Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 606 - 632, 26.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764

Abstract

References

  • Aitchison, C. U. (Comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, Vol. XIII, Calcutta : Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1933.
  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs-Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • The National Archives, Kew., Pamir Frontier: Correspondece. 1893-1895. (Government Papers), FO 539/71.
  • Süreli Yayınlar, The Times.
  • Hesilrige, Debrett and Arthur, Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage. 208th Year, Dean & Son, London, 1921.
  • Khan, Mir Munshi Sultan Mahomed (Ed.), The Life of Abdur Rahman Amir of Afghanistan, Vol. II, John Murray, London, 1901.
  • Newton, Baron, Lord Lansdowne. A Biography, London: Macmillan & Co, 1929.
  • Adye, John, Indian Frontier Policy an Historical Sketch, Smith, Elder Co., London, 1897.
  • Amstutz, J. Bruce, Afghanistan The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, National Defense University Washington D.C. 20319-6000, 1986.
  • Bajpai, P., RAM, S., “Ethnic Groups”, Encyclopaedia of Afghanistan, Afghanistan: The Land & People, C. 1, 2002.
  • Barfield, Thomas, Afghanistan a Cultural and Political History, Princeton University Press, 2010.
  • Biswas, Arka, “Durand Line: History, Legality & Future”, Vivekananda International Foundation, Occasional Paper, September 2013, ss. 1-56.
  • Çapraz, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • Durani, Mohib Ullah, KHAN, Ashraf, “Pakistan- Afghan Relations: Historic Mirror”, The Dialogue, Volume IV, Number 1, ss. 25-64.
  • Ewans, Martin, Afghanistan A Short History of Its People and Politics, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2002.
  • Forbes, Archibald, The Afghan Wars, 1839-42 and 1878-80, Seeley and Co., Limited, London, 1892.
  • Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, VASSEFI, Tara, “The Forgotten History of Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations”, Yale Journal of International Affairs, March 2012, ss. 38-45.
  • Ghani, Ashraf, “Islam and State-Building in a Tribal Society Afghanistan: 1880-1901”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1978, ss. 269-284.
  • Gillard, David, The Struggle for Asia 1828-1914, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1977.
  • Haq, Ikramul, “Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective”, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10, Oct. 1996, ss. 945-963.
  • Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game, John Murray, London, 1990.
  • Kakar, M. Hassan, A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan 1863-1901, Brill-Leiden, Boston, 2006.
  • Kuhzād, Aḥmad ʻAlī, Amīr ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Khān va Khaṭṭ-i Dīyūrand, Riyāsat-i Mustaqil-i Maṭbūʻāt, Kābul, 1330.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1987.
  • Low, Charles Rathbone, Major-General Sir Frederick S. Roberts A Memoir, W. H. Allen & Co., London, 1883.
  • Malik, Hafeez, Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92, Springer, 27 Temmuz 2016.
  • Mazhar, Muhammad Saleem, GORAYA, Naheed S., “Border Issue between Pakistan & Afghanistan”, South Asian Studies a Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, July-December, ss. 204-220.
  • Misra, J. P., “The Durand Mission and Indo-Afghan Boundary Agreement of 1893”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 37, 1976, ss. 433-40.
  • Müceddedî, Abdülhak, MÜCEDDEDÎ, Fazlullah, Hakikat’ül Tevârih ez Emir Kebîr ta Rehber Kebîr, Haz. Ebu Mes’ud Farukî, Kâbil, 1378.
  • Nevill, Hugh Lewis, Campaign on the North-West Frontier (Re-print), Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1977.
  • Omrani, Bijan, “The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border”, Asian Affairs, 40:2, ss. 177-195.
  • Pierce, Richard A., Russian Central Asia 1867-1917, Russian and East European Studies, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1960.
  • Saray, Mehmet, “Abdurrahman Han”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 1, İstanbul, 1988, s. 163.
  • Saray, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara, 2003.
  • Sykes, Percy, A History of Afghanistan, Vol. II, Macmillan & Co., London, 1940.
  • Sykes, Percy, The Right Honourable Sir Mortimer Durand, Cassell and Company, London, 1926.
  • Tanner, Stephen, Afghanistan A Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban, Da Capo Press, United States of America, 2002.
  • Tate, G. P., The Frontiers of Baluchistan Travels on the Borders of Persia and Afghanistan, Printed by Witherby & Co., London, 1909.
  • The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, International Boundary Study No. 26 (Revised) Afghanistan – U.S.S.R. Boundary (Country Codes: AF-UR), Department of State, United States of America. September 15, 1983.
  • The Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary, The Reader’s Digest Association Limited, Oxford University Press, 1962.
  • Wheeler, Stephen, The Ameer Abdur Rahman, Bliss, Sands and Foster, London, 1895.
  • Wyatt, Christopher M., Afghanistan and The Defence of Empire Diplomacy and Strategy during the Great Game, I.B. TAURIS, London-New York, London 2011.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, Afganistan’da Rus-İngiliz Nüfuz Mücadelesi (1800-1921), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya, 1996.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Afganistan’daki Otorite Boşluğunun Tarihi Temelleri ve Bölge Güvenliği Üzerindeki Etkileri”, History Studies International Journal of History, Volume 2/1, Editörler: Prof. Dr. Nedim İpek ve Doç. Dr. Osman Köse, 2010, ss. 219-237.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Emir Abdurrahman Han’ın Afganistan’da Merkezî Otoriteyi Tesis Etme Çabaları”, Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: VII, Sayı: 1, Elazığ, 2010, ss. 95-118.
Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 606 - 632, 26.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764

