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The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats

Year 2018, Volume: 29 Issue: 3, 147 - 152, 27.12.2018

Abstract

In this study, the effects of Grape Seed Extract (GSE)
on glucose, enzymatic activities of elastase and collagenase, and certain
biochemical parameters, were investigated. 32 female Wistar albino rats were
used in the process. The subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups (control,
diabetic (DM), GSE, DM+GSE). A single
dose of saline was injected intraperitoneally to the rats in the control group
and a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg) was administered
intraperitoneally to the rats in the diabetic group.  In the GSE group, GSE (0.6 ml/rat) was
administered daily via intragastric tube for 20 days, and DM+GSE group received
a single dose of STZ intraperitoneally along with 0.6 ml GSE/rat. After 72
hours, blood samples were taken from all the rats. Rats with a fasting blood
glucose level of 250 mg/dL and more were considered to be diabetic. At the end
of the experiment, blood samples were taken again and were sent for elastase,
collagenase, glucose, urea, total protein, cholesterol, and AOPP analysis.
Glucose levels in diabetic rats were 671
mg/dL, compared to the glucose level of 335 mg/dL in the DM+GSE group. Total
protein levels decreased in the DM+GSE group; the levels of glucose, urea,
cholesterol and ascorbic acid also demonstrated a significant difference
(p<0.001). No significant change was detected in the AOPP levels. The
activities of collagenase (p<0.01) and elastase (p<0.05) in the DM group
had moderate increases with respect to the control. It can, therefore, be surmised that the GSE reduces glucose levels,
inhibits production of urea, regulates renal function, prevents possible
nephropathy, overcomes albuminuria and alleviates protein loss, increases
vitamin C levels and minimally affects collagenase and elastase activities.

