Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Esra Kazak; Emel Yilmaz; Zilan Konak; Büşra Çalışır; Uğur Önal; Melek Öztürk Demir; Esma Souleiman; Hafize Aysun Yılmaz; Habibe İmer; Hatice Aydın Tüfekçi; Gül Çalışkan; Laman Aliyeva; Yasemin Heper; Cüneyt Özakın; Beyza Ener; Halis Akalın

doi:10.32708/uutfd.1930101

EN TR

Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Abstract

Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris) is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen associated with healthcare-associated infections and high mortality. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics, antifungal susceptibility profiles, and risk factors for candidemia and mortality in patients with C. auris isolation. This retrospective cohort study included patients with at least one clinical specimen positive for C. auris between May 2023 and June 2025. Patients were classified as having colonization or infection based on clinical and microbiological criteria. Trend analysis evaluated changes across colonization, non-bloodstream infection, and candidemia, and risk factors for candidemia and mortality were assessed using Firth penalized logistic regression. Forty-nine patients were included (median age, 67 years), of whom 63.3% were in the intensive care unit at the time of isolation. Colonization and infection were identified in 55.1% and 44.9% of patients, respectively, with candidemia being the most common presentation (68.2% of infections). The frequencies of intensive care unit stay, central venous catheter use, and total parenteral nutrition increased significantly from colonization to candidemia (p for trend <0.05). In multivariable analysis, intensive care unit stay (aOR 4.2, p=0.03) and total parenteral nutrition (aOR 6.9, p=0.04) were independently associated with candidemia. All isolates were resistant to fluconazole, echinocandins showed high in vitro activity, and amphotericin B MICs were ≥2 μg/mL in 64.3% of isolates. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 46.9%. Charlson Comorbidity Index, total parenteral nutrition, and clinically significant infection were independently associated with in-hospital mortality.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was obtained from the Bursa Uludağ University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: 2025/789/14-8). The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Candidozyma auris Enfeksiyonlarının Klinik Özellikleri, Antifungal Duyarlılığı ve Prognozu: Tek Merkezli Retrospektif Çalışma

Abstract

Candidozyma auris (eski adıyla Candida auris), sağlık hizmetiyle ilişkili enfeksiyonlar ve yüksek mortalite ile ilişkili, çok ilaca dirençli, yeni ortaya çıkan bir fungal patojendir. Bu çalışmada, C. auris izole edilen hastalarda klinik özelliklerin, antifungal duyarlılık profillerinin ve kandidemi ile mortalite için risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu retrospektif kohort çalışmasına, Mayıs 2023 ile Haziran 2025 tarihleri arasında en az bir klinik örneğinde C. auris saptanan hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Hastalar, klinik ve mikrobiyolojik kriterlere göre kolonizasyon veya enfeksiyon olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Kolonizasyon, kan dolaşımı dışı enfeksiyon ve kandidemi arasındaki değişimleri değerlendirmek amacıyla trend analizi ile değerlendirilmiş; kandidemi ve hastane içi mortalite ile ilişkili risk faktörleri Firth cezalandırılmış lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya medyan yaşı 67 olan 49 hasta dahil edilmiş olup, izolasyon sırasında hastaların %63,3'ü yoğun bakım ünitesinde izlenmekteydi. Hastaların %55,1'inde kolonizasyon, %44,9'unda ise enfeksiyon saptanmış olup, enfeksiyon tablosu içinde en sık kandidemi (%68,2) saptanmıştır. Yoğun bakım ünitesinde yatış, santral venöz kateter varlığı ve total parenteral nütrisyon kullanım sıklığı kolonizasyondan kandidemiye doğru anlamlı olarak artış göstermiştir (trend için p<0,05). Çok değişkenli analizde, yoğun bakım ünitesinde yatış (düzeltilmiş OR [aOR] 4,2; p=0,03) ve total parenteral nütrisyon (aOR 6,9; p=0,04) kandidemi ile bağımsız olarak ilişkili bulunmuştur. Tüm izolatlar flukonazole dirençli bulunurken, ekinokandinler yüksek in vitro aktivite göstermiş, izolatların %64,3'ünde amfoterisin B için minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonu (MİK) ≥2 μg/mL olarak saptanmıştır. Hastane içi mortalite %46,9 olarak bulunmuştur. Charlson Komorbidite İndeksi, total parenteral nütrisyon ve klinik olarak anlamlı enfeksiyon, hastane içi mortalite ile bağımsız olarak ilişkili bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma için herhangi bir finansal destek alınmamıştır.

