Important Factors in Project, Installation and Operation of Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract

It is known that significant investments have been made in our country which is rich in solar energy.However, it is very difficult to say that the feasibility of these investments is very accurate. It is seen that many mistakes have been made in the design, establishment and operation of the GES plants and as a result of this, very large plants are inefficient. There are important points to be taken into consideration in the design of these power plants as well as the points to be considered in the installation and operation. During projecting, location selection, panel direction, panel angle and shading are important parameters. It is known that panel temperature, wind and pollution significantly affect panel efficiency in solar power plants. In this study; The effects of the parameters such as panel angle, panel direction, shading, temperature, humidity, wind, pollution of the GES plants on the panel efficiency were revealed by the studies given in the literature and the subject was discussed. In addition, the effects of solar tracking systems on the efficiency of photovoltaic systems are discussed. Suggestions for the design, installation and operation of the GES plants are presented.

Keywords

• Solar power plant,solar energy,photovoltaic,efficiency

FOTOVOLTAİK SİSTEMLERİN PROJELENDİRME, KURULUM VE İŞLETİLMESİNDE ÖNEMLİ FAKTÖRLER

Abstract

Güneş enerjisi bakımından zengin olan ülkemizde Güneş Enerjisi Santralleri (GES) ile ilgili önemli yatırımların yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Ancak bu yatırımların fizibilitelerinin çok doğru yapıldığını söylemek oldukça zordur. GES santrallerinin projelendirilmesi, kurulması ve işletilmesi aşamalarında birçok yanlışların yapıldığı ve bunun sonucu santrallerin verimsiz çalıştığı görülmektedir. Bu santrallerin projelendirilmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli noktalar olduğu gibi, kurulum ve işletmesinde de dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar bulunmaktadır. Projelendirme esnasında yer seçimi, panel doğrultusu, panel açısı ve gölgeleme önemli parametreler arasındadır. GES santrallerinde panel sıcaklığının, rüzgarın ve kirliliğin panel verimini önemli ölçüde etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada; GES santrallerinin panel açısı, panel yönü, gölgeleme, sıcaklık, nem, rüzgar, kirlilik gibi parametrelerin panel verimine etkileri literatürde verilen çalışmalarla ortaya konulup, konunun tartışması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, güneş takip sistemlerinin fotovoltaik sistemlerin verimleri üzerine etkileri tartışılmıştır. GES santrallerinin projelendirilmesi, kurulumu ve işletilmesi ile ilgili öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

• GES,güneş enerjisi,fotovoltaik,verim

References

1. Abdeen, E., Orabi, M., Haseneen, E. (2017). Optimum tilt angle for photovoltaic system in desert environment, Solar Energy, 155, 267–280. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.06.031
2. Abu-Khader, M. M., Badran, O. O., Abdallah, S. (2008). Evaluating multi-axes suntracking system at different modes of operation in Jordan, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 12(3), 864-873. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.005
3. Bakirci, K. (2012). General models for optimum tilt angles of solar panels:Turkey case study, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 6149–6159. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.009
4. Fedorov, A. (2015). Photovoltaic System Design for a Contaminated Area in Falun –Comparison of South and East-West Layout, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, European Solar Engineering School.,
5. Gholami, A., Khazaee, I., Eslami, S., Zandi, M., Akrami, E. (2018). Experimental investigation of dust deposition effects on photo-voltaic output performance, Solar Energy, 159, 346–352. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.11.010
6. Gökmen, N., Hu, W., Hou, P., Chen, Z., Sera, D., Spataru, S. (2016). Investigation of wind speed cooling effect on PV panels in windy locations, Renewable Energy, 90, 283-290. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.017
7. Hafez, A.Z., Soliman, A., El-Metwally, K.A., Ismail, I.M.(2017). Tilt and azimuth angles in solar energy applications – A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77,147–168. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.131
8. Hammad, B., Al-Abed, M., Al-Ghandoor, A., Al-Sradeah, A., Al-Bashir, A. (2018). Modeling and analysis of dust and temperature effects on photovoltaic systems’ performance and optimal cleaning frequency: Jordan case study, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2218–2234. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.070