References

  • Abu-Amsha R, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Proudfoot JM, Beilin LJ (1996). Phenolic content of various beverages determines the extent of inhibition of human serum and low- density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro: identification and mechanism of action of some cinnamic acid derivatives from red wine. Clin Sci, 91(4), 449-58.
  • Akkaya H, Çelik S (2010). Oksidan and Antioksidant Situation Before and After Diabets in Rat. F.Ü.Sağ.Bil.Vet.Derg., 24(1) 5-10.
  • Altan N, Dinçel A, Koca C (2006). Diabetes Mellitus and Oxidative Stress. Turk J Biochem, 31(2), 51-56.
  • Araki S, Haneda M, Koya D, Hidaka H, Sugimoto T, Isono M, Isshiki K, Chin-Kanasaki M, Uzu T, Kashiwagi A (2007). Reduction in microalbuminuria as an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 56(6), 1727-1730.
  • Bos MA, Vennat B, Meunier MT, Pouget MC, Pourrat A, Fialip J (1996). Procyanidins from tormentil: antioxidant properties towards lipoperoxidation and anti-elastase activity. Biol Pharm Bull, 19(1), 146-148.
  • Cao G, Sofic E, Prior RL (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structure activity relationships. Free Radic Biol Med, 22(5), 749-760.
  • Chis IC, Ungureanu MI, Marton A, Simedrea R, Muresan A, Postescu ID, Decea N (2009). Antioxidant effects of a grape seed extract in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 6(3), 200-204.
  • Dönmez S (2008). Deneysel diyabetik nefropatide irbesartan ve antioksidan tedavilerin karşılaştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Edirne.
  • Dullaart RP (1995). Plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med, 46(1), 44–54.
  • Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Gürbüz F (1983). İstatistik Metodları-I. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, II.Baskı, A.Ü. Basımevi, Ankara.
  • Green B, Yao X, Ganguly A, Xu C, Dusevich V, Walker MP, Wang Y (2010). Grape seed proanthocyanidins increase collagen biodegradation resistance in the dentin/adhesive interface when included in an adhesive. J Dent, 38(11), 908-915.
  • Halifeoğlu İ, Karataş F, Çolak R, Canatan H, Telo S (2005). Oxidant and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Before and After Therapy. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 10(3), 117-122.
  • Karabay G, Zağyapan R, Take G (2006). Streptozotosinle oluşturulan diabetin sıçan periferik sinirleri üzerine etkisinin elektron mikroskobik incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(3), 77-81.
  • Korthuis RJ, Granger DN (1993). Reactive oxygen metabolites, neutrophils, and the pathogenesis of ischemic-tissue/reperfusion. Clin Cardiol, 16(4 Suppl 1) 119-126.
  • Kural A, Toker A, Seval H, Döventaş Y, Basınoğlu F, Koldaş M, Sağlam ZA (2011). Advanced glycation end–products and advanced oxidation protein products in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and first degree relatives. Medical Journal of Bakırköy, 7(4), 130-135.
  • Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Morelli R (1994). Free radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 44(5) 592-601.
  • Majeed Dr, Khitam HM, Rashad JS, Ghadhban F (2008). Role of grape seed extract as anti hyperglycemia and antioxidant in experimental diabetic rats, Journal of Missan Researches, 4, 8.
  • Mansouri E, Panahi M, Ghaffari MA, Ghorbani A (2011). Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on oxidative stress induced by diabetes in rat kidney. Iran Biomed J, 15(3), 100-106.
  • Mert N (1996). Veteriner Klinik Biyokimya. Uludağ Üniversitesi Güçlendirme Vakfı Yayın No, 12.
  • Mooradian A, Failla M (1994). Selected vitamins and minerals in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 17(5), 464-479.
  • Nagai T (1994). The effect of pancreatic elastase on diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 24(3), 161-165.
  • Okudan N, Barışkaner H, Gökbel H, Sahin AS, Belviranlı M, Baysal H (2011). The effect of supplementation of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on vascular dysfunction in experimental diabetes. J Med Food, 14(11), 1298-1302.
  • Özel Y (2006). Ratlarda karaciğer iskemi/reperfüzyon hasarında grape seed proanthocyanidinin koruyucu etkilerinin incelenmesi, Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bakanlığı, Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, 5. Genel Cerrahi Kliniği, İstanbul.
  • Pace-Asciak CR, Rounova O, Hahn SE, Diamandis EP, Goldberg DM (1996). Wines and grape juices as modulators of platelet aggregation in healthy human subjects. Clin Chim Acta, 246(1-2), 163-182.
  • Payaslı MÖ (2007). Neonatal sepsisli hastalarda polimorfnükleer lökosit elastaz düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul.
  • Pekmezci S (2002). Akut pankreatitte yaklaşım ve tedavi, Hepato-bilier sistem ve pankreas hastalıkları. Sempozyum Dizisi, 28, 239-262.
  • Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Cheema T, Greenberg J (2004). Increased breath biomarkers of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta, 344(1-2), 189-194.
  • Piwowar A, Knapik-Kordecka M, Warwas M (2007). AOPP and its relations with selected markers of oxidative/antioxidative system in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 77(2), 188–192.
  • Plumb GW, Pascual-Teresa SD, Santos-Buelga C, Cheynier V, Williamson G (1998). Antioxidant properties of catechins and proanthocyanidins: Effect of polymerisation, galloylation and glycosylation. Free Radic Res, 29(4), 351-358.
  • Ramamurthy NS, Golub LM (1983). Diabetes increases collagenase activity in extracts of rat gingiva and skin. J Peridontal Res, 18(1), 23-30.
  • Rice-Evans C (1995). Plant polyphenols free radical scavengers or chain-breaking antioxidants. Biochem Soc Symp, 61, 103-116.
  • Seghrouchni I, Drai J, Bannier E, Riviere J, Calmard P, Garcia I, Orgiazzi J, Revol A (2002). Oxidative stress parameters in type I, type II and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus, Insulin treatment efficiency. Clin chim acta, Jul, 321(1-2), 89-96.
  • Su HC, Hung LM, Chen JK (2006). Resveratrol, a red wine antioxidant, possesses an insulin-like effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 290(6), 1339–1346.
  • Takahashi T, Koboyashi A (2003). Proanthocyanidin-containing composition. United Patent Office, 6, 506, 419.
  • Tufan C (2008). Alloksan diyabetik tavşanların plazma nitrit/nitrat ve nitrotirozin düzeyleri üzerine uzun süreli resveratrol verilmesinin etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Verhofstad MH, Bisseling TM, Haans EM, Hendriks T (1998). Collagen synthesis in rat skin and ileum fibroblasts is affected differently by diabetes-related factors. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 79(5), 321.
  • Verhofstad MH, Hendriks T (1994). Diabetes impairs the development of early strength but not the accumulation of collagen during intestinal anastomotic healing in the rat. Br J Surg, 81(7), 1040-1045.
  • Walter RM, Uriu-Hare JY, Olin KL (1991). Copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium status and complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care, 14(11), 1050-1056.
  • Wayne Z (1996). Pycnogenol and skin care. Drug and Cosmetic Industry, 158, 44-50.
  • Witters LA (2001). The blooming of the French lilac. J Clin Invest, 108(8), 1105-1107.
  • Yeğin SÇ (2012). Deneysel diyabet oluşturulan ratlarda likopen uygulamasının lipoprotein, paraoksonaz ve sitokinler üzerine etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van.
  • Yılmaztepe A, Ulukaya E, Ersoy C, Yılmaz M, Tokullugil HA (2005). Diabetik hastalarda fekal pankreatik elastaz düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Turk J Gastroenterol, 16(2) 75-80.

