Detection of Anti-Neospora caninum Antibodies in Cattle in Adana Province of Turkey

Year 2018, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 93 - 99, 20.09.2018

Funda Eşki Armağan Erdem Ütük

Abstract

Neospora
caninum is an important aborting agent in cattle. In addition
to aborts, foetal deaths, resorption, mummification, autolysis, stillbirth,
symptomatic or persistently infected calf births, decreased milk production,
repeat breeder and premature culling occur in infected herds, which leads to
economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in cattle in Adana
province of Turkey. For this purpose, 225 blood samples were collected from
cattle in different breed, age and sex in 15 counties of Adana. Obtained sera
were examined with c-ELISA test. At the end of the study, anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected in
24 out of 225 animals (10.7%). While the counties were grouped based on their
altitudes (0-99 m, 100-500 m and ≥501 m), the cattle were grouped in respect of
breeds (Holstein, crossbreed, others), ages (≤4 and ≥5) and sex (male and
female). Correlation between seropositivity and variants (altitude, breed, age
and sex) was investigated with chi-square (X²) test. There was no
statistical correlation between seropositivity and altitude, breed and sex
(P>0.05). Seropositivity rates were 15.8% at age of ≥5 and 6.9% at age of ≤4
in cattle. The correlation between age and seropositivity was statistically
significant (P<0.05). In this study, we evaluate the exposure rates of
cattle to N. caninum as well as the
correlation between seropositivity and different variants in Adana province of Turkey.

Keywords

Neospora caninum, Cattle, c-ELISA, Adana, Turkey

Türkiye’nin Adana Yöresi Sığırlarında Anti-Neospora caninum Antikorlarının Araştırılması

Abstract

Neospora caninum sığırların önemli
protozoal abort etkenlerinden biridir. Sığırlarda Neospora enfeksiyonlarında
abortlara ilave olarak fötal ölüm ve rezorbsiyon, mumifikasyon, otoliz, ölü
doğum, canlı ancak klinik semptom gösteren ya da persiste enfekte yavru
doğumları şekillenir. Enfeksiyonun görüldüğü sürülerde ayrıca süt veriminde
düşme, döl tutamama ve erken damızlıktan ayırma gibi ekonomik kayıplar da
ortaya çıkabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Adana yöresi sığırlarında anti-N. caninum antikorlarının yaygınlığını
belirlemekti. Bu amaçla Adana’nın 15 ilçesinden farklı ırk, yaş ve cinsiyette
toplam 225 sığırdan kan alındı ve elde edilen serumlar c-ELISA testi ile incelendi.
Çalışma sonucunda prevalans %10.7 (24/225) olarak belirlendi. İlçeler rakım
özelliklerine göre 0-99 m, 100-500 m ve ≥501
m olarak,
sığırlar ırk özelliklerine göre Holstein, melez ve diğerleri, yaşlarına göre de
≤4 ve ≥5 olarak gruplandırıldı. Rakım, ırk, yaş ve cinsiyet değişkenleri ile
seropozitiflik arasındaki ilişki ki-kare (X²) testi ile analiz
edildi. Rakım, ırk ve cinsiyet değişkenleri ile seropozitiflik arasında
istatistiki açıdan bir fark bulunamadı (P>0.05). 5 yaş ve üstü sığırlarda
seropozitiflik oranı %15.8 iken, bu oranın 4 yaş ve altındaki sığırlarda %6.9’a
düştüğü ve bu değerlerin istatistiki açıdan önemli olduğu (P<0.05) tespit
edildi. Bu çalışma ile Adana yöresi sığırlarının etkene maruziyet durumları ve
farklı değişkenler ile hastalığın yaygınlığı arasındaki ilişki
değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