9. IRENA, (2018). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018. Erişim Adresi: https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/May/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2018 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019)
10. Jiang, H., Lu, L., Sun, K. (2011). Experimental investigation of the impact of airborne dust deposition on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, Atmospheric Environment, 45, 4299-4304. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.084
11. Kaldellis, J.K., Kapsali, M., Kavadias, K.A. (2014). Temperature and wind speed impact on the efficiency of PV installations. Experience obtained from outdoor measurements in Greece, Renewable Energy, 66, 612-624. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.12.041
12. Kaplani, E., Kaplanis, S. (2014). Thermal modelling and experimental assessment of the dependence of PV module temperature on wind velocity and direction,module orientation and inclination, Solar Energy, 107, 443–460. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2014.05.037
13. Kazem, H. A., Chaichan, M. T. (2015). Effect of humidity on photovoltaic performance based on experimental study, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research (IJAER), 10(23), 43572-43577.
14. Mahboub, C., Moummi, N., Moummi, A., Youcef-Ali, S. (2011). Effect of the angle of attack on the wind convection coefficient, Solar Energy, 85, 776–780. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2011.01.008
15. Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., & Kamalisarvestani, M. (2012). Effect of dust, humidity and air velocity on efficiency of photovoltaic cells, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 16, 2920-2925. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.012
16. Meral, M.E. ve Dinçer, F. (2011). A review of the factors affecting operation and efficiency of photovoltaic based electricity generation systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2176–2184. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.010
17. Oda Raporu, (2018). Türkiye’nin Enerji Görünümü , MMO, 691, Ankara.
18. Paudyal, B.R., Shakya, S.R.(2016). Dust accumulation effects on efficiency of solar PV modules for off grid purpose: A case study of Kathmandu, Solar Energy ,135, 103–110. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.05.046
19. Poulek, V., Matuska, T., Libra, M., Kachalouski, E., Sedlacek, J. (2018). Influence of increased temperature on energy production of roof integrated PV panels, Energy & Buildings 166, 418–425. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.01.063
20. Ross Jr, R. G. (1976). Interface design considerations for terrestrial solar cell modules. In 12th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (pp. 801-806).
21. Skoplaki, E., Boudouvis, A. G., Palyvos, J. A. (2008). A simple correlation for the operating temperature of photovoltaic modules of arbitrary mounting. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 92(11), 1393-1402. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.05.016
22. Sungur, C. (2009). Multi-axes sun-tracking system with PLC control for photovoltaic panels in Turkey, Renewable Energy, 34(4), 1119-1125. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2008.06.020
23. Şenpinar, A., Cebeci, M. (2012). Evaluation of power output for fixed and two-axis tracking PV arrays. Applied Energy, 92, 677-685. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.07.043
24. Tripanagnostopoulos, Y., Souliotis, M., Battisti, R., Corrado, A. (2005). Energy, cost and LCA results of PV and hybrid PV/T solar systems, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and applications, 13(3), 235-250.
25. Ulgen, K., Hepbasli, A. (2003). Comparison of the diffuse fraction of Daily and monthly global radiation for Izmir, Turkey, Energy Sources, 25, 637–49. doi: 10.1080/00908310390212444
26. Vasel, A., Lakovidis, F. (2017). The effect of wind direction on the performance of solar PV plants. Energy Conversion and Management, 153, 455–461. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.09.077
27. Yıldırım, E., Aktacir, M. A. (2019). Binaya entegre fotovoltaik sistemlerde azimut ve eğim açısı etkilerinin incelenmesi, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering & Architecture of Gazi University, 34(2), 609-619. doi: 10.17341/gummfd.42149