YENİ CORONAVİRÜS COVID-19 VE DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİ AÇISINDAN ÖNEMİ

Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: COVID-19 Özel Sayı, 59 - 68, 29.09.2020

Hacer Şahin Aydınyurt Cem Taşkın Kübra Eskin

Abstract

Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde başlayan COVID-19 salgını tüm dünyayı saran bir pandemi haline gelmiştir. Türkiye’de de COVID-19 enfeksiyonu bulunan vakalar her geçen gün artmakla birlikte, hastalığa bağlı ölümler de tespit edilmektedir. Salgının etken mikroorganizması olarak izole edilen SARS-CoV-2’nin (COVID-19), ciddi akut solunum sendromu (SARS) etkeni koronavirüslerle %88 oranında, Orta Doğu solunum sendromu (MERS) koronavirüsü ile ise %50 oranında benzediği belirtilmektedir. COVID-19 enfeksiyonu semptomları arasında ateş, öksürük ve akut solunum yolu hastalığı bulunmaktadır. Ciddi vakalarda pnömoni, böbrek yetmezliği ve hatta ölümle sonuçlanabileceği bildirilmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar sağlık çalışanlarının büyük risk altında olduğunu göstermektedir. Diş hekimliği de yüksek risk grubunda olan meslek grupları arasındadır. Literatür birçok dental prosedürünün bakteri, virüs ve kanla kontamine olmuş aerosoller ve damlacıklar ürettiğini rapor etmektedir. Bu durum da diş hekimliği muayenehanelerinin, enfeksiyonları diş hekimliği personeline ve ortamda bulunan diğer hastalara yayma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle diş hekimleri tarafından toplumsal sorumlulukların yanı sıra mesleğe özgü sorumlulukların da özenle yerine getirilmesi gerekmektedir. Enfeksiyonun yayılımının önlenmesi için; diş kliniklerinde bekleme alanlarının düzenlenmesi, hastaların iyi değerlendirilmesi, el hijyenine dikkat edilmesi, kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanılması, dental işlemler öncesi ağız çalkalanması, rubber-dam izolasyonu, kirlenmiş havanın filtrelenmesi, çevresel yüzey dezenfeksiyonunun dikkatlice yapılması ve damlacık oluşumunun azaltılması ile ilgili stratejik yöntemlerin uygulanması önerilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı COVID-19 enfeksiyonu, enfeksiyonun diş hekimliğindeki etkileri ve alınacak önlemler hakkında bilgi vermektir.

