Review
BibTex RIS Cite

The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 125 - 129, 26.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.935024

Abstract

Canine cognitive disorder (CDS) is a neurodegenerative, progressive, and irreversible disorder of senior dogs, generally over eight years old. CDS is characterized by a decrease in cognitive functions. Clinically significant changes in dog’s behavior and daily routines including disorientation, decrease in social interactions, changes in sleep-wake cycles, loss of household habits, poor communication, increased anxiety, and changes in activity levels with the potential to create significant problems and discomfort in the lifestyle of the owners, deteriorating pet-owner attachment and generally be frustrating for the owner. The definite diagnosis depends on brain biopsies, and there is no confirmed clinical diagnosis method developed, meeting the whole criteria of CDS. The owner assessment using several scales available is the primary tool to rely on, which has a high potential to be subjective. Although it still has many dark sides, CDS is a disease with convenient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies available. Veterinarians need to consider this disease in geriatric patients and cooperate by increasing owner awareness, stopping or at least slowing down the disease in elderly dogs, and making the geriatric period more comfortable for both the dog and the owner. This review aims to introduce current information in the diagnosis and treatment of CDS.

References

  • Adams B, Chan A, Callahan H, Milgram NW (2000). The canine as a model of human cognitive aging: recent developments. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 24 (5), 675–692.
  • Bastiaanssen T, Cowan C, Claesson MJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2019). Making Sense of the Microbiome in Psychiatry nt J Neuropsychopharmacol, 22 (1), 37–52.
  • Bature, F, Guinn, B-A, Pang, D, Pappas, Y (2017). Signs and symptoms preceding the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic scoping review of literature from 1937 to 2016. BMJ Open 7:e015746.
  • Chapagain D, Virányi Z, Wallis LJ et al. (2017). Aging of attentiveness in border collies and other pet dog breeds: the protective benefits of lifelong training. Front Aging Neurosci, 9, 100.
  • Condello C, Stöehr J (2018). Aβ propagation and strains: Implications for the phenotypic diversity in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis, 109, 191–200.
  • DeVos SL, Corjuc BT, Oakley DH, et al. (2018). Synaptic Tau seeding precedes Tau pathology in human Alzheimer’s disease brain. Front Neurosci, 12:267.
  • Dewey CW (2008). Encephalopathies: Disorders of the brain. In A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, 115-220, ed. C.W. Dewey. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
  • Dodd CE, Zicker SC, Jewell DE (2003). Can a fortified food affect the behavioral manifestations of age-related cognitive decline in dogs? Vet Med Anim Clin, 98, 396.
  • González-Martínez Á, Rosado B, Pesini P et al. (2011). Plasma β-amyloid peptides in canine aging and cognitive dysfunction as a model of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol, 46, 590–596.
  • Heath SE, Barabas S, Craze PG (2007). Nutritional supplementation in cases of caninecognitive dysfunction-a clinical trial. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 105, 274–283
  • Hoffman JM, Creevy KE, Franks A, O'Neill DG, Promislow DEL (2018). The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality. Aging Cell; 17, e12737.
  • Kelly SC, He B, Perez SE et al. (2017). Locus coeruleus cellular and molecular pathology during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun, 5 (1), 8.
  • Landsberg GM, Nichol J, Araujo JA (2012). Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: a disease of canine and feline brain aging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 42, 749–768.
  • Larsen JA, Farcas A (2014). Nutrition of aging dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 44 (4), 741–746.
  • Madari A, Farbakova J, Katina S et al. (2015). Assessment of severity and progression of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome using the CAnine DEmentia Scale (CADES). Appl Anim Behav Sci, 171, 138–145.
  • May K, Laflamme DP (2019). Nutrition and the aging brain of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 255 (11), 1245-1254.
  • Milgram NW, Landsberg G, Merrick D, Underwood MY (2015). A novel mechanism for cognitive enhancement in aged dogs with the use of a calcium-buffering protein. J Vet Behav, 10 (3), 217-222
  • Nagasawa M, Yatsuzuka A, Mogi K, Kikusui T (2012). A new behavioral test for detecting decline of age-related cognitive ability in dogs. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 7, 220–224.
  • Nešić S, Kukolj V, Marinkoviæ D, Vuèiæeviæ I, Jovanoviæ M (2017). Histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in elderly dogs. Vet Q, 37, 1–7.