Abstract

References

  • Aitchison, C. U. (Comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, Vol. XIII, Calcutta : Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1933.
  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs-Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • The National Archives, Kew., Pamir Frontier: Correspondece. 1893-1895. (Government Papers), FO 539/71.
  • Süreli Yayınlar, The Times.
  • Hesilrige, Debrett and Arthur, Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage. 208th Year, Dean & Son, London, 1921.
  • Khan, Mir Munshi Sultan Mahomed (Ed.), The Life of Abdur Rahman Amir of Afghanistan, Vol. II, John Murray, London, 1901.
  • Newton, Baron, Lord Lansdowne. A Biography, London: Macmillan & Co, 1929.
  • Adye, John, Indian Frontier Policy an Historical Sketch, Smith, Elder Co., London, 1897.
  • Amstutz, J. Bruce, Afghanistan The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, National Defense University Washington D.C. 20319-6000, 1986.
  • Bajpai, P., RAM, S., “Ethnic Groups”, Encyclopaedia of Afghanistan, Afghanistan: The Land & People, C. 1, 2002.
  • Barfield, Thomas, Afghanistan a Cultural and Political History, Princeton University Press, 2010.
  • Biswas, Arka, “Durand Line: History, Legality & Future”, Vivekananda International Foundation, Occasional Paper, September 2013, ss. 1-56.
  • Çapraz, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • Durani, Mohib Ullah, KHAN, Ashraf, “Pakistan- Afghan Relations: Historic Mirror”, The Dialogue, Volume IV, Number 1, ss. 25-64.
  • Ewans, Martin, Afghanistan A Short History of Its People and Politics, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2002.
  • Forbes, Archibald, The Afghan Wars, 1839-42 and 1878-80, Seeley and Co., Limited, London, 1892.
  • Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, VASSEFI, Tara, “The Forgotten History of Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations”, Yale Journal of International Affairs, March 2012, ss. 38-45.
  • Ghani, Ashraf, “Islam and State-Building in a Tribal Society Afghanistan: 1880-1901”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1978, ss. 269-284.
  • Gillard, David, The Struggle for Asia 1828-1914, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1977.
  • Haq, Ikramul, “Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective”, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10, Oct. 1996, ss. 945-963.
  • Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game, John Murray, London, 1990.
  • Kakar, M. Hassan, A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan 1863-1901, Brill-Leiden, Boston, 2006.
  • Kuhzād, Aḥmad ʻAlī, Amīr ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Khān va Khaṭṭ-i Dīyūrand, Riyāsat-i Mustaqil-i Maṭbūʻāt, Kābul, 1330.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1987.
  • Low, Charles Rathbone, Major-General Sir Frederick S. Roberts A Memoir, W. H. Allen & Co., London, 1883.
  • Malik, Hafeez, Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92, Springer, 27 Temmuz 2016.
  • Mazhar, Muhammad Saleem, GORAYA, Naheed S., “Border Issue between Pakistan & Afghanistan”, South Asian Studies a Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, July-December, ss. 204-220.
  • Misra, J. P., “The Durand Mission and Indo-Afghan Boundary Agreement of 1893”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 37, 1976, ss. 433-40.
  • Müceddedî, Abdülhak, MÜCEDDEDÎ, Fazlullah, Hakikat’ül Tevârih ez Emir Kebîr ta Rehber Kebîr, Haz. Ebu Mes’ud Farukî, Kâbil, 1378.
  • Nevill, Hugh Lewis, Campaign on the North-West Frontier (Re-print), Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1977.
  • Omrani, Bijan, “The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border”, Asian Affairs, 40:2, ss. 177-195.
  • Pierce, Richard A., Russian Central Asia 1867-1917, Russian and East European Studies, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1960.
  • Saray, Mehmet, “Abdurrahman Han”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 1, İstanbul, 1988, s. 163.
  • Saray, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara, 2003.
  • Sykes, Percy, A History of Afghanistan, Vol. II, Macmillan & Co., London, 1940.
  • Sykes, Percy, The Right Honourable Sir Mortimer Durand, Cassell and Company, London, 1926.
  • Tanner, Stephen, Afghanistan A Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban, Da Capo Press, United States of America, 2002.
  • Tate, G. P., The Frontiers of Baluchistan Travels on the Borders of Persia and Afghanistan, Printed by Witherby & Co., London, 1909.
  • The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, International Boundary Study No. 26 (Revised) Afghanistan – U.S.S.R. Boundary (Country Codes: AF-UR), Department of State, United States of America. September 15, 1983.
  • The Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary, The Reader’s Digest Association Limited, Oxford University Press, 1962.
  • Wheeler, Stephen, The Ameer Abdur Rahman, Bliss, Sands and Foster, London, 1895.
  • Wyatt, Christopher M., Afghanistan and The Defence of Empire Diplomacy and Strategy during the Great Game, I.B. TAURIS, London-New York, London 2011.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, Afganistan’da Rus-İngiliz Nüfuz Mücadelesi (1800-1921), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya, 1996.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Afganistan’daki Otorite Boşluğunun Tarihi Temelleri ve Bölge Güvenliği Üzerindeki Etkileri”, History Studies International Journal of History, Volume 2/1, Editörler: Prof. Dr. Nedim İpek ve Doç. Dr. Osman Köse, 2010, ss. 219-237.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Emir Abdurrahman Han’ın Afganistan’da Merkezî Otoriteyi Tesis Etme Çabaları”, Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: VII, Sayı: 1, Elazığ, 2010, ss. 95-118.

