Train-induced vibrations,Vibration measurement,Historic structures,Masonry structures,Attenuation

TREN GEÇİŞLERİNİN KÜÇÜK AYASOFYA CAMİ ÜZERİNDE VE YANINDAKİ SERBEST ZEMİN YÜZEYİNDE OLUŞTURDUĞU TİTREŞİMLERİN DENEYSEL OLARAK İNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Kentleşmenin dünya çapında hızlı artışına paralel olarak, karayolu ve demiryolu trafiği de artmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda, özellikle şehir merkezlerinde yaygınlaşan demiryolu ağları, kültürel miras yapılarına son derece yakın inşa edilebilmektedir. Tren geçişlerinin oluşturduğu dinamik yükler, bu hassas yapılara hasar verebileceği gibi, yapı sakinlerini de rahatsız edebilir. Demiryolu hattına yakınlığı, tarihi zenginliği ve toplumsal değerinden dolayı Küçük Ayasofya Cami bu çalışmada örnek yapı olarak seçilmiştir. Öncelikle, yapı üzerinde ve bahçesinde, tren titreşimleri kaydedilmiş ve frekans ortamında incelenmiştir. Demiryolundan uzaklaştıkça zemin yüzeyindeki titreşimlerin atenüasyonu deneysel ve teorik olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, titreşimlerin genlikleri, yapısal hasar potansiyeli ve insan tepkisi bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Geniş bir frekans aralığına yayılan zemin titreşimleri, demiryolundan yaklaşık 35-45m uzaklıkta, zemin büyütmesi göstermiştir. Yapı üzerinde ise tarihi yapılarda hasara sebep olabilecek, sınır titreşim seviyeleri, bazı durumlarda aşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kültürel miras yapıları üzerinde ve çevresinde titreşim ölçümleri yapılması, bu yapıların durum değerlendirmesi ve olası hasarların önlenmesi acısından oldukça önemlidir.

Keywords

• Tren titreşimleri,Titreşim ölçümü,Tarihi yapılar,Kagir yapılar,Atenüasyon

References

1. Arun, G. (2001) Investigation on Küçük Ayasofya Mosque – The Church of Sergius and Bacchus in Istanbul, RILEM TC 177-MDT Workshop on On-Site Control and Non-destructive Evaluation of Masonry Structures, Mantova, Italy, 12-14 Kasım 2001, 301-310.
2. Auersch, L. (2008) The effect of critically moving loads on the vibrations of soft soils and isolated railway tracks, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 310(3), 587-607. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2007.10.013
3. Bonde, G., Rundquist, G., ve diğ. (1981) Criteria for Acceptable Traffic-Induced Vibrations, Institute of Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden (UPTEC 81 42 R, TRAVI-K).
4. BS 5228-2, (2009). Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites – Part 2: Vibration, British Standards Institution, United Kingdom.
5. Connolly, D.P., Kouroussis, G., Laghrouche, O., Ho, C.L. ve Forde, M.C. (2015) Benchmarking railway vibrations – Track, vehicle, ground and building effects, Construction and Building Materials, 92, 64-81. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.042
6. Correia dos Santos, N., Barbosa, J., Calçada, R. ve Delgado, R. (2017) Track-ground vibrations induced by railway traffic: experimental validation of a 3D numerical model, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 97, 324-344. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.03.004
7. Crispino, M. ve D’Apuzzo, M. (2001) Measurement and prediction of traffic-induced vibrations in a heritage building, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 246(2), 319–335. doi:10.1006/jsvi.2001.3648
8. DIN 4150-3, (1999). German Standard on Structural Vibration – Part 3: Effects of vibration on structures, German Institute for Standardization, Germany.

