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İkizliğin İleri gebe koyunlar ve bunların kuzularında mineral madde, immunglobulin G ve kuzu doğum ağırlığı üzerine etkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 62 - 68, 31.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.883472

Abstract

Sunulan çalışmada, ileri gebe koyunlar ve bunlardan doğan kuzularda ikizlik durumunun mineral madde, Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ve kuzu doğum ağırlığı üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amaçlandı. Çalışmanın materyalini gebeliğin 130-150. günleri arasında Kıvırcık ırkı 18 adet koyun ile bunların yeni doğan 27 adet kuzusu oluşturdu. Çalışmaya alınan koyunlar ultrason ile tek gebelik (n=9) ve ikiz gebelik (n=9) taşıyanlar olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Vücut Kondüsyon Skorları (VKS) belirlendi ve kan örnekleri alındı. Bu koyunlardan doğan kuzular doğar doğmaz hassas terazi ile tartıldı ve doğumdan 24 saat sonra kan örnekleri alındı. Alınan kan örneklerden mineral madde tayini ICP-OES, IgG tayini ELISA ile yapıldı. Koyunlarda serum IgG ve mineral madde düzeylerinin ikizlikten etkilenmediği görüldü (P>0.05). İkiz kuzularda Kalsiyum (Ca) düzeyi tek kuzulara göre önemli derecede yüksekti (P<0.05). Diğer mineraller ve IgG konsantrasyonu bakımından tek ve ikiz kuzular arasında istatistiki açıdan fark yoktu (P>0.05). Tek kuzularda total protein ve globulin değerleri ikiz kuzulara göre anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (P<0.05). Tek doğan kuzuların ikizlere göre anlamlı derecede ağır olduğu (P<0.05), erkek kuzuların dişilere göre daha ağır olmakla birlikte aralarındaki farkın istatistiki açıdan önemli olmadığı (P>0.05) bulundu. Sonuç olarak; ileri gebe koyunlarda ikizliğin ve VKS’nin mineral madde, IgG, total protein, albumin ve globulin düzeylerini etkilemediği, kuzularda ise ikizliğin kuzu doğum ağırlığı, total protein, globulin ve Ca değerlerini etkilerken, diğer mineraller ve IgG düzeylerini etkilemediği tespit edildi. İkiz kuzularda total protein ve globulin konsantrasyonlarının anlamlı derecede düşük olması bu hayvanların yeterince kolostrum ememediğini düşündürmektedir.