An Example of the British Struggle for Influence in Afghanistan: The Durand Line (1893)

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 606 - 632, 26.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764

Abstract

In the 19th century, the rivalry between Russia and Britain created an atmosphere of conflict on the territory of Afghanistan and had many negative consequences for the Afghan State. The diplomatic contacts of both states with the Afghan court caused the Afghan Amirs to pursue a policy of balance. During the reign of Amir Abdurrahman Khan (1880-1901), who became the head of the Afghan State after the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880), the British, who were trying to take measures against the Russian advance in the north, made works on the northern border lines of Afghanistan, after which the northwestern borders of India came to the agenda and it was decided to determine the border between the Afghan State and British India. On November 12, 1893, with the signing of the Durand Line Treaty, an atmosphere of conflict emerged between tribes and ethnic groups along the Afghanistan-India border line. Considering the process of signing the treaty and its effects, it is seen that it had an important place in determining the fate of the region. This study examines the negotiation process between Amir Abdurrahman Khan and the British delegation regarding the Durand Line, the signing of the treaty and the effects it had on the region after its signing.

References

  • Aitchison, C. U. (Comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, Vol. XIII, Calcutta : Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1933.
  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs-Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • The National Archives, Kew., Pamir Frontier: Correspondece. 1893-1895. (Government Papers), FO 539/71.
  • Süreli Yayınlar, The Times.
  • Hesilrige, Debrett and Arthur, Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage. 208th Year, Dean & Son, London, 1921.
  • Khan, Mir Munshi Sultan Mahomed (Ed.), The Life of Abdur Rahman Amir of Afghanistan, Vol. II, John Murray, London, 1901.
  • Newton, Baron, Lord Lansdowne. A Biography, London: Macmillan & Co, 1929.
  • Adye, John, Indian Frontier Policy an Historical Sketch, Smith, Elder Co., London, 1897.
  • Amstutz, J. Bruce, Afghanistan The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, National Defense University Washington D.C. 20319-6000, 1986.
  • Bajpai, P., RAM, S., “Ethnic Groups”, Encyclopaedia of Afghanistan, Afghanistan: The Land & People, C. 1, 2002.
  • Barfield, Thomas, Afghanistan a Cultural and Political History, Princeton University Press, 2010.
  • Biswas, Arka, “Durand Line: History, Legality & Future”, Vivekananda International Foundation, Occasional Paper, September 2013, ss. 1-56.
  • Çapraz, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • Durani, Mohib Ullah, KHAN, Ashraf, “Pakistan- Afghan Relations: Historic Mirror”, The Dialogue, Volume IV, Number 1, ss. 25-64.
  • Ewans, Martin, Afghanistan A Short History of Its People and Politics, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2002.
  • Forbes, Archibald, The Afghan Wars, 1839-42 and 1878-80, Seeley and Co., Limited, London, 1892.
  • Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, VASSEFI, Tara, “The Forgotten History of Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations”, Yale Journal of International Affairs, March 2012, ss. 38-45.
  • Ghani, Ashraf, “Islam and State-Building in a Tribal Society Afghanistan: 1880-1901”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1978, ss. 269-284.
  • Gillard, David, The Struggle for Asia 1828-1914, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1977.
  • Haq, Ikramul, “Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective”, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10, Oct. 1996, ss. 945-963.
  • Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game, John Murray, London, 1990.
  • Kakar, M. Hassan, A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan 1863-1901, Brill-Leiden, Boston, 2006.
  • Kuhzād, Aḥmad ʻAlī, Amīr ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Khān va Khaṭṭ-i Dīyūrand, Riyāsat-i Mustaqil-i Maṭbūʻāt, Kābul, 1330.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1987.
  • Low, Charles Rathbone, Major-General Sir Frederick S. Roberts A Memoir, W. H. Allen & Co., London, 1883.
  • Malik, Hafeez, Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92, Springer, 27 Temmuz 2016.
  • Mazhar, Muhammad Saleem, GORAYA, Naheed S., “Border Issue between Pakistan & Afghanistan”, South Asian Studies a Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, July-December, ss. 204-220.
  • Misra, J. P., “The Durand Mission and Indo-Afghan Boundary Agreement of 1893”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 37, 1976, ss. 433-40.
  • Müceddedî, Abdülhak, MÜCEDDEDÎ, Fazlullah, Hakikat’ül Tevârih ez Emir Kebîr ta Rehber Kebîr, Haz. Ebu Mes’ud Farukî, Kâbil, 1378.
  • Nevill, Hugh Lewis, Campaign on the North-West Frontier (Re-print), Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1977.
  • Omrani, Bijan, “The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border”, Asian Affairs, 40:2, ss. 177-195.
  • Pierce, Richard A., Russian Central Asia 1867-1917, Russian and East European Studies, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1960.
  • Saray, Mehmet, “Abdurrahman Han”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 1, İstanbul, 1988, s. 163.
  • Saray, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara, 2003.
  • Sykes, Percy, A History of Afghanistan, Vol. II, Macmillan & Co., London, 1940.
  • Sykes, Percy, The Right Honourable Sir Mortimer Durand, Cassell and Company, London, 1926.
  • Tanner, Stephen, Afghanistan A Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban, Da Capo Press, United States of America, 2002.
  • Tate, G. P., The Frontiers of Baluchistan Travels on the Borders of Persia and Afghanistan, Printed by Witherby & Co., London, 1909.
  • The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, International Boundary Study No. 26 (Revised) Afghanistan – U.S.S.R. Boundary (Country Codes: AF-UR), Department of State, United States of America. September 15, 1983.
  • The Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary, The Reader’s Digest Association Limited, Oxford University Press, 1962.
  • Wheeler, Stephen, The Ameer Abdur Rahman, Bliss, Sands and Foster, London, 1895.
  • Wyatt, Christopher M., Afghanistan and The Defence of Empire Diplomacy and Strategy during the Great Game, I.B. TAURIS, London-New York, London 2011.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, Afganistan’da Rus-İngiliz Nüfuz Mücadelesi (1800-1921), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya, 1996.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Afganistan’daki Otorite Boşluğunun Tarihi Temelleri ve Bölge Güvenliği Üzerindeki Etkileri”, History Studies International Journal of History, Volume 2/1, Editörler: Prof. Dr. Nedim İpek ve Doç. Dr. Osman Köse, 2010, ss. 219-237.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Emir Abdurrahman Han’ın Afganistan’da Merkezî Otoriteyi Tesis Etme Çabaları”, Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: VII, Sayı: 1, Elazığ, 2010, ss. 95-118.

İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893)

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 606 - 632, 26.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764

Abstract

19. yüzyılda Rusya ve İngiltere arasındaki rekabet Afganistan toprakları üzerinde bir çatışma ortamı meydana getirdi ve Afgan Devleti açısından birçok olumsuz sonuç doğurdu. Her iki devletin Afgan sarayı ile olan diplomatik temasları Afgan Emirlerinin denge politikaları izlemelerine neden oldu. İkinci İngiliz-Afgan Savaşı’nın (1878-1880) ardından Afgan Devleti’nin başına geçen Emir Abdurrahman Han (1880-1901) döneminde kuzeydeki Rus ilerleyişi karşısında önlem almaya çalışan İngilizlerin Afganistan’ın kuzey sınır hatları hakkında tespit çalışmaları yapmasının akabinde Hindistan’ın kuzeybatı sınırları gündeme geldi ve Afgan Devleti ile İngiliz Hindistanı arasındaki sınırın belirlenmesi kararı verildi. 12 Kasım 1893’te imzalanan Durand Hattı Antlaşması ile birlikte Afganistan-Hindistan sınır hattı boyunca kabileler ve etnik gruplar arasında bir çatışma ortamı meydana geldi. Antlaşmanın imzalanma süreci ve meydana getirdiği etkileri düşünüldüğünde bölgenin kaderinin tayini noktasında önemli bir yere sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Emir Abdurrahman Han ve İngiliz heyeti arasında Durand Hattı’yla ilgili gerçekleşen müzakere süreci, antlaşmanın imzalanması ve imzalandıktan sonra bölgede meydana getirdiği etkiler incelenmektedir.

