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Year 2022, , 1415 - 1445, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619

Abstract

References

  • Başkanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), A.DVN.MKL, 3/13-12.
  • Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt (KSA), Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich (1900-1915).
  • Bergius, Carl Julius, Ueber Schutzzölle, mit besonderer Beziehung auf den Preussischen Staat und den Zollverein, Breslau: Gratz, Barth und Comp., 1841.
  • Brophy, James M., Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830-1870, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998.
  • Cornell, Sarah S., High School Geography, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1864. Online Erişim: “Germanic Confederation”, David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.
  • Çıtır, Burak, “Osmanlı-Alman İktisadi İlişkilerine Bir Parantez: Hansa Birliği”, Belgi Dergisi 24 (Yaz 2022), s, 431-448.
  • Davis, John R., Britain and the German Zollverein, 1848-66, London: Macmillan Press LTD, 1997.
  • Dedinger, Béatrice (2015), “Trade Statistics of the Zollverein, 1834-1871”, Revue de l'OFCE, 140/4, p. 67-85.
  • Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste, “Aspekte der Auswanderung aus Deutschland, Ein Überblick über Migrationsbewegungen seit dem 18. Jahrhundert”, Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste 1 - 3000 - 012/16, 2016.
  • Düstur I-VI, Ankara: Devlet Matbaası, 1939.
  • Eşiyok, B. Ali "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Dünya Ekonomisine Eklemlenmesinde Bir Dönüm Noktası:1838 Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması", Mülkiye Dergisi 34 (2014), s. 67-108.
  • Franz, Robert, “The Statistical History of the German Banking System, 1888-1907”, Miscellaneous Articles on German Banking, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910.
  • Freytag, Gustav, Julian Schmidt, “Der neue Zollverein”, Die Grenzboten: Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst 11/1-1 (1852), s. 223-227.
  • Gast, Georg, “Der preußiche Partikularismus und sein Zollverein”, FinanzArchiv/Public Finance Analysis, Band 27, H. 1/2 (1968), s. 291-317.
  • Güran, Tevfik, İktisat Tarihi, İstanbul: Acar Basım ve Cilt, 2003. Klingelhöffer, Otto, “Der Zollverein im Jahr 1865”, Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft 19 (1863), s. 87-161.
  • Kurdakul, Necdet, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ticaret Antlaşmaları ve Kapitülasyonlar, İstanbul: Döler Neşriyat, 1981. “L'Allemagne après l'union douanière 1840”, par MMs de la Nourais et E. Bères; Lithographe de L. Letronne, 1840.
  • Mattli, Walter, “Sovereignty Bargains in Regional Integration”, International Studies Review 2/2 (2000), p. 149-180.
  • “Mitteldeutscher Handelsverein (1828-1833)”, Der elektronische Reiseführer zum historisch-geographischen Informationssystem: HGIS Germany (1820-1914). http://www.ekomp.digihist.de/Dokumentation_Datensaetze/Multimedia/Staatenwelten/Mitteldeutscher_Handelsverein.pdf.
  • Muâhedât Mecmûası I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2008.
  • Obuah, Emmanuel E., Johnson O. Ndubuisi, and Godwin Tamunomi Dappa, “Trade as an Instrument of Diplomacy: An Assessment of Nigeria’s Version of Protectionist Trade.” Journal of African Foreign Affairs 4, no. 1/2 (2017): p. 5–22.
  • Önsoy, Rifat, Türk-Alman İktisadi Münasebetleri (1871-1914), İstanbul: Enderun Yayınları, 1982.
  • Özyüksel, Murat, Osmanlı-Alman İlişkilerinin Gelişim Sürecinde Anadolu ve Bağdat Demiryolları, İstanbul: Arba Yayınları, 1988.
  • Potyemkin, Vladimir, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihi Diplomasi Tarihi, çev. Atilla Tokatlı, İstanbul: May Yayınları, 1977.
  • Price, Arnold Hereward, The Evolution of the Zollverein, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949.
  • Roth, Ralf, “Amerika – Deutschland Folgen Einer Transatlantischen Migration”, Historische Zeitschrift 281/3 (2005), s. 621-657.
  • Shafeaddin, Mehdi, “How Did Developed Countries Industrialize? The History of Trade and Industrial Policy: The Cases of Great Britain and the USA”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)/OSG/DP, no. 139, 1998.
  • Siemann, Wolfram, Vom Staatenbund zum Nationalstaat, Deutschland 1807-1871, München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1995.
  • Sombart, Werner, Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin: Georg Bondi, 1903.
  • Soy, Hacı Bayram, Almanya’nın Osmanlı Devleti Üzerinde İngiltere ile Nüfuz Mücadelesi (1890-1914), Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Steinberg, Jonathan, Bismarck, çev. Hakan Abacı, İstanbul: Türkiye İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013.
  • Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum, Lebendiges Museum Online (DHM/LeMO), “Die Auswanderung aus Deutschland”, (Erişim 3 Eylül 2022).
  • “The Unification of Germany, I. Rise of the German ‘Zollverein’ (Customs-Union) up to 1834”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • “The Unification of Germany, II. The German ‘Zollverein’ (Customs-Union) after 1834”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • “The Unification of Germany, III. The North German Federation and the German Empire 1866-1871”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871-1918, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1973.
  • Yiğenoğlu, Kaan, “The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy.” Insight Turkey 23/4 (2021), s. 193–212.
  • “Zollvereinigungsvertrag”,https://web.archive.org/web/20041119171714/http://verfassungen.de/de/de06-66/zollverein33.htm.
Year 2022, , 1415 - 1445, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619