Diyabetli Ratlarda Üzüm Çekirdeği Ekstraktının Bazı Enzim ve Metabolitler Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2018, Volume: 29 Issue: 3, 147 - 152, 27.12.2018

Abstract

Üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktının diyabetli ratlarda kan glukozu, enzim aktiviteleri ve bazı biyokimyasal parametrelerdeki değişimlerin üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada 32 adet dişi Wistar cinsi Albino rat rastgele seçilerek eşit olarak 4 gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubunda (Grup I) intraperitoneal (i.p) yoldan 45 mg/kg tek doz serum fizyolojik enjekte edildi, diyabet grubunda (Grup II) ratlara 45 mg/kg tek doz streptozotosin (STZ) i.p. yoldan uygulandı, üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktı grubunda (Grup III) üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktı intragastrik tüp ile ağız yoluyla 20 gün boyunca her gün verildi (0.6 ml/rat), diyabet+üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktı grubunda (Grup IV) 45 mg/kg tek doz STZ i.p. yoldan uygulandı. 72 saat sonra açlık kan glukozu 250 mg/dL üzerinde olan ratlar diyabetli kabul edilip üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktı 20 gün boyunca verildi. Deneme sonunda ratların kalplerinden kan örnekleri alınıp elastaz, kollajenaz, glukoz, üre, total protein, kolesterol ve AOPP analizinde kullanıldı. Glukoz düzeyi diyabetlilerde 671 mg/dL iken diyabet+üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktı grubunda 335 mg/dL’ye düştü. Üre, total protein düzeyleri diyabet+üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktı gruplarında azaldı. Grupların glukoz, üre, kolesterol, total protein ve askorbik asit düzeyleri ortalamaları arasındaki fark önemli iken (p<0.001), AOPP değişiminde önemli fark saptanamadı. Kollajenaz (p<0.01) ve elastaz (p<0.05) aktivitelerinde diyabetli grupta kontrole göre hafif düzeyde yükseliş gözlendi. Üzüm çekirdeği ekstraktının glukoz düzeylerini azalttığını, üre artışını engelleyerek böbrek fonksiyonlarını düzenlediğini, olası bir nefropatiyi bertaraf edebileceğini, diyabetteki albuminüri ve farklı yollarla oluşan protein kayıplarını tolere ettiğini, kolesterol değişiminin olduğunu ve vitamin C düzeylerini artırdığını, kollajenaz ve elastaz aktivitelerini minimal düzeyde etkilediğini söylemek mümkündür.

