Research Article

The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971

Volume: 9 Number: Dr. Selma Pehlivan'a Armağan December 31, 2024
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The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971

Abstract

The closure of The School in 1971 was a pivotal moment shaped by the broader context of Turkish-Greek relations and the Cyprus Issue. While the existing literature largely focuses on the school’s functioning, Türkiye’s stance during the closure process, and the subsequent international discussions, few studies adopt a comparative perspective that explores Türkiye’s motivations for altering the school’s status alongside Greece’s responses within the internal and external dynamics of the period. This study aims to contribute to filling this gap in the literature and to provide a historical background to the contemporary debates on the reopening of the school. Founded in 1844, The School was established with the primary mission of training clergy within the framework of Patriarchate ideology to reinforce its authority, prestige, and unity amidst rising nationalist movements establishing independent churches. Despite enduring conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and Greece, the school grew to become a cornerstone of Orthodox Christian education. After the Treaty of Lausanne, its status was closely tied to Turkish-Greek relations. During periods of tension, the school and its curriculum were monitored for fears of fostering anti-Turkish sentiment. During periods of good relations between the two countries, the Patriarchate and the school were granted significant freedom. The unresolved crisis in Turkish-Greek relations caused by the Cyprus Issue was one of the most significant dynamics behind the closure of the school. In 1963, the Cyprus crisis emerged following Cypriot President Makarios’s attempt to revoke the political rights granted to Turkish Cypriots under the 1959 London and Zurich Agreements. This crisis led to political tensions between Türkiye and Greece, two key NATO members. While Greek Cypriots and Greece pursued Enosis (union with Greece), Türkiye’s policy of Taksim (partition) brought the two sides to the brink of war. Although the crisis was temporarily defused by U.S. intervention in 1964, the tension between the two countries could not be entirely resolved. During this period, when the Cyprus Issue became a central topic in the foreign policy agendas of both nations, discussions surrounding the Patriarchate and The School also intensified. Proposals to revoke the privileges of these two institutions were brought to the forefront. However, Turkish governments at the time refrained from taking steps to close The School. At the beginning of 1971, as the Cyprus Issue evolved into a new phase and developments in Türkiye's domestic politics gained momentum, a policy change was implemented. The Nihat Erim Government enacted a law requiring private schools to be placed under state supervision. However, the Patriarchate, unwilling to accept this regulation, decided to cease the school’s operations. Meanwhile, the junta in Greece, which was planning to overthrow Makarios, adopted a policy of downplaying this significant development to avoid creating a bargaining point for Türkiye on the Cyprus Issue. The ongoing debates actually demonstrate the extent to which the issue holds significance for Greece.

Keywords

References

  1. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye Presidency of State Archives Ottoman Archive, BOA, İstanbul
  2. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, Tutanaklar
  3. Hellenic National Library Press Archives, Atina
  4. National Archives (United States) (NA), Democracy in Türkiye, 1950-1959: Records of the U.S. State Department Classified Files
  5. National Archives (United States) (NA), The Cyprus Crisis in 1967: Records of the U.S. State Department Classified Files
  6. Press Sources: Agon, Atlantis, Acropolis, Cumhuriyet, Embros, Daily Mail, Eleftheria, Fileleftheros, Kypros, The Times, Makedonia, Milliyet, Yeni İstanbul, Taxidromos, Εκκλησιαστική Αλήθεια (Ecclesiastical Truth), Η Εστία Θεολόγων Χάλκης (The Home of Theologians of Halki), Ορθοδοξία (Orthodoxy)
  7. Abacis, Aris, Lavirintos tis Halkis, I Peripatia tis Theologikis Sholis, Athina, 2011.
  8. Alexandris, Alexis, The Greek Minority of Istanbul and Greek–Turkish Relations 1918-1974, Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Athens, 1992.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

History of The Republic of Turkiye

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 31, 2024

Submission Date

September 28, 2024

Acceptance Date

December 29, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 9 Number: Dr. Selma Pehlivan'a Armağan

APA
Yellice, G. (2024). The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan), 2437-2480. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1557727
AMA
1.Yellice G. The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971. VAKANUVIS. 2024;9(Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan):2437-2480. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1557727
Chicago
Yellice, Gürhan. 2024. “The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 9 (Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan): 2437-80. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1557727.
EndNote
Yellice G (December 1, 2024) The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 9 Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan 2437–2480.
IEEE
[1]G. Yellice, “The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971”, VAKANUVIS, vol. 9, no. Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan, pp. 2437–2480, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.1557727.
ISNAD
Yellice, Gürhan. “The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 9/Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan (December 1, 2024): 2437-2480. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1557727.
JAMA
1.Yellice G. The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971. VAKANUVIS. 2024;9:2437–2480.
MLA
Yellice, Gürhan. “The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 9, no. Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan, Dec. 2024, pp. 2437-80, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1557727.
Vancouver
1.Gürhan Yellice. The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971. VAKANUVIS. 2024 Dec. 1;9(Dr. Selma Pehlivan’a Armağan):2437-80. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1557727

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