Abstract

References

  • Başkanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), A.DVN.MKL, 3/13-12.
  • Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt (KSA), Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich (1900-1915).
  • Bergius, Carl Julius, Ueber Schutzzölle, mit besonderer Beziehung auf den Preussischen Staat und den Zollverein, Breslau: Gratz, Barth und Comp., 1841.
  • Brophy, James M., Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830-1870, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998.
  • Cornell, Sarah S., High School Geography, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1864. Online Erişim: “Germanic Confederation”, David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.
  • Çıtır, Burak, “Osmanlı-Alman İktisadi İlişkilerine Bir Parantez: Hansa Birliği”, Belgi Dergisi 24 (Yaz 2022), s, 431-448.
  • Davis, John R., Britain and the German Zollverein, 1848-66, London: Macmillan Press LTD, 1997.
  • Dedinger, Béatrice (2015), “Trade Statistics of the Zollverein, 1834-1871”, Revue de l'OFCE, 140/4, p. 67-85.
  • Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste, “Aspekte der Auswanderung aus Deutschland, Ein Überblick über Migrationsbewegungen seit dem 18. Jahrhundert”, Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste 1 - 3000 - 012/16, 2016.
  • Düstur I-VI, Ankara: Devlet Matbaası, 1939.
  • Eşiyok, B. Ali "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Dünya Ekonomisine Eklemlenmesinde Bir Dönüm Noktası:1838 Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması", Mülkiye Dergisi 34 (2014), s. 67-108.
  • Franz, Robert, “The Statistical History of the German Banking System, 1888-1907”, Miscellaneous Articles on German Banking, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910.
  • Freytag, Gustav, Julian Schmidt, “Der neue Zollverein”, Die Grenzboten: Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst 11/1-1 (1852), s. 223-227.
  • Gast, Georg, “Der preußiche Partikularismus und sein Zollverein”, FinanzArchiv/Public Finance Analysis, Band 27, H. 1/2 (1968), s. 291-317.
  • Güran, Tevfik, İktisat Tarihi, İstanbul: Acar Basım ve Cilt, 2003. Klingelhöffer, Otto, “Der Zollverein im Jahr 1865”, Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft 19 (1863), s. 87-161.
  • Kurdakul, Necdet, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ticaret Antlaşmaları ve Kapitülasyonlar, İstanbul: Döler Neşriyat, 1981. “L'Allemagne après l'union douanière 1840”, par MMs de la Nourais et E. Bères; Lithographe de L. Letronne, 1840.
  • Mattli, Walter, “Sovereignty Bargains in Regional Integration”, International Studies Review 2/2 (2000), p. 149-180.
  • “Mitteldeutscher Handelsverein (1828-1833)”, Der elektronische Reiseführer zum historisch-geographischen Informationssystem: HGIS Germany (1820-1914). http://www.ekomp.digihist.de/Dokumentation_Datensaetze/Multimedia/Staatenwelten/Mitteldeutscher_Handelsverein.pdf.
  • Muâhedât Mecmûası I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2008.
  • Obuah, Emmanuel E., Johnson O. Ndubuisi, and Godwin Tamunomi Dappa, “Trade as an Instrument of Diplomacy: An Assessment of Nigeria’s Version of Protectionist Trade.” Journal of African Foreign Affairs 4, no. 1/2 (2017): p. 5–22.
  • Önsoy, Rifat, Türk-Alman İktisadi Münasebetleri (1871-1914), İstanbul: Enderun Yayınları, 1982.
  • Özyüksel, Murat, Osmanlı-Alman İlişkilerinin Gelişim Sürecinde Anadolu ve Bağdat Demiryolları, İstanbul: Arba Yayınları, 1988.
  • Potyemkin, Vladimir, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihi Diplomasi Tarihi, çev. Atilla Tokatlı, İstanbul: May Yayınları, 1977.
  • Price, Arnold Hereward, The Evolution of the Zollverein, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949.
  • Roth, Ralf, “Amerika – Deutschland Folgen Einer Transatlantischen Migration”, Historische Zeitschrift 281/3 (2005), s. 621-657.
  • Shafeaddin, Mehdi, “How Did Developed Countries Industrialize? The History of Trade and Industrial Policy: The Cases of Great Britain and the USA”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)/OSG/DP, no. 139, 1998.
  • Siemann, Wolfram, Vom Staatenbund zum Nationalstaat, Deutschland 1807-1871, München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1995.
  • Sombart, Werner, Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin: Georg Bondi, 1903.
  • Soy, Hacı Bayram, Almanya’nın Osmanlı Devleti Üzerinde İngiltere ile Nüfuz Mücadelesi (1890-1914), Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Steinberg, Jonathan, Bismarck, çev. Hakan Abacı, İstanbul: Türkiye İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013.
  • Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum, Lebendiges Museum Online (DHM/LeMO), “Die Auswanderung aus Deutschland”, (Erişim 3 Eylül 2022).
  • “The Unification of Germany, I. Rise of the German ‘Zollverein’ (Customs-Union) up to 1834”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • “The Unification of Germany, II. The German ‘Zollverein’ (Customs-Union) after 1834”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • “The Unification of Germany, III. The North German Federation and the German Empire 1866-1871”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871-1918, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1973.
  • Yiğenoğlu, Kaan, “The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy.” Insight Turkey 23/4 (2021), s. 193–212.
  • “Zollvereinigungsvertrag”,https://web.archive.org/web/20041119171714/http://verfassungen.de/de/de06-66/zollverein33.htm.

Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri

Year 2022, , 1415 - 1445, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619