Ethical Statement

Etik kurul onayı, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (Karar No: 2025/789/14-8).Yazarlar herhangi bir çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederler

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Infectious Diseases

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Esra Kazak ^*
0000-0002-7380-2501
Türkiye

Emel Yilmaz
0000-0002-3894-1231
Türkiye

Zilan Konak This is me
0009-0005-1485-3519
Türkiye

Büşra Çalışır
0000-0001-6257-5422
Türkiye

Uğur Önal
0000-0001-6194-3254
Türkiye

Melek Öztürk Demir This is me
0009-0005-0752-1129
Türkiye

Esma Souleiman This is me
0000-0002-6678-5096
Türkiye

Hafize Aysun Yılmaz
0009-0002-1951-4864
Türkiye

Habibe İmer This is me
0009-0008-0622-4933
Türkiye

Hatice Aydın Tüfekçi This is me
0000-0001-9253-6061
Türkiye

Gül Çalışkan This is me
0000-0001-6141-5400
Türkiye

Laman Aliyeva
0009-0009-1303-9856
Türkiye

Yasemin Heper
0000-0002-6635-5416
Türkiye

Cüneyt Özakın
0000-0001-5428-3630
Türkiye

Beyza Ener
0000-0002-4803-8206
Türkiye

Halis Akalın
0000-0001-7530-1279
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 2, 2026

Submission Date

April 15, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 2, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 52

DOI

https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1930101

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA32UC64KY

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Kazak, E., Yilmaz, E., Konak, Z., Çalışır, B., Önal, U., Öztürk Demir, M., Souleiman, E., Yılmaz, H. A., İmer, H., Aydın Tüfekçi, H., Çalışkan, G., Aliyeva, L., Heper, Y., Özakın, C., Ener, B., & Akalın, H. (2026). Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty, 52. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1930101

AMA

1.Kazak E, Yilmaz E, Konak Z, et al. Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty. 2026;52. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1930101

Chicago

Kazak, Esra, Emel Yilmaz, Zilan Konak, et al. 2026. “Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma Auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study”. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty 52 (September). https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1930101.

EndNote

Kazak E, Yilmaz E, Konak Z, Çalışır B, Önal U, Öztürk Demir M, Souleiman E, Yılmaz HA, İmer H, Aydın Tüfekçi H, Çalışkan G, Aliyeva L, Heper Y, Özakın C, Ener B, Akalın H (September 1, 2026) Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty 52

IEEE

[1]E. Kazak et al., “Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study”, Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty, vol. 52, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.32708/uutfd.1930101.

ISNAD

Kazak, Esra - Yilmaz, Emel - Konak, Zilan - Çalışır, Büşra - Önal, Uğur - Öztürk Demir, Melek - Souleiman, Esma et al. “Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma Auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study”. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty 52 (September 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1930101.

JAMA

1.Kazak E, Yilmaz E, Konak Z, Çalışır B, Önal U, Öztürk Demir M, Souleiman E, Yılmaz HA, İmer H, Aydın Tüfekçi H, Çalışkan G, Aliyeva L, Heper Y, Özakın C, Ener B, Akalın H. Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty. 2026;52. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1930101.

MLA

Kazak, Esra, et al. “Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma Auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study”. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty, vol. 52, Sept. 2026, doi:10.32708/uutfd.1930101.

Vancouver

1.Esra Kazak, Emel Yilmaz, Zilan Konak, Büşra Çalışır, Uğur Önal, Melek Öztürk Demir, Esma Souleiman, Hafize Aysun Yılmaz, Habibe İmer, Hatice Aydın Tüfekçi, Gül Çalışkan, Laman Aliyeva, Yasemin Heper, Cüneyt Özakın, Beyza Ener, Halis Akalın. Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty. 2026 Sep. 1;52. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1930101

