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Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 873 - 901, 26.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470

Abstract

The roots of radical atheism in Montenegro can be found at the beginning of the existence of the Yugoslav state in the interwar period. The Podgorica Assembly, which had the goal of formalising the unification of Montenegro with Serbia and other Yugoslav provinces, was held in November 1918. The Assembly proclaimed the decision to merge Montenegro with Serbia. Three members of parliament (MPs) came forward with radical atheistic requests at the Assembly, demanding that all the church’s property should be confiscated and handed over to the state. Some churches and monasteries were to be turned into public chapels for burials, and the others into schools and cultural institutions. During the interwar period, the Communist Party existed mostly illegally in Montenegro, and did not show any greater intent to impose radical atheism. During the Second World War, a strong revolutionary movement led by the Communist Party developed in Montenegro, as did also a counter-revolution. At that time the Communist Party and the partisan movement showed a strong degree of radical atheism, with elements of militant atheism, especially in the killing of a large number of church clergy (monks, priests and graduate theologians) during the war. However, the Communist Party did not implement radical atheism in the fields of ideology and the economy. It would do that only after the Second World War, when it assumed power over all spheres of social and public life. At that time, within the process of nationalisation and agrarian reform, significant material goods (buildings, land, forests and movable property) were taken away from the Orthodox Church in Montenegro. The same was done to the Catholic Church and the Islamic religious community. The process of radical atheism in an ideological sense took place parallel with this process. The intention of the Communist Party was to completely remove the church from social life, and implement atheism among the people, and practically turn them into believers of the new Marxist-Leninist ideology.

References

  • Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, Serbia (AY), The Fund of the Government Presidency Federal National Republic of Yugoslavia (50), Archival box (ab) 89/45; The Fund of the Institution for Agrarian Reform and Colonisation of Social Society (97), Archival box 1/45, Archival boxes 10/46; The Fund of Commission for Religious Affairs (144), Archival box 10/58, Archival box 18/59, Archival box 24/60, Archival box 53/60, Archival box 54/60, by document description units (ud).
  • Archive of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, Cetinje, Montenegro (AMML), Priests Register list of Personal Files of the Priests (several books); The Fund of the Acts of the Metropolitanate, folder 2 for 1931 (ff), folder 2 for 1932; The Fund of Metropolitan Danilo Dajković (MDD), folder (f) 1, The Origin of Danilo, Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral; Archival box 1986, document No.… .
  • Archive of the Historical Institute of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro, Archival box 319, Notes of Podgorica Assembly.
  • National Archives of Montenegro, Cetinje, Montenegro (NAM), The Fund of the National Agrarian Court (LAC), Archival boxes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7/46; The Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the National Republic of Montenegro (AFNRM), Archival box 2/46, Archival box 7/46; The Fund of the Ministry of Education of the National Republic of Montenegro (MENRM), Archival box 5/46; The Fund of the District Court, Cetinje (DCC), Deeds against the People and State, Archival box 7, cover 1/53/54.
  • The Archive of the Archdiocese of Titograd, Podgorica, Montenegro, folder for 1949 and 1958.
  • ‘Agrarna rasprava o manastirskim posjedima Sreza nikšićkog’, Pobjeda, 1945, No. 15, 15 April, 3.
  • ‘Agrarna reforma i kolonizacija’, Službeni list Demoktratske Federativne Republike Jugoslavije, 1945, No. 64, 28 August, 1–3.
  • Греговић, Стево, Пуцај, рат је завршен. Злим путем братоубилаштва: словеначко крваво прољеће 1945, Будва: Удружење „Открићемо истину“, 2009.
  • ‘Mitropolit budimski Arsenije’‚ Službeni list Srpske Pravoslavne Crkve, 1964, No.1, 27–29.
  • Karapandžić, Borivoje, Jugoslovensko krvavo proljeće 1945, Titovi Katini i gulazi, Beograd: Mladost, 1990.
  • ‘Na Cetinju obrazovan agrarni sud za Crnu Goru’‚ Pobjeda, 1946, No. 11, 17 March, 3.
  • ‘Odluka o osnivanju Zemaljskog agrarnog suda za Crnu Goru’, Službeni list Narodne Republike Crne Gore, 1946, No. 11, 17 March, 1–2.
  • Перовић Чедомир, Илић Невенка, Рад Скупштине Црне Горе 1945–1950 – збирка докумената, Титоград: Скупштина СР Црне Горе, 1986.
  • Петрановић, Бранко and Зечевић, Момчило, Историја Југославије 1918–1988 – збирка докумената, Београд: Рад, 1988. ‘Proglas’, Službeni list Srpske Pravoslavne Crkve, 1960, No. 6, June, 27–29.
  • Радић, Радмила, Вером против вере, Држава и верске заједнице у Србији 1945–1953. Београд: Институт за новију историју Србије, 1995.
  • Зоњић, Урош, ‘Страдање српског свештенства 1941–1945’, Гласник Српског културно-историјског друштва „Његош“, No. 33 (1974), 64–71.

Karadağ'daki Ortodoks Kilisesi Ile Ilgili Olarak Radikal Ateizm 1945-1960

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 873 - 901, 26.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470

Abstract

Radikal ateizmin kökleri Kardağ'da savaşlar arası dönemde Yugoslav devletinin varlığının başlangıcında bulunur. Podgorica Meclisi Karadağ'ın Sırbistan ve diğer Yugoslav eyaletleriyle birleşmesini resmileştirmek amacıyla Kasım 1918'de toplandı. Meclis, Karadağ'ın Sırbistan ile birleşmesi kararını verdı. Üç milletvekili, tüm kilise mallarına el komulması ve devlete teslim edilmesi yönünde radikal ateist taleplerle Meclis'te öne çıktı. Bazı kiliseler ve manastırlar halka açık mezar şapellerine, diğerleri ise okullara ve kültürel kurumlara dönüştürülecekti. İki dünya savaşı arasındaki dönemde Komünist Partı Karadağ'da çoğunlukla yasa dışı olarak varlığını sürdürdü ve radikal ateizmin niyetlerini daha büyük bir etki ile ortaya koymadı. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Karadağ'da Komünist Partı liderliğindeki güçlü bir devrimci hareket ve aynı zamanda bir karşı devrim gelişti. O zamanlarda Komünist Partı ve partizan hareketi militan ateizm unsurlarıyla birlikte yüksek derecede radikal ateizm gösterdi, özellikle çok sayıda Ortodoks din adamının (rahipler, keşişler, mezun ilahiyatçılar) öldürülmesinde. Halbuki, Komünist Partı savaş sırasında radikal ateizmi ideoloji ve ekonomide uygulamadı. Bunu İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra toplumsal ve kamusal hayatın her alanında iktidara geldiğinde yapacaktır. Kamulaştırma ve tarım reformu sürecinde Karadağ'daki Ortodoks Kilesin'den çok sayıda maddı varlığa (binalar, arazi, ormanlar, taşınır mallar) el konuldu. Aynı şey Katolik Kilisesi ve İslam dini cemaatine de yapıldı. Bu süreçle birlikte ideolojik anlamda radikal ateizm süreci de yaşanmıştır. Komünist Partı kiliseyı toplumsal yaşamdan tamamen kovmayı, halka ateizmi dayatmayı ve yeni Marksist-Leninist ideolojiye gerçekten inandırmayı amaçlıyordu.

