Research Article

Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Volume: 52 September 18, 2026
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Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate sex-related differences in the clinical, laboratory, immunological, and treatment characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at a single tertiary center. The study included 68 SLE patients (34 females and 34 males) of similar ages at diagnosis, whose data were retrieved from electronic medical records between 2010 and 2025. Clinical manifestations, comorbidities, serological profiles, organ involvement, disease activity (SLEDAI), and treatment regimens were analyzed, and statistical analyses were performed using R software. The most frequent initial complaints in males were constitutional, cutaneous, and musculoskeletal symptoms, whereas musculoskeletal and cutaneous symptoms predominated in females. Leg swelling, as an initial manifestation, and renal involvement during disease progression were more frequent in males (p=0.029). Serologically, anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-cardiolipin IgG, and lupus anticoagulant positivity were higher in males, while complement C3 and C4 levels were lower in females (p<0.05 for all). Additionally, sicca symptoms, Raynaud’s phenomenon, livedo reticularis, and musculoskeletal involvement were more common in females, and intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide use was more frequent in males. Although SLEDAI scores were higher in males, the difference was not statistically significant, and overall disease patterns were largely similar between sexes; however, male patients exhibited a higher frequency of renal involvement, accompanied by more frequent use of aggressive immunosuppressive treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of considering sex-specific differences in the clinical assessment, monitoring, and management of SLE patients.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

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Ethical Statement

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Thanks

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References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Rheumatology and Arthritis

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 18, 2026

Submission Date

May 2, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 19, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 52

APA
Lermi, N., Coskun, B. N., Akuç Sarı, M. N., Hasanzade, U., Ekin, A., Yağız, B., Dalkılıç, H. E., & Pehlivan, Y. (2026). Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty, 52. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1942254
AMA
1.Lermi N, Coskun BN, Akuç Sarı MN, et al. Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty. 2026;52. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1942254
Chicago
Lermi, Nihal, Belkis Nihan Coskun, Meysere Nur Akuç Sarı, et al. 2026. “Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty 52 (September). https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1942254.
EndNote
Lermi N, Coskun BN, Akuç Sarı MN, Hasanzade U, Ekin A, Yağız B, Dalkılıç HE, Pehlivan Y (September 1, 2026) Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty 52
IEEE
[1]N. Lermi et al., “Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty, vol. 52, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.32708/uutfd.1942254.
ISNAD
Lermi, Nihal - Coskun, Belkis Nihan - Akuç Sarı, Meysere Nur - Hasanzade, Ulviyya - Ekin, Ali - Yağız, Burcu - Dalkılıç, Hüseyin Ediz - Pehlivan, Yavuz. “Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty 52 (September 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1942254.
JAMA
1.Lermi N, Coskun BN, Akuç Sarı MN, Hasanzade U, Ekin A, Yağız B, Dalkılıç HE, Pehlivan Y. Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty. 2026;52. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1942254.
MLA
Lermi, Nihal, et al. “Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty, vol. 52, Sept. 2026, doi:10.32708/uutfd.1942254.
Vancouver
1.Nihal Lermi, Belkis Nihan Coskun, Meysere Nur Akuç Sarı, Ulviyya Hasanzade, Ali Ekin, Burcu Yağız, Hüseyin Ediz Dalkılıç, Yavuz Pehlivan. Gender-Related Differences in the Clinical, Immunological, and Treatment Characteristics of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty. 2026 Sep. 1;52. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1942254

ISSN: 1300-414X, e-ISSN: 2645-9027

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