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The main text should not contain any information about the authors and/or the institutions they work for.
The main text should include, in order, an English and Turkish title, an English and Turkish abstract, English and Turkish keywords, an introduction, materials and methods, findings, discussion and conclusion, references, tables, figures, and appendices (if any).
Title
The title of the study should clearly and accurately reflect the study. Titles should not exceed two lines and should be written with the first letter of each word capitalized. Title should not contain abbreviations or acronyms.
Abstract
The abstract should be written as a single text without being divided into sections (unstructured). The English and Turkish abstracts should not exceed 250 words, and the English title and abstract should be equivalent to the Turkish title and abstract. The abstract should briefly state the purpose, scope, and methods of the study, and the main findings should be detailed enough to support the conclusion reached. The first sentence should cover the purpose of the study, and the last sentence should encompass the result of the study. The new and important aspects of the study or observations should be emphasized. Abstracts should not contain non-standard abbreviations.
Keywords
Keywords increase the discoverability of articles. Under the Turkish and English abstract, according to the Index Medicus Medical Subject Headings (MESH) (https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov), there should be no fewer than three and no more than six keywords.
If there are no terms that match the newly entered terms in the Index Medicus medical subject headings, existing terms can be used.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
In the original article, the main text should include the introduction, materials and methods, findings, discussion and conclusion, acknowledgments (optional), references, table titles and tables, figures and figure legends. Abbreviations should be defined in the Abstract, main text, figures, and tables after their first use. Only widely accepted abbreviations should be used. Drug and chemical names should be specified using generic or standard chemical nomenclature. Measurement units should be in accordance with the International System (SI); however, clinical data may be presented in traditional units when deemed more appropriate.
Introduction: The purpose of the article, the rationale for the study or observation should be summarized, and the data or results of the study should not be explained.
Materials and Methods: It should be stated that the experimental and clinical studies included in the article were approved by the relevant ethics committee. Established methods should be referenced, and new methods should be briefly explained.
Biostatistical Analysis: In the last paragraph of the Materials and Methods section, the statistical analyses used should be specified. The p-values should be explicitly stated. The article is evaluated by the Biostatistics Editor before being sent to scientific advisors, and corrections are requested from the author when necessary.
Findings: The data obtained from the study should be written comprehensively and clearly. The statistical results of the data included in the findings should contain information on the mean, standard error, p-value, and F-value. Tables and figures (drawings, graphs, and photographs) should be numbered in the order they appear in the text as explained below, and references to tables and/or figures should be made in the relevant sections of the findings.
Discussion and Conclusion: The findings obtained from the study should be discussed by comparing them with the literature, the limitations of the study should be stated, and the contribution of the study to the literature should be summarized in the conclusion. Both the discussion and conclusion should be included under this heading, and the conclusion section should be provided in the last paragraph of this heading.

Acknowledgements (Optional): The names of individuals who have made partial contributions to the work, other than the authors, can be written in this section. Additionally, information about the project and source that supported the study can be entered in this section.

References: The sources used should be numbered in the order they appear in the text, provided as superscripts in the text, and formatted according to the AMA (American Medical Association) style. The abbreviations used should conform to Index Medicus and Science Citation Index. Personal communications, unpublished articles in preparation, or other unpublished data should not be cited as sources. In articles with fewer than six authors, all authors' names should be listed. If there are six or more authors, the first three should be listed followed by "et al."
Examples:
Article:
White NP, Kim D, Fos K. Posterior fossa aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1990;72(1):345-349.
Book:
Norman IJ, Redfern SJ, (eds). Mental health care for elderly people. 3rd edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.

Book Chapter:
Jane JA, Persing JA. Neurosurgical treatment of craniosynostosis. In: Cohen MM, Kim D (eds). Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis and management. 2nd edition. NewYork: Raven Press; 1986: 249-295.
Theses:
Kanpolat Y. Trigeminal Gangliona Deneysel Perkütan Giriş ve Radyofrekans Termik Lezyonun Histopatolojik Değerlendirilmesi (Doktara/Uzmanlık Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi; 1978.
Extensive information on various other reference management software can be found on the "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors" website: www.icmje.org.
Unpublished observations and personal communications cannot be used as sources. Accepted, unpublished articles that have received a DOI can be included in the references with the word "in press" indicated.
In sources obtained from the internet, the full access address and access date must be included.
Tables: Tables should be placed after the "References" section in the main text file. Each table should be written on a separate page, along with its title and footnotes. Each table should contain an appropriate title that explains its content, and the title should be placed above the table. Tables should be numbered consecutively in the order they appear in the main text, and mentions to the tables in the text should always follow the consecutive numbering order. In the numbering of tables, Roman numerals should be used (Table I, Table II, III, IV…). If abbreviations are used in the table, they should be explained as footnotes below the table.
Figures: Within the scope of the journal, photographs, graphs, and/or illustrations are defined as "Figures." All figures must be placed after the "Tables" section in the main text file and should also be prepared according to the specified features and uploaded separately to the system. Each figure should be numbered consecutively in the main text according to the order in which they appear (Figure 1, Figure 2,…). Figure files must be in JPEG or TIFF format. Other formats are not accepted. In figures with multiple sections, each section should be indicated with lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.). Figures containing multiple sections should be prepared as a single combined figure and uploaded to the manuscript submission system as a single file.
The titles and descriptions of all figures should be provided on a separate page after the "Figures" section in the full text file, and the figure files uploaded to the system should not contain titles and descriptions. If an abbreviation is used in the figure, the abbreviations should be explained as a footnote under the figure. If the figure is a quotation from another source, the source should be cited in the figure caption.
Figures containing photographs should be saved at a minimum resolution of 600x600 pixels and scaled to fit one or two columns in magazine size.
Graphics and illustrations should be prepared with a resolution of at least 300x300 pixels and scaled to fit one or two columns.

CASE REPORT
Cases that contribute to the literature and have publication value should be submitted. Title (in English and Turkish), abstract (in English and Turkish), keywords (in English and Turkish) (at least 3, at most 6), introduction, case report (patient presentation, laboratory or other findings, diagnosis and explanation of the outcome), discussion and conclusion (what is new in this case report, how it differs from previously published cases, and how it is related), references, table titles and tables, figures and figure titles sections should be included.
For all case reports submitted to the journal, informed consent must be obtained from the patient. This consent must be specified in the 'case report' section of the main text.
The number of authors for case reports is limited to six.
REVIEW
The title (in English and Turkish), abstract (in English and Turkish), keywords (in English and Turkish), and main text sections should be included.
The number of authors for compilations is limited to three.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
The title (in English and Turkish), abstract (in English and Turkish), keywords (in English and Turkish), and main text sections should be included.
Article Submission Checklist:
Before submitting the articles, compliance with writing rules should be checked, and any deficiencies should be addressed using the checklist below.
1. It should be ensured that the journal's writing rules, copyright, and author responsibilities are seen, read, and understood.
2. It should be ensured that the article has not been published or submitted to another journal and is not under review elsewhere.
3. It should be ensured that the study complies with research ethics rules.
4. It should be ensured that all authors' names are written.
5. Mandatory forms (Cover Letter, Title Page, Copyright Form, and Author Contribution Form) should be downloaded from the system, filled out, and then re-uploaded to the system.
6. Main Text:
It should consist of the following sections:
- Article Title (English and Turkish)
-Summary (in English and Turkish)
-Keywords (English and Turkish)
-Introduction
-Materials and Methods
-Results
-Discussion and Conclusion
-References (Must comply with the journal's guidelines.)
-Acknowledgement
-Tables
-Figures and figure captions with subtitles

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
The Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty adopts and adheres to the ethical principles, frameworks, and standards established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
The Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty requires the documentation of the Ethics Committee Decision in clinical studies involving humans, experimental studies using laboratory animals, and survey studies. These documents must also include a page with the signatures of the Committee Members (a cover letter alone is insufficient). In the article text, the Ethics Committee information (Committee name, decision date, decision number) should be included in the "Materials and Methods" section.
In case reports, an ethics committee decision is not required, but consent must be obtained from the cases included in the article, and this must be stated within the article.
Ethics committee approval is not required for reviews, but it is expected that the corresponding author uploads a signed statement indicating this to the system.
Article authors must adhere to universal publication ethics rules.

Ethical Responsibilities of Authors
Authors must state that their articles are their original work and that all data in the article are real and original. Authors are responsible for ensuring that the data presented in their articles is accurate and representative of the article. To ensure transparency, authors may be asked to submit their raw data or additional data along with the article. Authors are responsible for providing supplementary and auxiliary materials. The articles submitted to the journal must not have been published elsewhere or be under consideration for publication. However, authors can submit their articles to the Journal after receiving a rejection letter from another publisher. Theses and graduation theses that are not archived online are considered original and unpublished. However, authors who submit articles using the content and data of their theses should mention this in the Acknowledgments section.