References

  • Abu-Amsha R, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Proudfoot JM, Beilin LJ (1996). Phenolic content of various beverages determines the extent of inhibition of human serum and low- density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro: identification and mechanism of action of some cinnamic acid derivatives from red wine. Clin Sci, 91(4), 449-58.
  • Akkaya H, Çelik S (2010). Oksidan and Antioksidant Situation Before and After Diabets in Rat. F.Ü.Sağ.Bil.Vet.Derg., 24(1) 5-10.
  • Altan N, Dinçel A, Koca C (2006). Diabetes Mellitus and Oxidative Stress. Turk J Biochem, 31(2), 51-56.
  • Araki S, Haneda M, Koya D, Hidaka H, Sugimoto T, Isono M, Isshiki K, Chin-Kanasaki M, Uzu T, Kashiwagi A (2007). Reduction in microalbuminuria as an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 56(6), 1727-1730.
  • Bos MA, Vennat B, Meunier MT, Pouget MC, Pourrat A, Fialip J (1996). Procyanidins from tormentil: antioxidant properties towards lipoperoxidation and anti-elastase activity. Biol Pharm Bull, 19(1), 146-148.
  • Cao G, Sofic E, Prior RL (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structure activity relationships. Free Radic Biol Med, 22(5), 749-760.
  • Chis IC, Ungureanu MI, Marton A, Simedrea R, Muresan A, Postescu ID, Decea N (2009). Antioxidant effects of a grape seed extract in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 6(3), 200-204.
  • Dönmez S (2008). Deneysel diyabetik nefropatide irbesartan ve antioksidan tedavilerin karşılaştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Edirne.
  • Dullaart RP (1995). Plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med, 46(1), 44–54.
  • Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Gürbüz F (1983). İstatistik Metodları-I. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, II.Baskı, A.Ü. Basımevi, Ankara.
  • Green B, Yao X, Ganguly A, Xu C, Dusevich V, Walker MP, Wang Y (2010). Grape seed proanthocyanidins increase collagen biodegradation resistance in the dentin/adhesive interface when included in an adhesive. J Dent, 38(11), 908-915.
  • Halifeoğlu İ, Karataş F, Çolak R, Canatan H, Telo S (2005). Oxidant and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Before and After Therapy. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 10(3), 117-122.
  • Karabay G, Zağyapan R, Take G (2006). Streptozotosinle oluşturulan diabetin sıçan periferik sinirleri üzerine etkisinin elektron mikroskobik incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(3), 77-81.
  • Korthuis RJ, Granger DN (1993). Reactive oxygen metabolites, neutrophils, and the pathogenesis of ischemic-tissue/reperfusion. Clin Cardiol, 16(4 Suppl 1) 119-126.
  • Kural A, Toker A, Seval H, Döventaş Y, Basınoğlu F, Koldaş M, Sağlam ZA (2011). Advanced glycation end–products and advanced oxidation protein products in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and first degree relatives. Medical Journal of Bakırköy, 7(4), 130-135.
  • Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Morelli R (1994). Free radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 44(5) 592-601.
  • Majeed Dr, Khitam HM, Rashad JS, Ghadhban F (2008). Role of grape seed extract as anti hyperglycemia and antioxidant in experimental diabetic rats, Journal of Missan Researches, 4, 8.
  • Mansouri E, Panahi M, Ghaffari MA, Ghorbani A (2011). Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on oxidative stress induced by diabetes in rat kidney. Iran Biomed J, 15(3), 100-106.
  • Mert N (1996). Veteriner Klinik Biyokimya. Uludağ Üniversitesi Güçlendirme Vakfı Yayın No, 12.
  • Mooradian A, Failla M (1994). Selected vitamins and minerals in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 17(5), 464-479.
  • Nagai T (1994). The effect of pancreatic elastase on diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 24(3), 161-165.
  • Okudan N, Barışkaner H, Gökbel H, Sahin AS, Belviranlı M, Baysal H (2011). The effect of supplementation of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on vascular dysfunction in experimental diabetes. J Med Food, 14(11), 1298-1302.
  • Özel Y (2006). Ratlarda karaciğer iskemi/reperfüzyon hasarında grape seed proanthocyanidinin koruyucu etkilerinin incelenmesi, Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bakanlığı, Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, 5. Genel Cerrahi Kliniği, İstanbul.
  • Pace-Asciak CR, Rounova O, Hahn SE, Diamandis EP, Goldberg DM (1996). Wines and grape juices as modulators of platelet aggregation in healthy human subjects. Clin Chim Acta, 246(1-2), 163-182.
  • Payaslı MÖ (2007). Neonatal sepsisli hastalarda polimorfnükleer lökosit elastaz düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul.
  • Pekmezci S (2002). Akut pankreatitte yaklaşım ve tedavi, Hepato-bilier sistem ve pankreas hastalıkları. Sempozyum Dizisi, 28, 239-262.
  • Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Cheema T, Greenberg J (2004). Increased breath biomarkers of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta, 344(1-2), 189-194.
  • Piwowar A, Knapik-Kordecka M, Warwas M (2007). AOPP and its relations with selected markers of oxidative/antioxidative system in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 77(2), 188–192.
  • Plumb GW, Pascual-Teresa SD, Santos-Buelga C, Cheynier V, Williamson G (1998). Antioxidant properties of catechins and proanthocyanidins: Effect of polymerisation, galloylation and glycosylation. Free Radic Res, 29(4), 351-358.
  • Ramamurthy NS, Golub LM (1983). Diabetes increases collagenase activity in extracts of rat gingiva and skin. J Peridontal Res, 18(1), 23-30.
  • Rice-Evans C (1995). Plant polyphenols free radical scavengers or chain-breaking antioxidants. Biochem Soc Symp, 61, 103-116.
  • Seghrouchni I, Drai J, Bannier E, Riviere J, Calmard P, Garcia I, Orgiazzi J, Revol A (2002). Oxidative stress parameters in type I, type II and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus, Insulin treatment efficiency. Clin chim acta, Jul, 321(1-2), 89-96.
  • Su HC, Hung LM, Chen JK (2006). Resveratrol, a red wine antioxidant, possesses an insulin-like effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 290(6), 1339–1346.
  • Takahashi T, Koboyashi A (2003). Proanthocyanidin-containing composition. United Patent Office, 6, 506, 419.
  • Tufan C (2008). Alloksan diyabetik tavşanların plazma nitrit/nitrat ve nitrotirozin düzeyleri üzerine uzun süreli resveratrol verilmesinin etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Verhofstad MH, Bisseling TM, Haans EM, Hendriks T (1998). Collagen synthesis in rat skin and ileum fibroblasts is affected differently by diabetes-related factors. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 79(5), 321.
  • Verhofstad MH, Hendriks T (1994). Diabetes impairs the development of early strength but not the accumulation of collagen during intestinal anastomotic healing in the rat. Br J Surg, 81(7), 1040-1045.
  • Walter RM, Uriu-Hare JY, Olin KL (1991). Copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium status and complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care, 14(11), 1050-1056.
  • Wayne Z (1996). Pycnogenol and skin care. Drug and Cosmetic Industry, 158, 44-50.
  • Witters LA (2001). The blooming of the French lilac. J Clin Invest, 108(8), 1105-1107.
  • Yeğin SÇ (2012). Deneysel diyabet oluşturulan ratlarda likopen uygulamasının lipoprotein, paraoksonaz ve sitokinler üzerine etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van.
  • Yılmaztepe A, Ulukaya E, Ersoy C, Yılmaz M, Tokullugil HA (2005). Diabetik hastalarda fekal pankreatik elastaz düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Turk J Gastroenterol, 16(2) 75-80.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kıvanç İrak