References

  • Abdelrahman MM (2008). The effect of high calcium intake by pregnant Awassi ewes at late gestation on minerals status and performance of ewes and newborn lambs. Livestock Sci, 117(1), 15-23.
  • Abdollahi E, Kohram H, Shahir MH (2013). Plasma concentrations of essential trace (microminerals and thyroid hormones during single or twin pregnancies in fat-tailed ewes. Small Rum Res, 113(2-3), 360-364.
  • Ahmad R, Khan A, Javed MT, Hussain I (2000). The level of immunoglobulins in relation to neonatal lamb mortality in Pak-Karakul sheep. Veterinarski Arhiv, 70 (3), 129-139.
  • Al-Jameil N, Tabassum H, Al-Mayouf H, et al. (2014). Analysis of serum trace elements-copper, manganese and zinc in preeclamptic pregnant women by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry: a prospective case-controlled study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International J Clin Exp Path, 7(5), 1900-1910.
  • Al-Sabbagh TA, Swanson LV, Thompson JM (1995). The effect of ewe body condition at lambing on colostral immunoglobulin G concentration and lamb performance. J Anim Sci, 73(10), 2860-2864.
  • Alves AC, Alves NG, Ascari IJ, et al. (2015). Colostrum composition of Santa Inês sheep and passive transfer of immunity to lambs. J Dairy Sci, 98(6), 3706-3716.
  • Boland TM, Keane N, Nowakowski P, Brophy PO; Crosby TF (2005). High mineral and vitamin E intake by pregnant ewes lowers colostral immunoglobulin G absorption by the lamb. J Anim Sci, 83(4), 871-878.
  • Ceyhan A, Sezenler T, Yıldırır M, Erdogan İ (2010). Reproductive performance and lamb growth characteristics of Ramlıç sheep. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16, 213-216.
  • Christley RM, Morgan KL, Parkin TDH, French NP (2003). Factors related to the risk of neonatal mortality, birth-weight and serum immunoglobulin concentration in lambs in the UK. Preventive Vet Med, 57(4), 209-226.
  • Corah L (1996). Trace mineral requirements of grazing cattle. Anim Feed Sci Tec, 59(1-3), 61-70.
  • Corner RA, Mulvaney FJ, Morris ST, et al. (2013). A comparison of the reproductive performance of ewe lambs and mature ewes. Small Rum Res, 114(1), 126-133.
  • Dakka AA, Abd-EL-Aal TS (1992). Studies on minerals picture in the blood sera of egyptian sheep. Assiut Vet Med J (Egypt), 28, 242-249.
  • E Hernandez-Castellano LM, Almeida A, Castro N, Arguello A (2014). The colostrum proteome, ruminant nutrition and immunity: a review. Cur Prot Pep Sci, 15(1), 64-74.
  • Ekiz B, Altınel A (2007). The Growth and Survival Characteristics of Lambs Produced by Commercial Crossbreeding Kıvırcık Ewes with F_2 Rams with the German Black-Headed Mutton Genotype. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30(6), 507-512.
  • El-Tarabany AA (2012). Physiological changes in ewes conceived single or twins fetuses related with survivability of lambs. Arab J Nuc Sci App, 45(3), 1-1.
  • Gardner DS, Buttery PJ, Daniel Z, Symonds ME (2007). Factors affecting birth weight in sheep: maternal environment. Reproduction, 133(1), 297-307.
  • Gökçe E, Atakişi O (2019). Interrelationships of Serum and Colostral IgG (Passive Immunity) with Total Protein Concentrations and Health in Lambs. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25(3), 387-396.
  • Gürdogan F, Yıldız A, Balıkcı E (2006). Investigation of serum Cu, Zn, Fe and Se concentrations during pregnancy (60, 100 and 150 days) and after parturition (45 days) in single and twin pregnant sheep. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30(1), 61-64.
  • Hostetler CE, Kincaid RL, Mirando MA (2003). The role of essential trace elements in embryonic and fetal development in livestock. The Vet J, 166(2), 125-139.
  • Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Academic Press, USA.
  • Kenyon PR, Stafford KJ, Jenkinson CMC, Morris ST, West DM (2007). The body composition and metabolic status of twin-and triplet-bearing ewes and their fetuses in late pregnancy. Livestock Sci, 107(2-3), 103-112.
  • Koncagül S, Vural ME, Karataş A, Akca N, Bingöl M (2013). Reproductive performance of ewes and growth characteristics of lambs in Zom sheep reared in Karacadağ District. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 19(1), 63-68.
  • Kulcu R, Yur F (2003). A study of some serum mineral levels before and during pregnancy and during lactation period of sheep and cattle. Biol Trace Elem Res, 92(3), 275-279.
  • Marques AVS, Soares PC, Riet-Correa F, et al. (2011). Teores séricos e hepáticos de cobre, ferro, molibdênio zinco em ovinos e caprinos no estado de Pernambuco. Pesqui Vet Bras, 31(5), 398-406.
  • Massimini G, Britti D, Peli A, Cinotti S (2006). Effect of passive transfer status on preweaning growth performance in dairy lambs. J Am Vet Med Ass, 229(1), 111-115.
  • Morris CA, Hickey SM, Clarke JN (2000). Genetic and environmental factors affecting lamb survival at birth and through to weaning. New Zealand J Agri Res, 43(4), 515-524.
  • Nowak R, Poindron P (2006). From birth to colostrum: early steps leading to lamb survival. Reprod Nut Dev, 46(4), 431-446.
  • Nunes ABV (2006). Estudo da transmissão da imunidade passiva e da mortalidade em cordeiros mestiços de Santa Inês, na região Norte de Minas Gerais. Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
  • O'Doherty JV, Crosby TF (1997). The effect of diet in late pregnancy on colostrum production and immunoglobulin absorption in sheep. Anim Sci, 64(1), 87-96.
  • Roubies N, Panousis N, Fytianou A, et al. (2006). Effects of age and reproductive stage on certain serum biochemical parameters of Chios sheep under Greek rearing conditions. J Vet Med, 53(6), 277-281.
  • Ryssen V, Stielau WJ (1981). Effect of different levels of dietary molybdenum on copper and Mo metabolism in sheep fed on high levels of Cu. British J Nut, 45(1), 203-210.
  • Quigley J (2005). Managing variation in calf and heifer programs. In: Proc. 20th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, Arizona.
  • Sansom BF, Bunch KJ, Dew SM (1982). Changes in plasma calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and hydroxyproline concentrations in ewes from twelve weeks before until three weeks after lambing. British Vet J, 138(5), 393-401.
  • Silva TR, Soares PC, Dantas AF, et al. (2018). Serum and liver copper, iron, molybdenum and zinc concentration in goats and sheep in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Pesqui Vet Bras, 38(7), 1313-1316.
  • Teixeira IAMA, Resende KT, Silva AMA, et al. (2013). Mineral requirements for growth of wool and hair lambs. R Bras Zootec, 42(5), 347-353.
  • Thompson JM, Meyer HH (1994). Body condition scoring of sheep. Corvallis, OR: Extension Service, Oregon State University.
  • Turquino CM, Flaiban KMC, Lisbôa JAN (2011). Transferência de imunidade passiva em cordeiros de corte manejados extensivamente em clima tropica. Pesqui Vet Bras, 31, 99-205.
  • Vatankhah M (2013). Relationship between immunoglobulin concentrations in the ewes serum and colostrum, and lambs serum in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. Iran J Appl Anim Sci, 3(3), 539-544.
  • Vural ME (2013). Reproductive Performance of Ewes and Growth Characteristics of Lambs in Zom Sheep Reared in Karacadag District. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 19(1), 63-68.
  • Yaralı E, Karaca O (2004). Kıvırcık koyunları farklı senkronizasyon uygulamalarında kuzu üretimi ile kuzuların canlı ağırlık ve belgözü ultrasonik ölçüm parametreleri. In: 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, Isparta, Türkiye.
  • Yıldız A, Balıkcı E, Gurdogan F (2005). Serum mineral levels at pregnancy and postpartum in single and twin pregnant sheep. Biol Trace Elem Res, 107(3), 247-254.

The effect of twinship on mineral matter, immunoglobulin G and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 62 - 68, 31.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.883472

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of twinship on the mineral matter, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their lambs. The material of the study consisted of the 18 Kıvırcık breed ewes, which were 130-150 days pregnant, and their 27 newborn lambs. The ewes included in the study were divided into two groups by ultrasound as those carrying a single pregnancy (n=9) and a twin pregnancy (n=9). Body Condition Scores (BCS) were determined and then their blood samples were taken. The lambs born from these ewes were weighed with precision scales as soon as they were born, and blood samples were taken 24 hours after birth. Mineral substance determination from blood samples was made by ICP-OES, and IgG determination was made by ELISA. It was found that serum IgG and mineral matter levels were not affected by twinship in ewes (p>0.05). Calcium (Ca) level was significantly higher in twin lambs compared to single lambs (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference between single and twin lambs in terms of other minerals and IgG concentrations (P>0.05). Total protein and globulin values were significantly higher in single lambs than twin lambs (P <0.05). It was determined that single-born lambs were significantly heavier than twins (P<0.05), and while male lambs were heavier than females, the difference between them was not statistically significant (P>0.05). As a result, it was determined that twinship and BCS did not affect the mineral substance, total protein, albumin, globulin and IgG levels in late pregnant ewes, while twinship in lambs affected lamb birth weight, total protein, globulin and Ca values, but not other mineral and IgG levels. Significantly low total protein and globulin concentrations in twin lambs suggest that these animals cannot absorb enough colostrum.

References

  • Abdelrahman MM (2008). The effect of high calcium intake by pregnant Awassi ewes at late gestation on minerals status and performance of ewes and newborn lambs. Livestock Sci, 117(1), 15-23.
  • Abdollahi E, Kohram H, Shahir MH (2013). Plasma concentrations of essential trace (microminerals and thyroid hormones during single or twin pregnancies in fat-tailed ewes. Small Rum Res, 113(2-3), 360-364.
  • Ahmad R, Khan A, Javed MT, Hussain I (2000). The level of immunoglobulins in relation to neonatal lamb mortality in Pak-Karakul sheep. Veterinarski Arhiv, 70 (3), 129-139.
  • Al-Jameil N, Tabassum H, Al-Mayouf H, et al. (2014). Analysis of serum trace elements-copper, manganese and zinc in preeclamptic pregnant women by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry: a prospective case-controlled study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International J Clin Exp Path, 7(5), 1900-1910.
  • Al-Sabbagh TA, Swanson LV, Thompson JM (1995). The effect of ewe body condition at lambing on colostral immunoglobulin G concentration and lamb performance. J Anim Sci, 73(10), 2860-2864.
  • Alves AC, Alves NG, Ascari IJ, et al. (2015). Colostrum composition of Santa Inês sheep and passive transfer of immunity to lambs. J Dairy Sci, 98(6), 3706-3716.
  • Boland TM, Keane N, Nowakowski P, Brophy PO; Crosby TF (2005). High mineral and vitamin E intake by pregnant ewes lowers colostral immunoglobulin G absorption by the lamb. J Anim Sci, 83(4), 871-878.
  • Ceyhan A, Sezenler T, Yıldırır M, Erdogan İ (2010). Reproductive performance and lamb growth characteristics of Ramlıç sheep. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16, 213-216.
  • Christley RM, Morgan KL, Parkin TDH, French NP (2003). Factors related to the risk of neonatal mortality, birth-weight and serum immunoglobulin concentration in lambs in the UK. Preventive Vet Med, 57(4), 209-226.
  • Corah L (1996). Trace mineral requirements of grazing cattle. Anim Feed Sci Tec, 59(1-3), 61-70.
  • Corner RA, Mulvaney FJ, Morris ST, et al. (2013). A comparison of the reproductive performance of ewe lambs and mature ewes. Small Rum Res, 114(1), 126-133.
  • Dakka AA, Abd-EL-Aal TS (1992). Studies on minerals picture in the blood sera of egyptian sheep. Assiut Vet Med J (Egypt), 28, 242-249.
  • E Hernandez-Castellano LM, Almeida A, Castro N, Arguello A (2014). The colostrum proteome, ruminant nutrition and immunity: a review. Cur Prot Pep Sci, 15(1), 64-74.
  • Ekiz B, Altınel A (2007). The Growth and Survival Characteristics of Lambs Produced by Commercial Crossbreeding Kıvırcık Ewes with F_2 Rams with the German Black-Headed Mutton Genotype. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30(6), 507-512.
  • El-Tarabany AA (2012). Physiological changes in ewes conceived single or twins fetuses related with survivability of lambs. Arab J Nuc Sci App, 45(3), 1-1.
  • Gardner DS, Buttery PJ, Daniel Z, Symonds ME (2007). Factors affecting birth weight in sheep: maternal environment. Reproduction, 133(1), 297-307.
  • Gökçe E, Atakişi O (2019). Interrelationships of Serum and Colostral IgG (Passive Immunity) with Total Protein Concentrations and Health in Lambs. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25(3), 387-396.
  • Gürdogan F, Yıldız A, Balıkcı E (2006). Investigation of serum Cu, Zn, Fe and Se concentrations during pregnancy (60, 100 and 150 days) and after parturition (45 days) in single and twin pregnant sheep. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30(1), 61-64.
  • Hostetler CE, Kincaid RL, Mirando MA (2003). The role of essential trace elements in embryonic and fetal development in livestock. The Vet J, 166(2), 125-139.
  • Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Academic Press, USA.
  • Kenyon PR, Stafford KJ, Jenkinson CMC, Morris ST, West DM (2007). The body composition and metabolic status of twin-and triplet-bearing ewes and their fetuses in late pregnancy. Livestock Sci, 107(2-3), 103-112.
  • Koncagül S, Vural ME, Karataş A, Akca N, Bingöl M (2013). Reproductive performance of ewes and growth characteristics of lambs in Zom sheep reared in Karacadağ District. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 19(1), 63-68.
  • Kulcu R, Yur F (2003). A study of some serum mineral levels before and during pregnancy and during lactation period of sheep and cattle. Biol Trace Elem Res, 92(3), 275-279.
  • Marques AVS, Soares PC, Riet-Correa F, et al. (2011). Teores séricos e hepáticos de cobre, ferro, molibdênio zinco em ovinos e caprinos no estado de Pernambuco. Pesqui Vet Bras, 31(5), 398-406.
  • Massimini G, Britti D, Peli A, Cinotti S (2006). Effect of passive transfer status on preweaning growth performance in dairy lambs. J Am Vet Med Ass, 229(1), 111-115.
  • Morris CA, Hickey SM, Clarke JN (2000). Genetic and environmental factors affecting lamb survival at birth and through to weaning. New Zealand J Agri Res, 43(4), 515-524.
  • Nowak R, Poindron P (2006). From birth to colostrum: early steps leading to lamb survival. Reprod Nut Dev, 46(4), 431-446.
  • Nunes ABV (2006). Estudo da transmissão da imunidade passiva e da mortalidade em cordeiros mestiços de Santa Inês, na região Norte de Minas Gerais. Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
  • O'Doherty JV, Crosby TF (1997). The effect of diet in late pregnancy on colostrum production and immunoglobulin absorption in sheep. Anim Sci, 64(1), 87-96.
  • Roubies N, Panousis N, Fytianou A, et al. (2006). Effects of age and reproductive stage on certain serum biochemical parameters of Chios sheep under Greek rearing conditions. J Vet Med, 53(6), 277-281.
  • Ryssen V, Stielau WJ (1981). Effect of different levels of dietary molybdenum on copper and Mo metabolism in sheep fed on high levels of Cu. British J Nut, 45(1), 203-210.
  • Quigley J (2005). Managing variation in calf and heifer programs. In: Proc. 20th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, Arizona.
  • Sansom BF, Bunch KJ, Dew SM (1982). Changes in plasma calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and hydroxyproline concentrations in ewes from twelve weeks before until three weeks after lambing. British Vet J, 138(5), 393-401.
  • Silva TR, Soares PC, Dantas AF, et al. (2018). Serum and liver copper, iron, molybdenum and zinc concentration in goats and sheep in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Pesqui Vet Bras, 38(7), 1313-1316.
  • Teixeira IAMA, Resende KT, Silva AMA, et al. (2013). Mineral requirements for growth of wool and hair lambs. R Bras Zootec, 42(5), 347-353.
  • Thompson JM, Meyer HH (1994). Body condition scoring of sheep. Corvallis, OR: Extension Service, Oregon State University.
  • Turquino CM, Flaiban KMC, Lisbôa JAN (2011). Transferência de imunidade passiva em cordeiros de corte manejados extensivamente em clima tropica. Pesqui Vet Bras, 31, 99-205.
  • Vatankhah M (2013). Relationship between immunoglobulin concentrations in the ewes serum and colostrum, and lambs serum in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. Iran J Appl Anim Sci, 3(3), 539-544.
  • Vural ME (2013). Reproductive Performance of Ewes and Growth Characteristics of Lambs in Zom Sheep Reared in Karacadag District. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 19(1), 63-68.
  • Yaralı E, Karaca O (2004). Kıvırcık koyunları farklı senkronizasyon uygulamalarında kuzu üretimi ile kuzuların canlı ağırlık ve belgözü ultrasonik ölçüm parametreleri. In: 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, Isparta, Türkiye.
  • Yıldız A, Balıkcı E, Gurdogan F (2005). Serum mineral levels at pregnancy and postpartum in single and twin pregnant sheep. Biol Trace Elem Res, 107(3), 247-254.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Kudret Yenilmez 0000-0002-5532-0525