References

  • Aitchison, C. U. (Comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, Vol. XIII, Calcutta : Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1933.
  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs-Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 11, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1865-1878, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America 1985.
  • The National Archives, Kew., Pamir Frontier: Correspondece. 1893-1895. (Government Papers), FO 539/71.
  • Süreli Yayınlar, The Times.
  • Hesilrige, Debrett and Arthur, Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage. 208th Year, Dean & Son, London, 1921.
  • Khan, Mir Munshi Sultan Mahomed (Ed.), The Life of Abdur Rahman Amir of Afghanistan, Vol. II, John Murray, London, 1901.
  • Newton, Baron, Lord Lansdowne. A Biography, London: Macmillan & Co, 1929.
  • Adye, John, Indian Frontier Policy an Historical Sketch, Smith, Elder Co., London, 1897.
  • Amstutz, J. Bruce, Afghanistan The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, National Defense University Washington D.C. 20319-6000, 1986.
  • Bajpai, P., RAM, S., “Ethnic Groups”, Encyclopaedia of Afghanistan, Afghanistan: The Land & People, C. 1, 2002.
  • Barfield, Thomas, Afghanistan a Cultural and Political History, Princeton University Press, 2010.
  • Biswas, Arka, “Durand Line: History, Legality & Future”, Vivekananda International Foundation, Occasional Paper, September 2013, ss. 1-56.
  • Çapraz, Hayri, “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 24, Aralık 2011, ss. 51-78.
  • Durani, Mohib Ullah, KHAN, Ashraf, “Pakistan- Afghan Relations: Historic Mirror”, The Dialogue, Volume IV, Number 1, ss. 25-64.
  • Ewans, Martin, Afghanistan A Short History of Its People and Politics, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2002.
  • Forbes, Archibald, The Afghan Wars, 1839-42 and 1878-80, Seeley and Co., Limited, London, 1892.
  • Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, VASSEFI, Tara, “The Forgotten History of Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations”, Yale Journal of International Affairs, March 2012, ss. 38-45.
  • Ghani, Ashraf, “Islam and State-Building in a Tribal Society Afghanistan: 1880-1901”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1978, ss. 269-284.
  • Gillard, David, The Struggle for Asia 1828-1914, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1977.
  • Haq, Ikramul, “Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective”, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10, Oct. 1996, ss. 945-963.
  • Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game, John Murray, London, 1990.
  • Kakar, M. Hassan, A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan 1863-1901, Brill-Leiden, Boston, 2006.
  • Kuhzād, Aḥmad ʻAlī, Amīr ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Khān va Khaṭṭ-i Dīyūrand, Riyāsat-i Mustaqil-i Maṭbūʻāt, Kābul, 1330.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1987.
  • Low, Charles Rathbone, Major-General Sir Frederick S. Roberts A Memoir, W. H. Allen & Co., London, 1883.
  • Malik, Hafeez, Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92, Springer, 27 Temmuz 2016.
  • Mazhar, Muhammad Saleem, GORAYA, Naheed S., “Border Issue between Pakistan & Afghanistan”, South Asian Studies a Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, July-December, ss. 204-220.
  • Misra, J. P., “The Durand Mission and Indo-Afghan Boundary Agreement of 1893”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 37, 1976, ss. 433-40.
  • Müceddedî, Abdülhak, MÜCEDDEDÎ, Fazlullah, Hakikat’ül Tevârih ez Emir Kebîr ta Rehber Kebîr, Haz. Ebu Mes’ud Farukî, Kâbil, 1378.
  • Nevill, Hugh Lewis, Campaign on the North-West Frontier (Re-print), Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1977.
  • Omrani, Bijan, “The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border”, Asian Affairs, 40:2, ss. 177-195.
