AUTOMIND: OTOMOBİL NE KADAR “OTO”? İNSAN-OTONOM ARAÇ ETKİLEŞİMİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Year 2024, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 639 - 654, 30.08.2024

Uğur Güven Adar , Zeynep Altan

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1392518

Abstract

Tekerleğin icadından bu yana süregiden insan-makine etkileşimi günümüz modern dünyasında önemli bir dönüşüm geçirmekte; yapay zekâ teknolojileri, donanım ve yazılım, çevresel algılayıcılardaki ilerlemeler sayesinde insanlar ile otomobiller arasındaki etkileşimi değiştirmektedir. Buna bağlı olarak otonom sürüş seviyeleri artmış, otomobil ve insan arasındaki etkileşimin nasıl değiştiğini incelemek önem kazanmıştır. Bu bağlamda otomobillerde otonomluk seviyelerine bağlı olarak kullanılan yazılım ve donanım teknolojileri, insanlar ile otonom araçlar arasındaki etkileşim ve otonom araçlar ile çevre, şirketler arasındaki ilişkileri içeren üç temel kategori tanımlanmıştır. Değişen otonomluk seviyelerinin insan-makine etkileşimi üzerindeki etkisi, geçiş sürecindeki otonom araçların sürdürülebilirliği insanbilgisayar etkileşimi bağlamında ele alınmakta, geleceğe yönelik tahminler yapılmakta ve dijital pazarlamanın otonom araçlar üzerindeki etkisi örnekler üzerinden değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışma, otomotiv endüstrisi ve insan-bilgisayar etkileşimi bağlamında otonom araçların mevcut uygulamaları ve gelecek vaat eden yönlerinin kapsamlı bir değerlendirmesini sunmayı ve bu etkileşimleri sınıflandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda otonomluk seviyelerinin değişmesiyle insan-makine etkileşimi bir iş birliğine dönüşmekte, otomobillerdeki sürücüler bir yolcu olarak değerlendirilmekte ve kullanıcı deneyimi bir seyahat deneyimi haline gelmektedir.

Keywords

Otonom Otomobiller, Otonomluk Sınıflandırması, İnsan-Bilgisayar Etkileşimi, İnsan Makine Etkileşimi, Otonomluk Seviyeleri

AUTOMIND: How "Auto" is the Automobile? A Review on Human-Autonomous Vehicle Interaction

Abstract

Since the invention of the wheel, the ongoing interaction between humans and machines has undergone a significant transformation in the modern world due to advancements in artificial intelligence technologies, hardware and software, and environmental sensors. As a result, autonomous driving levels have increased, and the nature of interaction between humans and automobiles has been altered. Consequently, examining how the interaction between humans and autonomous vehicles has changed has become crucial. In this context, three main categories have been identified: software and hardware technologies used in vehicles based on their autonomy levels, interactions between humans and autonomous vehicles, and the relationships between autonomous vehicles and the environment and companies. The impact of changing levels of autonomy on human-machine interaction is addressed in terms of the sustainability of autonomous vehicles during the transition phase, within the context of human-computer interaction. Predictions about the future are made, and the influence of digital marketing on autonomous vehicles is evaluated through examples. This study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current applications and promising aspects of autonomous vehicles in the context of the automotive industry and human-computer interaction, as well as to categorize these interactions. The result of the study reveals that as levels of autonomy change, human-machine interaction evolves into a collaboration, drivers in vehicles are considered passengers, and the user experience transforms into a journey experience.

Keywords

Autonomous Vehicles, Autonomy Classification, Human-computer Interaction, Human-machine Interaction, Levels of Autonomy