Neospora caninum, Sığır, c-ELİSA, Adana, Türkiye

References

• Adanir R, Çetin Y, Kocamüftüoğlu M, Köse O (2015). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cows in Burdur Region. Investigation of it’s relationship with abortions and infertility. Proc ʺXVII International Congress on Animal Hygieneʺ, Košice, Slovakia, 7-11 June, 2015, pp.223-224. Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Rodrigues AAR, Labruna MB, Camargo LMA, Camargo EP, Gennari SM (2006). Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Western Amazon, Brazil, in association with some possible risk factors. Vet Parasitol, 142, 71-77. Akca A, Gokce HI, Guy CS, McGarry JW, DJ Williams (2005). Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in local and imported cattle breeds in the Kars Province of Turkey. Res Vet Sci,78, 123-126. Aktaş M, Ecmel CŞ, Altay K, Şimşek S, Ütük AE, Köroğlu E, Dumanlı N (2005). Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nin bazı illerinde bulunan sığırlarda Neospora caninum’un araştırılması. Turkiye Parazitol Derg,29, 22-25. Alan M, Çetin Y, Şendağ S, Akkan HA, Karaca M (2011). Seroprevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in cows in Van Province. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak, 17, 767-771. Alpan O (1994). Sığır yetiştiriciliği ve besiciliği. 4. Basım, Şahin Matbaası, Ankara. Al-Samarai FR, Abdulrahman YK, Ibrahim WI, Al-Nedawi AM (2012). Effect of some environmental factors on abortion and offspring sex ratio in holstein cows in Iraq. I J S N, 3, 361-365. Anderson ML, Andrianarivo AG, Conrad PA (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci, 60-61, 417-431. Andreotti R, Barros JC, Pereira AR, Oshiro LM, Cunha RC, Figueiredo LFN (2010). Association between seropositivity for Neospora caninum and reproductive performance of beef heifers in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 19, 119-123. Andreotti R, Pinckney RD, Pires PP, Silva EAE (2004). Evidence of Neospora caninum in beef cattle and dogs in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, center-western region, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 13, 129-131. Anonymous (2017).Map of Adana. Available at. http.//cografyaharita.com/haritalarim/4l_adana_ili_haritasi.png (accessed December 21 2017, 12.50 pm). Asmarea K, Regassa F, Robertson LJ, Skjerve E (2013). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and associated risk factors in intensive or semi-intensively managed dairy and breeding cattle of Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol, 193, 85-94. Ayinmode A, Akinseye V, Schares G, Cadmus S (2017). Serological survey of toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and brucellosis among cattle herds in Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis, 11, 95-101. Balkaya I, Bastem Z, Avcioglu H, Onalan SK (2012). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum Antibodies in Cattle in Eastern Turkey. Isr J Vet Med, 67, 109-112. Bañales P, Fernandez L, Repiso MV, Gil A, Dargatz DA, Osawa T (2006). A nationwide survey on seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in beef cattle in Uruguay. Vet Parasitol, 139, 15-20. Bartels CJM, Arnaiz-Seco JI, Ruiz-Santa-Quitera A, Björkman C, Frössling J, von Blumröder D, Conraths FJ, Schares G, van Maanen C, Wouda W, Ortega-Mora LM (2006). Supranational comparison of Neospora caninum seroprevalences in cattle in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. Vet Parasitol, 137, 17-27. Bártová E, Sedlák K, Budíková M (2015). A study of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibody seroprevalence in healthy cattle in the Czech Republic. Ann Agric Environ Med, 22, 32-34. Bıyıkoğlu G, Öncel T, Bağcı Ö (2003). Trakya sığırlarında Neospora caninum’un seroprevalansı. ʺ13. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresiʺ, 8-12 Eylül, Konya, Türkiye. Bruhn FRP, Daher DO, Lopes E, Barbieri JM, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AM (2013). Factors associated with seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in southeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod, 45, 1093-1098. Cardoso JMS, Amaku M, Araújo AJUS, Gennari SM (2012). A longitudinalstudy of Neospora caninum infection on three dairy farms in Brazil. Vet Parasitol, 187, 553-557. Çelik HA, Kozan E, Eser M, Yılmaz O, Birdane MK, Sarımehmetoğlu HO (2013). A research on seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 60, 99-102. Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Calero-Bernal R, Dubey JP, Gennari SM (2017). All about neosporosis in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 26, 253-279. Corbellini LG, Smith DR, Pescador CA, Schmitz M, Correa A, Steffen DJ, Driemeier D (2006). Herd-level risk factors for Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy farms in southern Brazil. Prev Vet Med, 74, 130-141. Dubey JP (2003). Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol, 41, 1-16. Dubey JP, Schares G (2006). Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis. Vet Parasitol, 140, 1-34. Dubey JP, Schares G (2011). Neosporosis in animals - The last five years. Vet Parasitol, 180, 90-108. Dubey JP, Schares G, Ortega-Mora LM (2007). Epidemiology and control of Neosporosis and Neospora caninum. Clin Microbiol Rev, 20, 323-367. Eşki F, Önat K, Günaydın E, Pekkaya S, Çetin N, Ütük AE (2016). Detection of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetti antibodies in aborted Holstein Cows. ʺ1st International Mediterranean Science and Engineering Congressʺ, 26-28 October, Adana, Turkey, p. 4550. Fard SRN, Khalili M, Aminzadeh A (2008). Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in cattle in Kerman province, South East Iran. Vet Arhiv, 78, 253-259. Fávero JF, Silva AS, Campigotto G, Machado G, Barros LD, Garcia JL, Vogel FF, Mendes RE, Stefani LM (2017). Risk factors for Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and their possible cause-effect relation for disease. Microb Pathog, 110, 202-207. Fereig RM, AbouLaila MR, Mohamed SGA, Mahmoud HYAH, Ali AO, Ali AF, Hilali M, Zaide A, Mohamed AEA, Nishikawa Y (2016). Serological detection and epidemiology of Neospora caninum and Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in cattle in southern Egypt. Acta Tropica, 162, 206-211. García-Vázquez Z, Cruz-Vázquez C, Medina-Espinoza L, García-Tapia D, Chavarria-Martinez B (2002). Serological survey of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle herds in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Vet Parasitol, 106, 115-120. García-Vazquez Z, Rosario-Cruz R, Mejia-Estrada F, Rodriguez-Vivas I, Romero-Salas D, Fernandez-Ruvalcaba M, Cruz-Vazquez C (2009). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in beef cattle in three southern states of Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod, 41, 749-753. Gavrea RR, Iovu A, Losson B, Cozma V (2011). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle from north-west and centre of Romania. Parasite, 18, 349-351. Gennero MS, Bergagna S, Pasino M, Barbaro A, Romano A, Trisciuoglio A, Ezio F (2007). Neospora caninum serological survey in cattle from the piedmont region (NORTHWESTERN ITALY). Rev Epid San Anim, 51, 65-68. Ghalmi F, China B, Ghalmi A, Hammitouche D, Losson B (2012). Study of the risk factors associated with Neospora caninum seroprevalence in Algerian cattle populations. Res Vet Sci, 93, 655-661. Gharekhani J, Haddadzadeh H, Bahonar A (2014). Prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to Neospora caninum in dairy cattle of Hamedan province, west of Iran. Vet Res Forum, 5, 149-152. Gondim LFP, Sartor IF, Monteiro LA, Haritani M (1999).Neospora caninum infection in an aborted bovine foetus in Brazil. New Zeal Vet J, 47, 35. Guedes MHP, Guimarães AM, Rocha CMBM, Hirsch C (2008). Frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em vacas e fetos provenientes de municípios do sul de Minas Gerais. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 17, 189-194. Guido S, Katzer F, Nanjiani I, Milne E, Innes EA (2016). Serology-based diagnostics for the control of bovine neosporosis. Trends Parasitol, 32, 131-143. Guimarães JS, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM (2004). Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies and factors associated with their presence in dairy cattle of the north of Paraná state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol, 124, 1-8. Haddad JPA, Dohoo IR, VanLeewen JA (2005). A review of Neospora caninum in dairy and beef cattle - a Canadian perspective. Can Vet J, 46, 230-243. Hosseininejad M, Mahzounieh M, Esfandabadi NS (2017).Neospora caninum suspects as one of the most important causes of abortion in large dairy farms in Isfahan, Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 12, 408-412. Ibrahim AME, Elfahal AM, Hussein ARME (2012). First report of Neospora caninum infection in cattle in Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod, 44, 769-772. Iça A, Yildirim A, Düzlü Ö, Inci A (2006). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle in the region of Kayseri. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 30, 92-94. Ichikawa-Seki M, Guswanto A, Allamanda P, Mariamah ES, Wibowo PE, Nishikawa Y (2016). Seroprevalence of antibody to NcSAG1 antigen of Neospora caninum in cattle from Western Java, Indonesia. J Vet Med Sci, 78, 121-123. Imre K, Morariu S, Ilie MS, Imre M, Ferrari N, Genchi C, Darabus G (2012). Serological survey of Neospora caninum infection in cattle herds from western Romania. J Parasitol, 98, 683-685. Jittapalapong S, Sangwaranond A, Inpankaew T, Phasuk C, Pinyopanuwat N, Chimnoi W, Kengradomkij C, Saengow S, Pumhom P, Arunwipat P, Anakewit T, Robertson ID (2008). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infections of dairy cows in the North-east of Thailand. Kasetsart Journal (Nat Sci), 42, 61-66. Juyal PD, Bal MS, Singla LD (2011). Economic impact, diagnostic investigations and management of protozoal abortions in farm animals. All India SMVS’ Dairy Business Directory 11, 39-46. Karatepe B, Karatepe M (2016). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle in Nigde Province, Turkey. Isr J Vet Med, 71, 39-42. Kaya S, Kurt M, Mustafa A, Cenk SB, Ali TG, Şinasi U (2011). Samsun yöresinde brucellosis yönünden negatif olan sığırlarda Neospora caninum seropozitifliği. “17th National Parasitology Congress andCaucasian and Middle East Symposium on Parasitic Diseases”4-10 September, Kars, Turkey. Koiwai M, Hamaoka T, Haritani M, Shimizu S, Tsutsui T, Eto M, Yamane I (2005). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy and beef cattle with reproductive disorders in Japan. Vet Parasitol, 130, 15-18. Koiwai M, Hamaoka T, Haritani M, Shimizu S, Zeniya Y, Eto M, Yokoyama R, Tsutsui T, Kimura K, Yamane I (2006). Nationwide seroprevalence of Neospora caninum among dairy cattle in Japan. Vet Parasitol, 135, 175–179. Kuruca L, Spasojević-Kosić L, Simin S, Savović M, Laus S, Lalosević V (2013).Neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cows and domesic dogs from Vojvodina, Serbia. Parasite, 20, 40. Kyaw T, Virakul P, Muangyai M, Suwimonteerabutr J (2004).Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy cattle in central Thailand. Vet Parasitol, 121, 255-263. Lista-Alves D, Palomares-Naveda R, Garcia F, Obando C, Arrieta D, Hoet AE (2006). Serological evidence of Neospora caninum in dual-purpose cattle herds in Venezuela. Vet Parasitol, 136, 347-349. Locatelli-Dittrich R, Machado PC, Fridlund-Plugge N, Richartz RRTB, Montiani-Ferreira F, Patrício LFL, Patrício MAC, Joineau MG, Pieppe M (2008). Determinação e correlação de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos e cães do Paraná, Brasil. Determination and correlation of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Paraná, Brazil]. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 17, 191-196. Lucchese L, Benkirane A, Hakimi I, Idrissi AE, Natale A (2016). Seroprevalence study of the main causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Morocco. Vet Ital, 52, 13-19. Macedo CAB, Macedo MFSB, Miura AC, Taroda A, ST Cardim, Innes AE, Katzer F, Cantón GJ, Chianini F, Headley SA, Garcia JL (2017). Occurrence of abortions induced by Neospora caninum in dairy cattle from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 26, 292-298. Martins NÉX, Freschi CR, Baptista F, Machado RZ, Freitas FLC, Almeida KS (2011). Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em vacas lactantes do município de Araguaína, estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Rev Patol Trop, 40, 231-238. Meenakshi SKS, Ball MS, Kumar H, Sharma S, Sidhu PK, Sreekumar C, JP Dubey (2007). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and water buffaloes in India. J Parasitol, 93, 1374-1377. Melo DPG, Silva AC, Ortega-Mora LM, Bastos SA, Boaventura CM (2006). Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos das microrregiões de Goiânia e Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. [Prevalence of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum in bovines from Anápolis and Goiânia micro regions, Goiás, Brazil]. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 15, 105-109. Mitrea IL, Enachescu V, Radulescu R, Ionita M (2012). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection on dairy dattle in farms from southern Romania. J Parasitol, 98, 69-72. Moore D, Reichel M, Spath E, Campero C (2013). Neospora caninum causes severe economic losses in cattle in the humid pampa region of Argentina. Trop Anim Health Prod, 45, 1237-1241. Nazir MM, Maqbool A, Khan MS, Sajjid A, Lindsay DS (2013). Effects of age and breed on the prevalence of Neospora caninum in commercial dairy cattle from Pakistan. J Parasitol, 99, 368-370. Nematollahi A, Jaafari R, Moghaddam GH (2011). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in Tabriz, Northwest Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 6, 95-98. Öcal N, Atmaca HT, Albay MK, Deniz A, Kalender H, Yıldız K, Kul O (2014). A new approach to Neospora caninum infection epidemiology. neosporosis in integrated and rural dairy farms in Turkey. Turk. J Vet Anim Sci, 38, 161-168. Öncel T, Biyikoğlu G (2003).Neosporosis caninum in dairy cattle in Sakarya, Turkey. Uludag Univ Vet Fak Derg, 22, 87-89. Osawa T, Wastling J, Acosta L, Ortellado C, Ibarra J, Innes EA (2002). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy and beef cattle in Paraguay. Vet Parasitol, 110, 17-23. Oshiro LM, Matos MFC, Oliveira JM, Monteiro LARC, Andreotti R (2007). Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 16, 133-138. Otranto D, lazari AL, Testini G, Traversa D, di Regalbono AF, Badan M, Capelli G (2003). Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of neosporosis in beef and dairy cattle in Italy. Vet Parasitol, 118, 7-18. Ould-Amrouche A, Klein F, Osdoit C, Mohamed HO, Touratier A, Sanaa M, Mialot JP (1999). Estimation of Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy cattle from Normandy, France. Vet Res, 30, 531-538. Piskin FC, Utuk AE (2009). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cows with stillbirth and abortion. J Etlik Vet Microbiol, 20, 23-26. Qian W, Wang T, Yan W, Zhang M, Han L, Xue R, Song S, Lv C (2017). Seroprevalence and first multilocus microsatellite genotyping of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Henan, central China. Vet Parasitol, 244, 81-84. Ragozo AMAR, Paula VSO, Souza SLP, Bergamaschi DP, Gennari SM (2003). Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em soros bovinos procedentes de seis estados brasileiros.Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 12, 33-37. Romero JJ, Van Breda S, Vargas B, Dolz G, Frankena K (2005). Effect of neosporosis on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in Costa Rica. Theriogenology 64, 1928-1939. Schares G, Conraths FJ, Reichel MP (1999). Bovine neosporosis. comparison of serological methods using outbreak sera from a dairy herd in New Zealand. Int J Parasitol, 29, 1659-1667. Schares G, Peters M, Wurm R, Bärwald A, Conrathsa FJ (1998). The efficiency of vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle analysed by serological techniques. Vet Parasitol, 80, 87-98. Sevgili M, Altaş MG, Keskin O (2005).Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in Cattle in the Province of Şanlıurfa. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 29, 127-130. Silva JB, Nicolino RR, Fagundes GM, Bomjardim HA, Reis ASB, Lima DHS, Oliveira CMC, Barbosa JD, Fonseca AH (2017). Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in ten provinces of Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 52, 30-35. Silva MIS, Almeida MÂO, Mota RA, Pinheiro-Junior JW, Rabelo SSA (2008). Fatores de riscos associados à infecção por Neospora caninum em matrizes bovinas leiteiras em Pernambuco. [Risk factors associated to Neospora caninum infection in dairy cows in Pernambuco]. Ci Anim Bras, 9, 455-461. Simsek S, Utuk AE, Koroglu E, Dumanlı N, Risvanli A (2008). Serprevalance of Neospora caninum in repeat breeder dairy cows in Turkey. Arch Tierz Dummerstorf, 51, 143-148. Špilovská S, Reiterová K, Antolová D (2015).Neospora caninum-associated abortions in Slovak dairy farm. Iran J Parasitol, 10, 96-101. Suteeraparp P, Pholpark S, Pholpark M, Charoenchai A, Chompoochan T, Yamane I, Kashiwazaki Y (1999). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and associated abortion in dairy cattle from central Thailand. Vet Parasitol, 86, 49-57. Tulu D, Deresa B, Begna F, Gojam A (2018). Review of common causes of abortion in dairy cattlein Ethiopia. J Vet Med Anim Health, 10, 1-13. Václavek P, Koudela B, Modrý D, Sedlák K (2003). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in aborting dairy cattle in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol, 115, 239-245. Vural G, Aksoy E, Bozkir M, Kuçukayan U, Erturk A (2006). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle herds in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Vet Arhiv, 76, 343-349. Wang C, Wang Y, Zou X, Zhai Y, Gao J, Hou M, Zhu XQ (2010). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in Northeastern China. J Parasitol, 96, 451-452. Wapenaar W, Barkema HW, VanLeeuwen JA, McClure JT, O’Handley RM, Kwok OCH, Thulliez P, Dubey JP, Jenkins MC (2007).Comparison of serological methods for the diagnosis ofNeospora caninum infection in cattle. Vet Parasitol, 143, 166-173. Xia HY, Zhou DH, Jia K, Zeng XB, Zhang DW, She LX, Lin RQ, Yuan ZG, Li SJ, Zhu XQ (2011). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle of Southern China. J Parasitol, 97, 172-173. Yıldız K, Gökpınar S, Sürsal N, Değirmenci R (2017).Kırşehir İli Çiçekdağı İlçesi’nde Yetiştirilen Süt İneklerindeNeospora caninum’un Seroprevalansı. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 41, 135-138. Youssefi MR, Arabkhazaeli F, Hassan ATM (2009). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum Infection in Rural and Industrial Cattle in Northern Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 4, 15-18. Zhou M, Cao S, Sevinc F, Sevinc M, Ceylan O, Liu M, Wang G, Moumouni PFA, Jirapattharasate C, Suzuki H, Nishikawa Y, Xuan X (2016). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant TgSAG2 and NcSAG1 to detect Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum-specific antibodies in domestic animals in Turkey. J Vet Med Sci, 78, 1877-1881.