  • Pierce, Richard A., Russian Central Asia 1867-1917, Russian and East European Studies, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1960.
  • Saray, Mehmet, “Abdurrahman Han”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 1, İstanbul, 1988, s. 163.
  • Saray, Mehmet, The Russian, British, Chinese and Ottoman Rivalry in Turkestan, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, Ankara, 2003.
  • Sykes, Percy, A History of Afghanistan, Vol. II, Macmillan & Co., London, 1940.
  • Sykes, Percy, The Right Honourable Sir Mortimer Durand, Cassell and Company, London, 1926.
  • Tanner, Stephen, Afghanistan A Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban, Da Capo Press, United States of America, 2002.
  • Tate, G. P., The Frontiers of Baluchistan Travels on the Borders of Persia and Afghanistan, Printed by Witherby & Co., London, 1909.
  • The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, International Boundary Study No. 26 (Revised) Afghanistan – U.S.S.R. Boundary (Country Codes: AF-UR), Department of State, United States of America. September 15, 1983.
  • The Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary, The Reader’s Digest Association Limited, Oxford University Press, 1962.
  • Wheeler, Stephen, The Ameer Abdur Rahman, Bliss, Sands and Foster, London, 1895.
  • Wyatt, Christopher M., Afghanistan and The Defence of Empire Diplomacy and Strategy during the Great Game, I.B. TAURIS, London-New York, London 2011.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, Afganistan’da Rus-İngiliz Nüfuz Mücadelesi (1800-1921), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya, 1996.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Afganistan’daki Otorite Boşluğunun Tarihi Temelleri ve Bölge Güvenliği Üzerindeki Etkileri”, History Studies International Journal of History, Volume 2/1, Editörler: Prof. Dr. Nedim İpek ve Doç. Dr. Osman Köse, 2010, ss. 219-237.
  • Yazıcı, Orhan, “Emir Abdurrahman Han’ın Afganistan’da Merkezî Otoriteyi Tesis Etme Çabaları”, Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: VII, Sayı: 1, Elazığ, 2010, ss. 95-118.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section research Article
Authors

Furkan Külünk 0000-0002-9844-283X

Publication Date March 26, 2023
Submission Date November 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Külünk, F. (2023). İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893). Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 606-632. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764
AMA Külünk F. İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893). VAKANUVIS. March 2023;8(1):606-632. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764
Chicago Külünk, Furkan. “İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893)”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no. 1 (March 2023): 606-32. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764.
EndNote Külünk F (March 1, 2023) İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893). Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 1 606–632.
IEEE F. Külünk, “İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893)”, VAKANUVIS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 606–632, 2023, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764.
ISNAD Külünk, Furkan. “İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893)”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/1 (March 2023), 606-632. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764.
JAMA Külünk F. İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893). VAKANUVIS. 2023;8:606–632.
MLA Külünk, Furkan. “İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893)”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2023, pp. 606-32, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1211764.
Vancouver Külünk F. İngilizlerin Afganistan’daki Nüfuz Mücadelesine Bir Örnek: Durand Hattı (1893). VAKANUVIS. 2023;8(1):606-32.


 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 2.0 (Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike)