Although the main building materials in the capital, Konya, were stones during Anatolian Seljuk period, it was determined that brick was more heavily used compared to other environment. This practice regarded as a continuation of the tradition of the Great Seljuk reduced during the Karamanoğulları period following the Seljuk period, brick decorations especially used for coatings were taken from areas from the late 13th century. During the Seljuk period, cut stone was preferred in large structures, and the brick was preferred in small-scale structures, it was used in certain parts of mosques, madrasahs, and caravanserais and in the cover system. It was used in marble, door and window jambs and lintels in portals, wooden was used less with support and the cover system in beams. The collected materials belong to Roman and Byzantine periods were used appropriate to the function in lintels and jambs of door and windows, or in fronts and walls or in order to knit, emphasis and decoration. During the Karamanoğulları period, a similar material was also used.
During the periods that we analyzed, horizontal stacking and regular technique were more preferred in the structures built of cut stone. In Seljuk period three species stacks were used in the brickwork as horizontal, horizontal-vertical and inclined stacks. Lime was used in plain weave, a grout material, while in the decorative geometric mesh plaster mortar was preferred. According to the result of the analysis in the mortar, it was found that in the mortar there were straw, clay, brick fracture, coal and ash as well as the lime and aggregate.
Key Words: Seljuk, Principalities, material, technical, stone, brick, marble, collected material.
Öz
Anadolu Selçukluları döneminde, başkent Konya’da esas yapı malzemesi taş olmakla birlikte tuğlanın diğer çevrelere oranla daha yoğun olarak kullanıldığı tespit edilmektedir. Büyük Selçuklu geleneğinin devamı olarak değerlendirilebilecek bu uygulama Selçuklu dönemini takip eden Karamanoğulları Beyliği döneminde azalmış özellikle süsleme amacıyla kullanılan tuğla kaplamalar 13. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren kullanım alanından çekilmiştir. Selçuklular döneminde kesme taş büyük, tuğla ise küçük ölçekli yapılarda tercih edilmiş, cami, medrese, kervansarayların belirli bölümlerinde ve örtü sisteminde değerlendirilmiştir. Mermer, kapı ve pencere lento ve söveleri ile taçkapılarda yer bulmuş, ahşap ise daha az olmakla birlikte destek ve örtü sistemi ile hatıllar da kullanılmıştır. Roma ve Bizans dönemine ait devşirme malzeme de işlevine uygun olarak kapı ve pencere lento ve sövelerinde veya örgü, vurgu ve süsleme amacıyla cephelerde ve duvarlarda yaygın olarak karşımıza çıkar. Karamanoğulları döneminde de benzer bir malzeme kullanımı söz konusudur. İncelediğimiz dönemlerde kesme taştan inşa edilen yapılarda yatay istif ve düzenli teknik daha çok tercih edilmiştir. Selçuklu döneminde Tuğla örgülerde yatay, yatay-dikey ve eğik olmak üzere üç tür istif
kullanılmıştır. Derz malzemesi düz örgülerde kireç, süslü geometrik örgülerde ise alçı harçtır. Yapılan harç analizlerinde harcın içinde kireç ve agrega dışında saman, kil, tuğla kırığı, kömür ve kül olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Selçuklu, Beylikler, malzeme, teknik, taş, tuğla, mermer, devşirme malzeme.
Journal Section | Articles |
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Authors | |
Publication Date | June 30, 2016 |
Submission Date | July 29, 2016 |
Published in Issue | Year 2016 Issue: 45 |
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