Nihat Mert

Handan Mert This is me

Nesrullah Ayşin This is me

Publication Date December 27, 2018
Submission Date October 9, 2018
Acceptance Date November 7, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 29 Issue: 3

Cite

APA İrak, K., Mert, N., Mert, H., Ayşin, N. (2018). The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats. Van Veterinary Journal, 29(3), 147-152.
AMA İrak K, Mert N, Mert H, Ayşin N. The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats. Van Vet J. December 2018;29(3):147-152.
Chicago İrak, Kıvanç, Nihat Mert, Handan Mert, and Nesrullah Ayşin. “The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats”. Van Veterinary Journal 29, no. 3 (December 2018): 147-52.
EndNote İrak K, Mert N, Mert H, Ayşin N (December 1, 2018) The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats. Van Veterinary Journal 29 3 147–152.
IEEE K. İrak, N. Mert, H. Mert, and N. Ayşin, “The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats”, Van Vet J, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 147–152, 2018.
ISNAD İrak, Kıvanç et al. “The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats”. Van Veterinary Journal 29/3 (December 2018), 147-152.
JAMA İrak K, Mert N, Mert H, Ayşin N. The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats. Van Vet J. 2018;29:147–152.
MLA İrak, Kıvanç et al. “The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats”. Van Veterinary Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, 2018, pp. 147-52.
Vancouver İrak K, Mert N, Mert H, Ayşin N. The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats. Van Vet J. 2018;29(3):147-52.

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