References

• Arrow, (2022). Autonomous Vehicle Training & Tesla's Data Engine Explained. Erişim Adresi: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/autonomous-vehicle-training-and-teslas-data-engine-explained (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Bagloee, S. A., Tavana, M., Asadi, M. ve Oliver, T. (2016) Autonomous vehicles: challenges, opportunities, and future implications for transportation policies, Journal of modern transportation, 24, 284-303. doi: 10.1007/s40534-016-0117-3
• Bejcek, M., (2014). A Brief History Of Fishing. Erişim Adresi: https://bouldercountyopenspace.org/i/history/fishing (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Bonner, M., Taylor, R., Fletcher, K. ve Miller, C. (2000) Adaptive automation and decision aiding in the military fast jet domain, in Proceedings of the Conference on Human Performance, Situation Awareness and Automation: User Centered Design for the New Millenium, 154–159, Savannah, GA, USA.
• Brownlee, M. (2022). Tesla Self Driving vs Everyday Roads!. Erişim Adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nF0K2nJ7N8\&ab\_channel= MarquesBrownlee (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Colley, M. ve Rukzio, E. (2020) A design space for external communication of autonomous vehicles, 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 212-222. doi: 10.1145/3409120.3410646
• Connected Car Commerce Alliance, (2022). Connected Car Commerce. Erişim Adresi: http://www.ccca.co.kr/index_en.php (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Cronin, G., (2020). Quipu: The Ancient Computer of the Inca Civilization. Erişim Adresi: https://www.peruforless.com/blog/quipu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Crumlish, C. ve Malone, E. (2009) Designing Social Interfaces: Principles, Patterns, and Practices for Improving the User Experience, O'Reilly Media, Inc., Yahoo Press.
• Debernard, S., Chauvin, C., Pokam, R. ve Langlois, S. (2016) Designing Human-Machine Interface for Autonomous Vehicles. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49(19), 609–614. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.629
• Färber, B. (2016) Communication and communication problems between autonomous vehicles and human drivers, Autonomous Driving: Technical, Legal and Social Aspects, 125-144, Springer, Berlin. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8_7
• Gundersen, E. (2018) Tesla UX Lead and Uber Autonomous Experience Designer Brennan Boblett to Lead Mapbox Navigation Design. Erişim Adresi: https://blog.mapbox.com/tesla-ux-lead-and-uber-autonomous-experience-designer-brennan-boblett-to-lead-mapbox-navigation-6ae051a0e931 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Hawkins, A. J., (2018). Waymo gets the green light to test fully driverless cars in California. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/30/18044670/waymo-fully-driverless-car-permit-california-dmv (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Holmes, Jake. (2019). “Waymo self-driving cars can now respond to traffic cops' hand signals”. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/waymo-self-driving-cars-police-officer-gestures/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2024)
• Lambert, F. (2016) Tesla plans a ‘shared autonomous fleet’ for owners to make money off their car. Erişim Adresi: https://electrek.co/2016/07/20/tesla-shared-fleet-autonomous-fleet-money-off-their-car/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Lambert, F. (2019) First look at Tesla’s new in-car driving visualization. Erişim Adresi: https://electrek.co/2019/05/17/tesla-new-driving-visualization/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Law, E. L. C., Van Schaik, P. ve Roto, V. (2014) Attitudes towards user experience (UX) measurement, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 72(6), 526-541. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.09.006
• Lyons, J. B. (2013) Being Transparent about Transparency: A Model for Human-Robot Interaction, AAAI Spring Symposium Series No:7 Trust and Autonomous Systems.
• Mahadevan, K., Somanath, S. ve Sharlin, E. (2018). Communicating awareness and intent in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction, Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 1-12. doi: 10.1145/3173574.3174003
• Metcalfe, T., (2023). Mysterious 12-sided Roman object found in Belgium may have been used for magical rituals. Erişim Adresi: https://www.livescience.com/roman-dodecahedron-discovered-belgium (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Michon, J. A. (1985) A critical view of driver behavior models: what do we know, what should we do? Human behavior and traffic safety, 485-524, Plenum Press, New York. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2173-6_19
• Moral Machine, (2023). Moral Machine. Erişim Adresi: https://www.moralmachine.net/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Moujahid, A., Tantaoui, M. E., Hina, M. D., Soukane, A., Ortalda, A., ElKhadimi, A. ve Ramdane-Cherif, A. (2018) Machine learning techniques in ADAS: A review, International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication Engineering (ICACCE), 235-242), IEEE. doi: 10.1109/ICACCE.2018.8441758
• Okuda, R., Kajiwara, Y. ve Terashima, K. (2014). A survey of technical trend of ADAS and autonomous driving. In Technical Papers of 2014 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (pp. 1-4). IEEE. doi:10.1109/VLSI-TSA.2014.6839646
