Physiogical Role of Kisspeptin in The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

Abstract

In neurohormonal system, mammalian reproductive axis is regulated by combination of three fundamental tissues and parts; these are hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonads. Females, the main physiological function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) in the reproductive performance of activities required for continued secretion of hormones, ovum acquisition, to ensure continuation of pregnancy with the formation of a healthy pregnancy. This is part of a triple hypothalamic gonadotropin axis releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH), estrogen and progesterone in the ovary is the part. Classical information is released from the hypothalamus, GnRH, pituitary receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary portal circulation through the front of the high-density gonodrop cells and stimulates FSH and LH are secreted from these cells. Follicle-stimulating hormone, stimutales the release of ovarian follicle development and estrogen hormone, ovulation takes place in the LH. The hypothalamus, pituitary and gonadal axis GnRH-FSH/LH-estrogen/progesterone way to the front of many mammalian species, although well-defined molecular and cellular events that started in the brain function is not fully understood yet. But in recent years the discovery of kisspeptin,  particularly in GnRH secretion, puberta and metabolic regulation of reproduction has resulted in many of the unknown. The Kiss1 gene encodes a family of peptides called kisspeptins, which are the natural ligands for the receptor G protein-coupled receptor (GPR54). In humans and mice, inactivating mutations of GPR54 results in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, indicating that kisspeptins play a vital role in the regulation of GnRH secretion. Many aspects of the roles of kisspeptins on the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction are still not clear, despite the knowledge of their regulatory effects on timing puberty and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The aim of this review, to contribute our knowledge about structure of the kisspeptins, neuronal control and draw attention the importance role kisspeptins of in reproductive and nervous system and shed light on future studies.

Keywords

• Kisspeptin,GPR54,GnRH,FSH,LH,Puberty

Hipotalamo–Hipofizer-Gonadal Aks’ta Kisspeptin’in Fizyolojik Rolü

Abstract

Nörohormonal sistemde, memeli üreme aksı üç temel doku ve bölümün birleşmesiyle düzenlenir; bunlar hipotalamus, hipofiz ve gonadlardır. Dişilerde, hipotalamo-hipofizer-gonadal (HPG) aksın temel fizyolojik fonksiyonu reproduktif faaliyetlerin devamı ve performans için gerekli hormonların salgılanmasını, ovumun elde edilmesini, gebeliğin oluşumunu ve sağlıklı gebeliğin devamını sağlamaktır. Bu üçlü aksın hipotalamus kısmını gonadotropin serbestleyici hormon (GnRH), hipofiz kısmını follikül uyarıcı (FSH) ve lüteinleştirici (LH) hormonlar, ovaryum kısmını ise östrojen ve progesteron oluşturmaktadır. Klasik bilgi olarak hipotalamustan GnRH salınmakta, hipotalamo-hipofizer portal dolaşımla yüksek yoğunlukta ön hipofizdeki reseptörler aracılığı ile gonodrop hücreleri uyarmakta ve bu hücrelerden FSH ve LH salgılanmaktadır. Folikül uyarıcı hormon, ovaryumda follikül gelişimini ve östrojen hormonunun salınımını uyarırken, LH ise ovulasyonu gerçekleşmektedir. Hipotalamus, hipofiz ve gonadal aks da  GnRH-FSH/LH-östrojen/progesteron yolu bir çok memeli türünde iyi tanımlanmış olmasına rağmen ön beyindeki bu işlevi başlatan moleküler ve hücresel olaylar henüz tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Fakat son yıllarda kisspeptinin keşfedilmesi, başta GnRH salınım olmak üzere, puberta ve üremenin metabolik düzenlenmesinde birçok bilinmeyenin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Kisspeptinler, peptit bir aileden oluşan ve Kiss 1 gen tarafından kodlanarak G protein-coupled receptor (GPR54)’e bağlanan hormonlardır. İnsanlarda ve farelerde GPR54 mutasyonlarındaki eksiklik ya da yetersizlikler hipogonadotropik hipogonadizmle sonuçlanmıştır. Bu da kisspeptinlerin GnRH sekresyonu düzenlemesinde hayati bir rol üstlendiğini göstermektedir. Kisspeptinlerin pubertenin zamanlanması ve HPG aks regülasyonunda etkili oldukları bilinmekle birlikte üremenin nöronal kontrolü açısından açıklığa kavuşturulmayı bekleyen pek çok nokta bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, kisspeptinlerin yapısı, nöronal kontrolü hakkındaki bilgilere katkı sağlayarak, üreme ve sinir sistemindeki rolleri açısından kisspeptinlerin önemine dikkati çekmek ve ileride yapılması planlanabilecek çalışmalara ışık tutmaktır.

Keywords

• Kisspeptin,GPR54,GnRH,FSH,LH,Puberta

References

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