References

  • Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, Serbia (AY), The Fund of the Government Presidency Federal National Republic of Yugoslavia (50), Archival box (ab) 89/45; The Fund of the Institution for Agrarian Reform and Colonisation of Social Society (97), Archival box 1/45, Archival boxes 10/46; The Fund of Commission for Religious Affairs (144), Archival box 10/58, Archival box 18/59, Archival box 24/60, Archival box 53/60, Archival box 54/60, by document description units (ud).
  • Archive of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, Cetinje, Montenegro (AMML), Priests Register list of Personal Files of the Priests (several books); The Fund of the Acts of the Metropolitanate, folder 2 for 1931 (ff), folder 2 for 1932; The Fund of Metropolitan Danilo Dajković (MDD), folder (f) 1, The Origin of Danilo, Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral; Archival box 1986, document No.… .
  • Archive of the Historical Institute of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro, Archival box 319, Notes of Podgorica Assembly.
  • National Archives of Montenegro, Cetinje, Montenegro (NAM), The Fund of the National Agrarian Court (LAC), Archival boxes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7/46; The Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the National Republic of Montenegro (AFNRM), Archival box 2/46, Archival box 7/46; The Fund of the Ministry of Education of the National Republic of Montenegro (MENRM), Archival box 5/46; The Fund of the District Court, Cetinje (DCC), Deeds against the People and State, Archival box 7, cover 1/53/54.
  • The Archive of the Archdiocese of Titograd, Podgorica, Montenegro, folder for 1949 and 1958.
  • ‘Agrarna rasprava o manastirskim posjedima Sreza nikšićkog’, Pobjeda, 1945, No. 15, 15 April, 3.
  • ‘Agrarna reforma i kolonizacija’, Službeni list Demoktratske Federativne Republike Jugoslavije, 1945, No. 64, 28 August, 1–3.
  • Греговић, Стево, Пуцај, рат је завршен. Злим путем братоубилаштва: словеначко крваво прољеће 1945, Будва: Удружење „Открићемо истину“, 2009.
  • ‘Mitropolit budimski Arsenije’‚ Službeni list Srpske Pravoslavne Crkve, 1964, No.1, 27–29.
  • Karapandžić, Borivoje, Jugoslovensko krvavo proljeće 1945, Titovi Katini i gulazi, Beograd: Mladost, 1990.
  • ‘Na Cetinju obrazovan agrarni sud za Crnu Goru’‚ Pobjeda, 1946, No. 11, 17 March, 3.
  • ‘Odluka o osnivanju Zemaljskog agrarnog suda za Crnu Goru’, Službeni list Narodne Republike Crne Gore, 1946, No. 11, 17 March, 1–2.
  • Перовић Чедомир, Илић Невенка, Рад Скупштине Црне Горе 1945–1950 – збирка докумената, Титоград: Скупштина СР Црне Горе, 1986.
  • Петрановић, Бранко and Зечевић, Момчило, Историја Југославије 1918–1988 – збирка докумената, Београд: Рад, 1988. ‘Proglas’, Službeni list Srpske Pravoslavne Crkve, 1960, No. 6, June, 27–29.
  • Радић, Радмила, Вером против вере, Држава и верске заједнице у Србији 1945–1953. Београд: Институт за новију историју Србије, 1995.
  • Зоњић, Урош, ‘Страдање српског свештенства 1941–1945’, Гласник Српског културно-историјског друштва „Његош“, No. 33 (1974), 64–71.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section research Article
Authors

Aleksandar Stamatovic 0000-0002-3463-4779

Budimir Aleksić 0000-0002-9886-2623

Publication Date March 26, 2023
Submission Date February 2, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Stamatovic, A., & Aleksić, B. (2023). Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 873-901. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470
AMA Stamatovic A, Aleksić B. Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960. VAKANUVIS. March 2023;8(1):873-901. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470
Chicago Stamatovic, Aleksandar, and Budimir Aleksić. “Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no. 1 (March 2023): 873-901. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470.
EndNote Stamatovic A, Aleksić B (March 1, 2023) Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 1 873–901.
IEEE A. Stamatovic and B. Aleksić, “Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960”, VAKANUVIS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 873–901, 2023, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470.
ISNAD Stamatovic, Aleksandar - Aleksić, Budimir. “Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/1 (March 2023), 873-901. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470.
JAMA Stamatovic A, Aleksić B. Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960. VAKANUVIS. 2023;8:873–901.
MLA Stamatovic, Aleksandar and Budimir Aleksić. “Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2023, pp. 873-01, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1246470.
Vancouver Stamatovic A, Aleksić B. Radical Atheism Towards The Orthodox Church In Montenegro, 1945–1960. VAKANUVIS. 2023;8(1):873-901.


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