Abstract

Alman coğrafyasında bir serbest ticari bölge yaratma fikri, bu düşüncenin en aktif savunucusu olan Friedrich List gibi ekonomistlerle 19. yüzyılın başlarında büyük bir ivme kazanmıştır. Prusya, 1818’de tüm iç gümrük vergilerini ortadan kaldıran tarifesiyle serbest ticaret yapma fikrini komşu devletlere açmıştır. On yıl sonra Prusya ve Hessen-Darmstadt arasında ilk anlaşma imzalanırken aynı yıl, Bavyera ve Württemberg arasında da bir gümrük birliği kurulmuştur. Her iki gümrük birliğine karşı yine aynı yıl içerisinde Hannover öncülüğünde Mitteldeutscher Handelsverein adında bir ticaret birliği de oluşturulmuştur. 1834’e gelindiğindeyse artık bu gümrük ve ticaret birliklerine dahil olan devletler, Prusya’nın öncülüğünde bir gümrük birliği etrafında toplanmaya başlamıştır. Kurulan yeni birliğin adı Zollverein olarak adlandırılan Alman Gümrük Birliği’dir. Bu birlik, Alman İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluşundan on yedi yıl sonra Hamburg ve Bremen’in de dahil olmasıyla tüm Alman coğrafyasını kapsar hale gelmiştir.
1838 Balta Limanı Ticaret Anlaşması’yla başlayan ticari anlaşmalar sürecinde Zollverein de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla 22 Ekim 1840 tarihinde bir ticaret anlaşması imzalamıştır. Bu anlaşmadan sonra 1862’de bir anlaşma daha imzalanmıştır. Bu anlaşmanın kapsamı 1890’da genişletilmiştir.
Bu çalışma, Türkçe literatürde müstakil bir literatürün oluşmadığı Zollverein’in kuruluş süreci ve sonrasında Alman coğrafyasında yaşananların yanı sıra çevre ülkelerle ilişkilerine özellikle de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla olan ilişkilerine değinerek alana katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Başkanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), A.DVN.MKL, 3/13-12.
  • Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt (KSA), Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich (1900-1915).
  • Bergius, Carl Julius, Ueber Schutzzölle, mit besonderer Beziehung auf den Preussischen Staat und den Zollverein, Breslau: Gratz, Barth und Comp., 1841.
  • Brophy, James M., Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830-1870, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998.
  • Cornell, Sarah S., High School Geography, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1864. Online Erişim: “Germanic Confederation”, David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.
  • Çıtır, Burak, “Osmanlı-Alman İktisadi İlişkilerine Bir Parantez: Hansa Birliği”, Belgi Dergisi 24 (Yaz 2022), s, 431-448.
  • Davis, John R., Britain and the German Zollverein, 1848-66, London: Macmillan Press LTD, 1997.
  • Dedinger, Béatrice (2015), “Trade Statistics of the Zollverein, 1834-1871”, Revue de l'OFCE, 140/4, p. 67-85.
  • Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste, “Aspekte der Auswanderung aus Deutschland, Ein Überblick über Migrationsbewegungen seit dem 18. Jahrhundert”, Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste 1 - 3000 - 012/16, 2016.
  • Düstur I-VI, Ankara: Devlet Matbaası, 1939.
  • Eşiyok, B. Ali "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Dünya Ekonomisine Eklemlenmesinde Bir Dönüm Noktası:1838 Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması", Mülkiye Dergisi 34 (2014), s. 67-108.
  • Franz, Robert, “The Statistical History of the German Banking System, 1888-1907”, Miscellaneous Articles on German Banking, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910.
  • Freytag, Gustav, Julian Schmidt, “Der neue Zollverein”, Die Grenzboten: Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst 11/1-1 (1852), s. 223-227.