Keywords

COVID-19, SARS-CoV2

References

• Atkinson J, Chartier Y, Otaiza F, Pessoa-Silva CL. Infection and Ventilation. in: Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings. Editor, Atkinson J, Chartier Y Pessoa-Silva CL, Jensen P, Li Y, Seto WH. World Health Organization, Geneva 2009.
• Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A, Muller MP, Kelvin DJ. Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res. 2008;133(1):13–9.
• Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395(10223):514–23.
• Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, Mack M, Zhao J, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2016;19(2):181–93.
• Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Zheng J, Wohlford-Lenane C, Abrahante JE, Mack M, et al. IFN-I response timing relative to virus replication determines MERS coronavirus infection outcomes. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(9):3625–39.
• Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin. Immunopathol. 2017;39(5):529-39 Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W,et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 2020;395(10226):809–815.
• Cheng Y, Cheng Y, Cheng G, Chui CH, Lau FY, Chan PKS, etal. ABO Blood Group and Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2005;293(12):1447.
• Day DB, Xiang J, Mo J, Clyde MA, Weschler CJ, Li F, et al. Combined use of an electrostatic precipitator and a high-efficiency particulate air filter in building ventilation systems: Effects on cardiorespiratory health indicators in healthy adults. Indoor Air 2018;28(3):360–72.
• de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L, et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J Virol. 2013;87(14):7790–92.
• De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016; 14(8):523-34.
• Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Stewart B, De Vizio W. The effectiveness of a preprocedural mouthrinse containing cetylpyridiniuir chloride in reducing bacteria in the dental office. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(4):415–22.
• Fung ICH, Cairncross S. Effectiveness of handwashing in preventing SARS: A review. Trop. Med Int Heal. 2006; 11(11):1749-1758
• Ge Z, Yang L, Xia J, Fu X, Zhang Y. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ. B 2020;1–8.
• Gorbalenya AE. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group 2020;2020.02.07.937862. Group of Interventional Respiratory Medicine CTS. Expert consensus for bronchoscopy during the epidemic of 2019 Novel Coronavirus infection (Trial version). Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2020;43(0 PG-6–6):E006–E006.
• Guo H, Zhou Y, Liu X, Tan J. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the utilization of emergency dental services. J. Dent. Sci. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.02.002
• Harrel SK, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(4):429–37.
• Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:929-936.
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395(10223):497–506.
• Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O,et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;91:264-66.
• Jin J-M, Bai P, He W, Liu S, Wu F, Liu X-F, et al. Higher severity and mortality in male patients with COVID-19 independent of age and susceptibility 2020;doi:10.1101/2020.02.23.20026864.
• Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):246-51.
• Kohn WG, Collins AS, Cleveland JL, Harte JA, Eklund KJ, Malvitz DM, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings--2003. MMWR. Recomm. reports Morb. Mortal. Wkly. report. Recomm. reports 2003;52(RR-17):1–61.
• Krishna R, De Stefano JA. Ultrasonic vs. hand instrumentation in periodontal therapy: clinical outcomes. Periodontol. 2000 2016;71(1):113–27. Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, et al. A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;348(20):1953–
• Larson EL, Early E, Cloonan P, Sugrue S, Parides M. An organizational climate intervention associated with increased handwashing and decreased nosocomial infections. Behav. Med. 2000;26(1):14–22.
• Li G, Chen X, Xu A. Profile of Specific Antibodies to the SARS-Associated Coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(5):508–9.
• Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, … Feng Z. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; 382:1199-1207.
• Li RWK, Leung KWC, Sun FCS, Samaranayake LP. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part I: Epidemiology, virology, pathology and general health issues. Br Dent J. 2004; 24;197(2):77-80.
• Li W, Moore MJ, Vasllieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 2003;426(6965):450–54.
• Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001.
• Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, Wang H, Du Y, Zhu H, et al. Epithelial Cells Lining Salivary Gland Ducts Are Early Target Cells of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tracts of Rhesus Macaques. J Virol. 2011;85(8):4025–30.
• Lu B, Huang Y, Huang L, Li B, Zheng Z, Chen Z, et al. Effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice. Immunology 2010;130(2):254–61.
• Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020;395(10224):565–74.
• Marui VC, Souto MLS, Rovai ES, Romito GA, Chambrone L, Pannuti CM. Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2019; 150(12):1015-26.
• Menachery VD, Schäfer A, Burnum-Johnson KE, Mitchell HD, Eisfeld AJ, Walters KB, et akl. MERS-CoV and H5N1 influenza virus antagonize antigen presentation by altering the epigenetic landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(5):E1012–E1021.
• Narayana T, Mohanty L, Sreenath G, Vidhyadhari P. Role of preprocedural rinse and high volume evacuator in reducing bacterial contamination in bioaerosols. J Oral Maxillofac. Pathol. 2016;20(1):59–65.
• Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):1–6.
• Perlman S, Netland J. Coronaviruses post-SARS: Update on replication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009; 7(6):439-50.
• Rabenau HF, Kampf G, Cinatl J, Doerr HW. Efficacy of various disinfectants against SARS coronavirus. J Hosp Infect. 2005;61(2):107–11.
• Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clin. Oral Investig. 2020; 24:1619–21.
• Samaranayake L, Reid J, Evans D. The efficacy of rubber dam isolation in reducing atmospheric bacterial contamination. Asdc J. Dent. Child. 1989;56(6):442–44.
• Samaranayake LP, Peiris M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry: A retrospective view. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(9):1292–302.
• Silva-Boghossian CM, Colombo APV, Tanaka M, Rayo C, Xiao Y, Siqueira WL. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Different Periodontal Conditions. PLoS One 2013;8(10).
• Simmons G, Reeves JD, Rennekamp AJ, Amberg SM, Piefer AJ, Bates P. Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(12):4240–45.
• Snijder EJ, van der Meer Y, Zevenhoven-Dobbe J, Onderwater JJM, van der Meulen J, Koerten HK, et al. Ultrastructure and Origin of Membrane Vesicles Associated with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication Complex. J Virol. 2006;80(12):5927–40.
• Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. [An update on the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus pneumonia（COVID-19. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2020;41(2):139–44.
• The Lancet. Emerging understandings of 2019-nCoV. Lancet 2020;395(10221):311.
• To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan K-H, Wu T-C, Chan JMC, et al Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149
• To KKW, Yip CCY, Lai CYW, Wong CKH, Ho DTY, Pang PKP, et al. Saliva as a diagnostic specimen for testing respiratory virus by a point-of-care molecular assay: a diagnostic validity study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2019;25(3):372–78.
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;
• Williams AE, Chambers RC. The mercurial nature of neutrophils: Still an enigma in ARDS? Am. J. Physiol. - Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2014; 306: L217–L230.
• World Health Organization. Definitions of health-care settings and other related terms - WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. WHO Guidel. Hand Hyg. Heal. Care First Glob. Patient Saf. Chall. Clean Care Is Safer Care 2009; World Health Organization.
• World Health Organization. Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) 2020;a.
• World Health Organization. Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) 2020;b.
• World Health Organization. Global Surveillance for human infection with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 2020;c.
• Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P,et al. Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China. Cell Host Microbe 2020;27(3):325–28.
• Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y-M, Wang W, Song Z-G, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020;579(7798):265–9.
• Xie X, Li Y, Sun H, Liu L. Exhaled droplets due to talking and coughing. J R Soc Interface 2009;6(6):703-14.
• Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020;8(4):420-22.
• Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang X Lou, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):386–89.
• Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H-P, Li D, Gu D-F, Lu X-F,et al. Relationship between the ABO Blood Group and the COVID-19 Susceptibility 2020;2020.03.11.20031096.
• Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579(7798):270–73.
• Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S, Zhang L, Chang G, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. 2020;1(9):51–60.