Prevalence and Risk Factors of Complications in Canine Laparoscopic Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

This meta-analysis investigated the pooled prevalence and risk factors of intra- and postoperative complications in dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy (LOVE) or laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (LOVH). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar was performed for studies published between January 2000 and October 2025. Eligible studies provided numerical data on intraoperative and/or postoperative complications and clearly reported the number of laparoscopic ports used. Forty-three studies comprising 45 analytical arms and 2.548 female dogs met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of total complications was 14.4% (95% CI 10.5–18.8) under the random-effects model, indicating high heterogeneity (I²=87.1%). For LOVE, the pooled prevalence was 10.6% (95% CI 7.4–14.3), whereas for LOVH it was 31.6% (95% CI 21.3–42.9), both showing substantial heterogeneity (I²>75%). The odds of complications were significantly lower for LOVE than for LOVH (OR=0.23, 95% CI 0.18–0.30, p<0.001), suggesting an approximately 4.3-fold higher risk during LOVH. When analysed by port configuration, the one-port approach was associated with a significantly higher complication risk than the two-port technique (OR=2.13, 95% CI 1.37–3.32, p<0.001), while no difference was found between one- and three-port procedures (OR=1.24, 95% CI 0.83–1.85, p=0.29). The two-port configuration showed the lowest odds of complications compared with the three-port approach (OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.44–0.77, p<0.001). In conclusion, LOVE was associated with a significantly lower prevalence of complications compared with LOVH. When analysed by port configuration, the two-port technique demonstrated a significantly lower odds of complications compared with the one- and three-port approaches. These findings indicate that both surgical procedure type and port number are important factors influencing complication risk in canine laparoscopic sterilization.

Keywords

• Complication
• Dog
• Meta-analysis
• Laparoscopy
• Ovariectomy
• Ovariohysterectomy

Köpeklerde Laparoskopik Ovariektomi ve Ovariohisterektomi Sonrası MeyKöpeklerde Laparoskopik Ovariektomi ve Ovariohisterektomi Sonrası Meydana Gelen Komplikasyonların Prevalansı ve Risk Faktörleri: Bir Meta-Analiz Çalışmasıdana Gelen Komplikasyonların Prevalansı ve Risk Faktörleri: Bir Meta-Analiz Çalışması

Abstract

Bu meta-analizde, köpeklerde laparoskopik ovariektomi (LOVE) veya laparoskopik ovariohisterektomi (LOVH) uygulanan bilimsel çalışmalarda intraoperatif ve postoperatif komplikasyonların birleşik prevalansı ve risk faktörleri araştırılmıştır. Ocak 2000 ile Ekim 2025 tarihleri arasında yayımlanan çalışmalar için PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında kapsamlı bir tarama yapılmıştır. İntraoperatif ve/veya postoperatif komplikasyonlara ilişkin sayısal veriler ve kullanılan laparoskopik port sayısının açıkça bildirildiği çalışmalar araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Buna göre sunulan çalışma 43 çalışma, 45 analitik kol ve toplam 2.548 dişi köpeği kapsamıştır. Rastgele etkiler modeli altında toplam komplikasyonların birleşik prevalansı %14.4 (%95 GA %10.5-18.8) olarak hesaplanmış ve yüksek heterojenite (I²=%87.1) gözlenmiştir. LOVE için birleşik prevalans %10.6 (%95 GA %7.4-14.3), LOVH için ise %31.6 (%95 GA %21.3–42.9) olarak bulunmuş, her iki analizde de belirgin heterojenite (I²>%75) saptanmıştır. Komplikasyon olasılığı, LOVE’de LOVH’ye göre anlamlı derecede daha düşük bulunmuştur (OR=0.23, %95 GA 0.18-0.30, p<0.001). Buna göre LOVH sırasında yaklaşık 4.3 kat daha yüksek bir risk olduğu görülmektedir. Port konfigürasyonuna göre yapılan analizde, tek port yaklaşımı iki port tekniğine kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek komplikasyon riski ile ilişkili bulunurken (OR=2.13, %95 GA 1.37-3.32, p<0.001) tek port ile üç portlu yöntem arasında fark saptanmamıştır (OR=1.24, %95 GA 0.83-1.85, p=0.29). İki port konfigürasyonu, üç port yaklaşımına kıyasla en düşük komplikasyon olasılığını göstermiştir (OR=0.58, %95 GA 0.44-0.77, p<0.001). Sonuç olarak, LOVE prosedürü LOVH’ye kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha düşük komplikasyon prevalansı ile ilişkilidir. Port konfigürasyonuna göre yapılan analizde, iki port tekniğinin tek ve üç portlu yaklaşımlara kıyasla komplikasyon olasılığının anlamlı derecede daha düşük olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu bulgular, köpeklerde laparoskopik sterilizasyon sırasında cerrahi prosedür tipi ve kullanılan port sayısının komplikasyon riski üzerinde belirleyici faktörler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Komplikasyon
• Köpek
• Laparoskopi
• Meta-analiz
• Ovariektomi
• Ovariohisterektomi

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