  • Gast, Georg, “Der preußiche Partikularismus und sein Zollverein”, FinanzArchiv/Public Finance Analysis, Band 27, H. 1/2 (1968), s. 291-317.
  • Güran, Tevfik, İktisat Tarihi, İstanbul: Acar Basım ve Cilt, 2003. Klingelhöffer, Otto, “Der Zollverein im Jahr 1865”, Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft 19 (1863), s. 87-161.
  • Kurdakul, Necdet, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ticaret Antlaşmaları ve Kapitülasyonlar, İstanbul: Döler Neşriyat, 1981. “L'Allemagne après l'union douanière 1840”, par MMs de la Nourais et E. Bères; Lithographe de L. Letronne, 1840.
  • Mattli, Walter, “Sovereignty Bargains in Regional Integration”, International Studies Review 2/2 (2000), p. 149-180.
  • “Mitteldeutscher Handelsverein (1828-1833)”, Der elektronische Reiseführer zum historisch-geographischen Informationssystem: HGIS Germany (1820-1914). http://www.ekomp.digihist.de/Dokumentation_Datensaetze/Multimedia/Staatenwelten/Mitteldeutscher_Handelsverein.pdf.
  • Muâhedât Mecmûası I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2008.
  • Obuah, Emmanuel E., Johnson O. Ndubuisi, and Godwin Tamunomi Dappa, “Trade as an Instrument of Diplomacy: An Assessment of Nigeria’s Version of Protectionist Trade.” Journal of African Foreign Affairs 4, no. 1/2 (2017): p. 5–22.
  • Önsoy, Rifat, Türk-Alman İktisadi Münasebetleri (1871-1914), İstanbul: Enderun Yayınları, 1982.
  • Özyüksel, Murat, Osmanlı-Alman İlişkilerinin Gelişim Sürecinde Anadolu ve Bağdat Demiryolları, İstanbul: Arba Yayınları, 1988.
  • Potyemkin, Vladimir, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihi Diplomasi Tarihi, çev. Atilla Tokatlı, İstanbul: May Yayınları, 1977.
  • Price, Arnold Hereward, The Evolution of the Zollverein, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949.
  • Roth, Ralf, “Amerika – Deutschland Folgen Einer Transatlantischen Migration”, Historische Zeitschrift 281/3 (2005), s. 621-657.
  • Shafeaddin, Mehdi, “How Did Developed Countries Industrialize? The History of Trade and Industrial Policy: The Cases of Great Britain and the USA”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)/OSG/DP, no. 139, 1998.
  • Siemann, Wolfram, Vom Staatenbund zum Nationalstaat, Deutschland 1807-1871, München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1995.
  • Sombart, Werner, Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin: Georg Bondi, 1903.
  • Soy, Hacı Bayram, Almanya’nın Osmanlı Devleti Üzerinde İngiltere ile Nüfuz Mücadelesi (1890-1914), Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Steinberg, Jonathan, Bismarck, çev. Hakan Abacı, İstanbul: Türkiye İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013.
  • Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum, Lebendiges Museum Online (DHM/LeMO), “Die Auswanderung aus Deutschland”, (Erişim 3 Eylül 2022).
  • “The Unification of Germany, I. Rise of the German ‘Zollverein’ (Customs-Union) up to 1834”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • “The Unification of Germany, II. The German ‘Zollverein’ (Customs-Union) after 1834”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • “The Unification of Germany, III. The North German Federation and the German Empire 1866-1871”, From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1926, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection.
  • Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871-1918, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1973.
  • Yiğenoğlu, Kaan, “The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy.” Insight Turkey 23/4 (2021), s. 193–212.
  • “Zollvereinigungsvertrag”,https://web.archive.org/web/20041119171714/http://verfassungen.de/de/de06-66/zollverein33.htm.

German Customs Union (Zollverein) and its Relations with the Ottoman Empire

Year 2022, , 1415 - 1445, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619

Abstract

The idea of creating a free trade zone in German geography gained great momentum in the early 19th century with economists such as Friedrich List, who was the most active advocate of this idea. Prussia opened up the idea of free trade to neighbouring states with its tariff that abolished all internal customs duties in 1818. Ten years later, while the first agreement was signed between Prussia and Hessen-Darmstadt, another customs union was also established between Bavaria and Württemberg in the same year. Besides both customs unions, established a trade union called Mitteldeutscher Handelsverein under the leadership of Hannover in the same year. By 1834, the states included in these customs and trade unions began to gather around a customs union under the leadership of Prussia. The name of the new union established is the German Customs Union, called Zollverein. Seventeen years after the establishment of the German Empire, this union has become to cover the entire German geography with the inclusion of Hamburg and Bremen.
Zollverein also signed a trade agreement with the Ottoman Empire on October 22, 1840, during the commercial agreements that started with the 1838 Balta Limanı Trade Agreement. After this agreement, another agreement was signed in 1862. The scope of this agreement was extended in 1890.
This study aims to contribute to the field by mentioning the relations with the surrounding countries, especially the Ottoman Empire, as well as the events in German geography during and after the establishment of Zollverein, where there is no independent literature in Turkish literature.