9. Domenichini, L., Crispino, M., D’apuzzo, M., ve Ferro, R. (1998) Road traffic induced noise and vibration, XXIII PIARC Road National Conference, Italy, 69–118.
10. Erkal, A., Laefer, D., ve Fanning, P. (2010a) Building response to traffic-induced vibrations and related human disturbance, The Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., USA, 10-14 Ocak 2010.
11. Erkal, A., Laefer, D., Fanning, P., Durukal, E., Hancilar, U., ve Kaya, Y. (2010b) Investigation of the rail-induced vibrations on a masonry historical building, 7th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Constructions, Shanghai, China, 6-8 Ekim 2010, 569-574. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.569
12. Erkal, A. (2017) Transmission of Traffic-induced Vibrations on and around the Minaret of Little Hagia Sophia, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 11(3), 349-362. doi:10.1080/15583058.2016.1230657
13. Gentile, C. ve Saisi, A. (2007) Ambient vibration testing of historic masonry towers for structural identification and damage assessment, Construction and Building Materials, 21(6), 1311-1321. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.007
14. Güler, K., Sağlamer, A., Celep, Z., ve Pakdamar, F. (2004) Structural and earthquake response analysis of the Little Hagia Sophia Mosque, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1-6 Ağustos 2004. Makale No: 2652.
15. Hao, H., Ang, T.C., ve Shen, J. (2001) Building vibration to traffic-induced ground motion, Building and Environment, 36(3), 321-336. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(00)00010-X
16. http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/kurumsal/Birimler/RayliSistemlerDB/PublishingImages/rayli_sistemler_1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2017, Konu: Raylı Sistem Projeleri, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Raylı Sistem Daire Başkanlığı.
17. http://www.udhb.gov.tr/images/faaliyet/c19d85352980eaf.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2017, Konu:Demiryolu Sektörel Projeler, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ulaştırma, Denizcilik ve Haberleşme Bakanlığı.
18. Jones, C.J.C. ve Block, J.R. (1996) Prediction of ground vibration from freight trains, Journal of Sound and Vibration 193(1), 205–213. doi:10.1006/jsvi.1996.0260
19. Kim, D.S. ve Lee, J.S. (2000) Propagation and attenuation characteristics of various ground vibrations, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 19(2), 115–126. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00002-6
20. Kliukas, R., Jaras, A. ve Kačianauskas, R. (2008) Investigation of traffic-induced vibration in Vilnius Arch-Cathedral Belfry, Transport, 23(4), 323-329. doi:10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.323-329
21. Koçak, A. ve Köksal, T. (2010) An example for determining the cause of damage in historical buildings: Little Hagia Sophia (Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus) – Istanbul, Turkey, Engineering Failure Analysis, 17(4), 926–937. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2009.11.004
22. Sağlamer, A. (2003) Küçük Ayasofya Camii Zemin ve Temel Mühendisliği Raporu, Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Yapi ve Deprem Uygulama Arastirma Merkezi, Tarih: 07/04/2003, No: B.30.2.ITU.061.00.00/04/83.
23. Sica, G., Peris, E., Woodcock, J.S., Moorhouse, A.T. ve Waddington, D.C. (2014) Design of measurement methodology for the evaluation of human exposure to vibration in residential environments, Science of the Total Environment, 482-483, 461–471. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.006
24. Srbulov, M. (2010) Ground Vibration Engineering: Simplified Analyses with Case Studies and Examples, Springer, London, United Kingdom.
25. Wiss, J.F. (1981) Construction Vibrations: State-of-the-art, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 107(2), 167–181.
26. Woods, R.D. (1997) Dynamic effects of pile installations on adjacent structures, Synthesis of Highway Practice (Book 253), National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. USA.
27. Xia, H., Zhang, N. ve Cao, Y.M. (2005) Experimental study of train-induced vibrations of environments and buildings, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 280(3-5), 1017–1029. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.006
28. Yüzügüllü, Ö. ve Durukal, E. (1997) The effects of the train traffic on the Küçük Ayasofya Mosque in İstanbul, International Conference on Studies in Ancient Structures, İstanbul, Turkey, 14-18 Temmuz 1997, 429-437.