Sezai Arslan 0000-0001-9537-6024

Servet Kılıç 0000-0002-0310-5014

Hasan Atalay 0000-0002-5744-7538

Publication Date July 31, 2021
Submission Date February 23, 2021
Acceptance Date May 19, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 32 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yenilmez, K., Arslan, S., Kılıç, S., Atalay, H. (2021). The effect of twinship on mineral matter, immunoglobulin G and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs. Van Veterinary Journal, 32(2), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.883472
AMA Yenilmez K, Arslan S, Kılıç S, Atalay H. The effect of twinship on mineral matter, immunoglobulin G and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs. Van Vet J. July 2021;32(2):62-68. doi:10.36483/vanvetj.883472
Chicago Yenilmez, Kudret, Sezai Arslan, Servet Kılıç, and Hasan Atalay. “The Effect of Twinship on Mineral Matter, Immunoglobulin G and Lamb Birth Weight in Late Pregnant Ewes and Their Newborn Lambs”. Van Veterinary Journal 32, no. 2 (July 2021): 62-68. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.883472.
EndNote Yenilmez K, Arslan S, Kılıç S, Atalay H (July 1, 2021) The effect of twinship on mineral matter, immunoglobulin G and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs. Van Veterinary Journal 32 2 62–68.
IEEE K. Yenilmez, S. Arslan, S. Kılıç, and H. Atalay, “The effect of twinship on mineral matter, immunoglobulin G and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs”, Van Vet J, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 62–68, 2021, doi: 10.36483/vanvetj.883472.
ISNAD Yenilmez, Kudret et al. “The Effect of Twinship on Mineral Matter, Immunoglobulin G and Lamb Birth Weight in Late Pregnant Ewes and Their Newborn Lambs”. Van Veterinary Journal 32/2 (July 2021), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.883472.
JAMA Yenilmez K, Arslan S, Kılıç S, Atalay H. The effect of twinship on mineral matter, immunoglobulin G and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs. Van Vet J. 2021;32:62–68.
MLA Yenilmez, Kudret et al. “The Effect of Twinship on Mineral Matter, Immunoglobulin G and Lamb Birth Weight in Late Pregnant Ewes and Their Newborn Lambs”. Van Veterinary Journal, vol. 32, no. 2, 2021, pp. 62-68, doi:10.36483/vanvetj.883472.
Vancouver Yenilmez K, Arslan S, Kılıç S, Atalay H. The effect of twinship on mineral matter, immunoglobulin G and lamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs. Van Vet J. 2021;32(2):62-8.

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