Effects of Antibiotics on Intestinal Microbiota and Potential Treatment Options

Abstract

The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that significantly impacts digestion, immunity, and overall health. Although antibiotics are valuable in treating infections, they can cause long-term harmful effects on the host by altering the composition and functions of the microbiota. These effects include reduced microbial diversity, changes in the functional attributes of the microbiota, and the formation of antibiotic-resistant strains. This situation can lead to other complications such as digestive issues, weakened immune system, obesity, diabetes, allergic and autoimmune diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, and certain cancers. In recent years, the increase in antibiotic use has heightened the likelihood of these problems becoming more acute or prevalent in the future. Antibiotic resistance is a global crisis, and the rising use of antibiotics over time necessitates research into their effects on microbiota and health. This review highlights the adverse effects of antibiotics on gut health and emphasizes various strategies to mitigate these effects, such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and phage therapy.

Keywords

• Antibiotic
• FMT
• Gut Microbiota
• Precision medicine
• Probiotic

Antibiyotiklerin Barsak Mikrobiyotası Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Potansiyel Tedavi Seçenekleri

Abstract

Barsak mikrobiyotası; sindirim, immünite ve genel sağlık üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip karmaşık bir ekosistemdir. Antibiyotikler, enfeksiyonları tedavi etmede önemli olmasına rağmen, mikrobiyota bileşimini ve işlevlerini değiştirerek konakçı için uzun vadeli zararlı etkilere neden olabilmektedir. Bu etkiler arasında mikrobiyal çeşitliliğin azalması, mikrobiyotanın işlevsel özelliklerinde değişiklikler ve antibiyotiğe dirençli suşların oluşması yer almaktadır. Bu durum, sindirim sorunları, immün sistemin zayıflaması, obezite, diyabet, alerjik ve otoimmün hastalıklar, nörogelişimsel bozukluklar ve bazı kanserler gibi diğer komplikasyonlara yol açabilir. Son yıllarda antibiyotik kullanımındaki artış, bu sorunların gelecekte daha akut veya yaygın hale gelme olasılığını artırmaktadır. Antibiyotik direnci küresel bir kriz olup, zamanla artan antibiyotik kullanımının mikrobiyota ve sağlık üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu derleme, antibiyotiklerin barsak sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini ve bu etkileri azaltmak için probiyotikler, prebiyotikler, fekal mikrobiyota transplantasyonu ve faj tedavisi gibi çeşitli stratejileri vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• Antibiyotik
• Barsak Mikrobiyotası
• Bireyselleştirilmiş Tıp
• FMT
• Probiyotik

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