Authors must comply with the authorship criteria listed in the "Authorship" section. The level of their contributions should be defined in the 'Authorship Contribution Form' section. Authors are responsible for retracting and correcting errors. Authors must disclose and declare any conflicts of interest to the Editors. If there is no conflict of interest, the authors should also declare this in their article. Authors should specify all sources used in the creation of the articles. Authors should cite relevant and verified literature to support their scientific work and should not use unrelated sources that could assist other research/journals.

The corresponding author is the main owner of the article, so they can withdraw their articles before entering the review process or when a revision is requested. Authors cannot make significant changes to the article or withdraw it without a serious reason after the paper has been accepted.

Authors are obliged to inform the journal editor or publisher of any errors or mistakes in a published, preprint, or review-stage article and to cooperate with the chief editor to correct or retract the article. Authors should avoid submitting a manuscript based on the same dataset, study, or experiment for publication. The journal reserves the right to withhold publication or reject articles identified as plagiarism, ethical violations, undisclosed prior publication, or conflicts of interest, even after an editorial acceptance decision.

All articles are examined for similarity or plagiarism. Articles submitted to the journal for evaluation are examined using the "Plagiarism Detection Program" (iThenticate), and articles with a similarity rate above 20% are returned to the authors.

Authors should maintain open and constructive communication with other editors and reviewers. (Inappropriate language or destructive behavior is unacceptable. The journal follows COPE guidelines when dealing with such situations.

Ethical Responsibilities of Referees
Reviewers must keep all information related to the articles confidential and treat it as privileged information. Evaluations should be conducted objectively without personal criticism of the author. The authors' self-identification should not influence their comments and decisions. Reviewers may identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Reviewers should not review articles that have conflicts of interest arising from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the articles.
Reviewers are obliged to complete the assigned tasks on time and to inform the journal in case of the need for an extension or withdrawal from the task.

The Ethical Responsibilities of Editors
Journal Editors (Chief Editor, Editor, or Editorial Board Members) have full responsibility and authority to reject/accept an article. Editors always consider the needs of authors and readers while striving to improve the publication. Editors take the necessary precautions to keep articles and editorial reports confidential. Articles, editorial reports, and obtained information are not shared or disclosed for any reason.
Editorial decisions in the journal are based solely on the significance, originality, clarity, and suitability of the articles for publication. Editors ensure that all research materials published in the Journal comply with internationally accepted ethical standards. Editors are obliged to take action and make all reasonable efforts to resolve the issue when they encounter any abuse, unethical behavior, or misconduct related to research and publication ethics, whether the article is published or unpublished.
In articles submitted by editors or members of the editorial board of the journal, the process is conducted in such a way that the editor or board member who is the author of the article does not participate in the evaluation and decision stages.
Editors, editorial staff, authors, reviewers, and committee members conduct the evaluation process in a manner that does not allow any conflicts of interest.
Editors are responsible for completing assigned tasks on time, facilitating the review process, remaining impartial, and ensuring that the review process progresses consistently and fairly.

PUBLISHING POLICY
The Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty is an open-access journal that publishes for scientific purposes and does not request any fees at any stage of the process. Articles submitted for evaluation to the journal are primarily subjected to a format review, and a similarity check is conducted at this stage. Subsequently, a priority assessment for publication in the journal is conducted by the chief editor, editor, and/or the relevant section editor. Due to the large number of articles submitted to our journal, in this evaluation, articles determined not to have priority are not considered for review and are returned to the author. A Section Editor from the Editorial Board is assigned to the articles that are accepted for review. The section editor obtains opinions from at least 2 scientific advisors and informs the editor of the decision. In the case of equal opinions from scientific advisors (1 rejection, 1 acceptance/revision), the article may be sent to a third reviewer by the section editor, or the section editor may provide her/his opinion based on her/his own evaluation. The final decision is made by the Chief Editor and/or the Editor and communicated to the author.
The review period in our journal is an average of 60 days. However, for various reasons, this period can vary between 15 days and 120 days.

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Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Clinical Characteristics, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Prognosis of Candidozyma auris Infections: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

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Supporting Institution

Ethical Statement

Candidozyma auris Enfeksiyonlarının Klinik Özellikleri, Antifungal Duyarlılığı ve Prognozu: Tek Merkezli Retrospektif Çalışma

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Primary Language

Subjects

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Publication Date

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Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite

Aim & Scope

Author Guidelines

Ethical Principles and Publication Policy

Price Policy

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