• Perumal, P. S., Sujasree, M., Chavhan, S., Gupta, D., Mukthineni, V., Shimgekar, S. R. ve Fortino, G. (2021) An insight into crash avoidance and overtaking advice systems for Autonomous Vehicles: A review, challenges, and solutions, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 104, 104406. doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2021.104406
• Prabhakar, G. ve Biswas, P. (2021) A brief survey on interactive automotive UI, Transportation Engineering, 6, 100089. doi: 10.1016/j.treng.2021.100089
• Robinson, J. (2023). “Police in Germany chase Tesla for 15 minutes after driver turns on autopilot and 'goes to sleep'”. Erişim Adresi: https://news.sky.com/story/police-in-germany-chase-tesla-for-15-minutes-after-driver-turns-on-autopilot-and-goes-to-sleep-12778306 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2024)
• Robson, K. (2023), Fully self-driving cars unlikely before 2035, experts predict. Erişim Adresi: https://www.verdict.co.uk/fully-self-driving-cars-unlikely-before-2035-experts-predict/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• SAE International, (2023). Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles J3016\_202104. Erişim Adresi: https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_202104/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Seiradakis, J. H. ve Edmunds, M. G. (2018). Our current knowledge of the Antikythera Mechanism. Nature Astronomy, 2(1), 35-42. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0347-2
• Souders, D. ve Charness, N. (2016) Challenges of older drivers’ adoption of advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Healthy and Active Aging: Second International Conference, ITAP 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016 Toronto, ON, Canada, July 17–22, Proceedings, Part II 2, 428-440, Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39949-2_41
• Stumpf, R. (2022). People Keep Coming Up With Ways to Fool Tesla’s Autopilot. Erişim Adresi: https://www.thedrive.com/article/18168/people-keep-coming-up-with-ways-to-fool-teslas-autopilot (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Synopsys, (2023). The 6 Levels of Vehicle Autonomy Explained. Erişim Adresi: https://www.synopsys.com/automotive/autonomous-driving-levels.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Tesla, (2023g). Full Self-Driving Capability Subscriptions. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/support/full-self-driving-subscriptions (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Tesla, (2023a). Autopilot. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/support/autopilot (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Tesla, (2023b). Cabin Camera. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/ownersmanual/modely/en_us/GUID-EDAD116F-3C73-40FA-A861-68112FF7961F.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Tesla, (2023c). Acceleration Modes. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/ownersmanual/modely/en_us/GUID-8EAFF5D8-7209-45ED-A7E0-508FFA60C530.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023).
• Tesla, (2023d). Customer Privacy Notice. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/legal/privacy (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Tesla, (2023e). Tesla Insurance Using Real-Time Driving Behavior. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/support/insurance/real-time-insurance (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Tesla, (2023f). Upgrades. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/support/upgrades. (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Tesla, (2023h). Infotainment Upgrade. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tesla.com/support/infotainment (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• The Boring Company, (2023). Tunnels. Erişim Adresi: https://www.boringcompany.com/tunnels (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Uhlir, D., Sedlacek, P. ve Hosek, J. (2017) Practical overview of commercial connected cars systems in Europe, 9th International Congress on Ultra-Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), 436-444, IEEE. doi: 10.1109/ICUMT.2017.8255178
• Viereckl, R., Ahlemann, D., Koster, A. ve Jursch, S. (2015) Racing ahead with autonomous cars and digital innovation, Auto Tech Review, 4(12), 18-23. doi: 10.1365/s40112-015-1049-8
• Wendt, Z. ve Cook, J. S. (2018) Saved by the Sensor: Vehicle Awareness in the Self-Driving Age. Machine Design, Erişim Adresi: https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical-motion-systems/article/21836344/saved-by-the-sensor-vehicle-awareness-in-the-selfdriving-age (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2023)
• Xiao, L. ve Gao, F. (2010). A comprehensive review of the development of adaptive cruise control systems. Vehicle system dynamics, 48(10), 1167-1192. doi:10.1080/00423110903365910
• Yeong, D. J., Velasco-Hernandez, G., Barry, J. ve Walsh, J. (2021) Sensor and sensor fusion technology in autonomous vehicles: A review, Sensors, 21(6), 2140. doi: 10.3390/s21062140
• Zhao, X., Sun, P., Xu, Z., Min, H. ve Yu, H. (2020) Fusion of 3D LIDAR and camera data for object detection in autonomous vehicle applications, IEEE Sensors Journal, 20(9), 4901-4913. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2966034
• Zhou, F., Yang X. J. ve Zhang, X. (2020) Takeover transition in autonomous vehicles: A YouTube study, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(3), 295-306. doi: 10.1080/10447318.2019.1634317