References

  • Başkanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), A.DVN.MKL, 3/13-12.
  • Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt (KSA), Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich (1900-1915).
  • Bergius, Carl Julius, Ueber Schutzzölle, mit besonderer Beziehung auf den Preussischen Staat und den Zollverein, Breslau: Gratz, Barth und Comp., 1841.
  • Brophy, James M., Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830-1870, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998.
  • Cornell, Sarah S., High School Geography, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1864. Online Erişim: “Germanic Confederation”, David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.
  • Çıtır, Burak, “Osmanlı-Alman İktisadi İlişkilerine Bir Parantez: Hansa Birliği”, Belgi Dergisi 24 (Yaz 2022), s, 431-448.
  • Davis, John R., Britain and the German Zollverein, 1848-66, London: Macmillan Press LTD, 1997.
  • Dedinger, Béatrice (2015), “Trade Statistics of the Zollverein, 1834-1871”, Revue de l'OFCE, 140/4, p. 67-85.
  • Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste, “Aspekte der Auswanderung aus Deutschland, Ein Überblick über Migrationsbewegungen seit dem 18. Jahrhundert”, Deutscher Bundestag Wissenschaftliche Dienste 1 - 3000 - 012/16, 2016.
  • Düstur I-VI, Ankara: Devlet Matbaası, 1939.
  • Eşiyok, B. Ali "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Dünya Ekonomisine Eklemlenmesinde Bir Dönüm Noktası:1838 Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması", Mülkiye Dergisi 34 (2014), s. 67-108.
  • Franz, Robert, “The Statistical History of the German Banking System, 1888-1907”, Miscellaneous Articles on German Banking, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910.
  • Freytag, Gustav, Julian Schmidt, “Der neue Zollverein”, Die Grenzboten: Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst 11/1-1 (1852), s. 223-227.
  • Gast, Georg, “Der preußiche Partikularismus und sein Zollverein”, FinanzArchiv/Public Finance Analysis, Band 27, H. 1/2 (1968), s. 291-317.
  • Güran, Tevfik, İktisat Tarihi, İstanbul: Acar Basım ve Cilt, 2003. Klingelhöffer, Otto, “Der Zollverein im Jahr 1865”, Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft 19 (1863), s. 87-161.
  • Kurdakul, Necdet, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ticaret Antlaşmaları ve Kapitülasyonlar, İstanbul: Döler Neşriyat, 1981. “L'Allemagne après l'union douanière 1840”, par MMs de la Nourais et E. Bères; Lithographe de L. Letronne, 1840.
  • Mattli, Walter, “Sovereignty Bargains in Regional Integration”, International Studies Review 2/2 (2000), p. 149-180.
  • “Mitteldeutscher Handelsverein (1828-1833)”, Der elektronische Reiseführer zum historisch-geographischen Informationssystem: HGIS Germany (1820-1914). http://www.ekomp.digihist.de/Dokumentation_Datensaetze/Multimedia/Staatenwelten/Mitteldeutscher_Handelsverein.pdf.
  • Muâhedât Mecmûası I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2008.
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There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section research Article
Authors

Burak Çıtır 0000-0002-7199-6816

Publication Date December 29, 2022
Submission Date November 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Çıtır, B. (2022). Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan), 1415-1445. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619
AMA Çıtır B. Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri. VAKANÜVİS. December 2022;7(Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan):1415-1445. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619
Chicago Çıtır, Burak. “Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) Ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 7, no. Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan (December 2022): 1415-45. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619.
EndNote Çıtır B (December 1, 2022) Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 7 Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan 1415–1445.
IEEE B. Çıtır, “Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri”, VAKANÜVİS, vol. 7, no. Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan, pp. 1415–1445, 2022, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619.
ISNAD Çıtır, Burak. “Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) Ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 7/Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan (December 2022), 1415-1445. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619.
JAMA Çıtır B. Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri. VAKANÜVİS. 2022;7:1415–1445.
MLA Çıtır, Burak. “Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) Ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 7, no. Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan, 2022, pp. 1415-4, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1207619.
Vancouver Çıtır B. Alman Gümrük Birliği (Zollverein) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla İlişkileri. VAKANÜVİS. 2022;7(Dr. Mahmut Kırkpınar’a Armağan):1415-4.


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