  • O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC (2013). Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England. Vet J, 198 (3), 638–643.
  • Osella MC, ReG, Badino P (2008). Phosphatidylserine (PS) as a potential nutraceutical for canine brain aging: a review. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 3 (2), 41-51.
  • Ostrander EA Wayne RK, Freedman AH,Davis BW (2017). Demographic history, selection and functional diversity of the canine genome. Nat Rev Genet, 18, 705– 720.
  • Overall KL, Dunham AE, Scheifele P, Malowski KS (2019). Fear of noises affects canine problem-solving behavior and locomotion in standardized cognitive tests. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 221, 104863.
  • Ozawa M, Inoue M, Uchida K et al. (2019). Physical signs of canine cognitive dysfunction. J Vet Sci,81 (12), 1829–1834.
  • Pan Y (2011). Enhancing brain functions in senior dogs: a new nutritional approach. Top Companion Anim Med, 26 (1), 10–16.
  • Pan Y, Araujo JA, Burrows J et al. (2013). Cognitive enhancement in middle-aged and old cats with dietary supplementation with a nutrient blend containing fish oil, B vitamins, antioxidants and arginine. Br J Nutr, 110 (1), 40–49.
  • Rofina JE, van Ederen AM, Toussaint MJM et al. (2006). Cognitive disturbances in old dogs suffering from the canine counterpart of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 1069, 216–226.
  • Romanucci M, Della Salda L (2015). Oxydativestress and protein quality control systems in the aged canine brain as a model for human neurodegenerativedisorders. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, London.
  • Rosado B, González-Martínez Á, Pesini P et al. (2012). Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs. 1. Locomotor and exploratory behaviour. Vet J, 194, 189–195.
  • Rusbridge C, Salguero FJ, David MA et al. (2018). An aged Canid with behavioral deficits exhibits blood and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta oligomers. Front. Aging Neurosci, 10, 7.
  • Salvin HE, McGreevy PD, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela MJ (2011). Growing old gracefully – behavioral changes associated with “successful aging” in the dog, Canis familiaris. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 6, 313–320.
  • Schmidt F, Boltze J, Jäger C et al. (2015). Detection and Quantification of β-Amyloid, Pyroglutamyl Aβ, and Tau in Aged Canines. J Neuropathol Ex Neurol, 74 (9), 912–923.
  • Schneider BM, Dodman NH, Maranda L (2009). Use of memantine in treatment of canine compulsive disorders. J Vet Behav, 4 (3), 118-126.
  • Schütt T, Toft N, Berendt M (2015). A comparison of 2 screening questionnaires for clinical assessment of canine cognitive dysfunction. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 10, 452–458.
  • Selhub J, Troen A, Rosenberg IH (2010). B vitamins and the aging brain. Nutr Rev, 68, 112–118.
  • Siwak CT, Gruet P, Woehrle F et al. (2000). Behavioral activating effects of adrafinil in aged canines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 66, 293–300.
  • Studzinski CM, Christie LA, Araujo JA et al. (2006). Visuospatial function in the beagle dog: an early marker of cognitive decline in a model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 86, 197–204.
  • Szabó D, Gee NR, Miklósi Á (2016). Natural or pathologic? Discrepancies in the study of behavioral and cognitive signs in aging family dogs. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 11, 86– 98.
  • Tapp PD, Siwak CT, Estrada J, Holowachuk D, Milgram NW (2003). Effects of age on measures of complex working memory span in the beagle dog (Canis familiaris) using two versions of a spatial list learning paradigm. Learn Mem, 10, 148–160.
  • Toepper M. (2017). Dissociating Normal Aging from Alzheimer's Disease: A View from Cognitive Neuroscience. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD, 57 (2), 331–352.
  • Vauzour D, Camprubi-Robles M, Miquel-Kergoat S et al. (2017). Nutrition for the ageing brain: Towards evidence for an optimal diet. Ageing Res Rev, 35, 222–240.
  • Vučinić M, Đorđević M, Teodorović R et al. (2009). Reasons for relinquishment of owned dogs in a municipal shelter in Belgrade. Acta Vet-Beograd, 59 (2-3), 309-317.
  • Wallis L, Range F, Müller C et al. (2014). Lifespan development of attentiveness in domestic dogs: drawing parallels with humans. Front Psychol, 5, 71.
  • Wallis LJ, Virányi Z, Müller CA et al. (2016). Aging effects on discrimination learning, logical reasoning and memory in pet dogs. Age, 38 (1), 6.
  • Yu CH, Song GS, Yhee JY et al. (2011). Histopathological and immunohistochemical comparison of the brain of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease and the brain of aged dogs with cognitive dysfunction. J Comp Pathol, 145, 45–58.

Köpeklerin Yaşlanmaya Bağlı Bilişsel Bozukluğu

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 3, 125 - 129, 26.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.935024

Abstract

Köpek bilişsel bozukluğu (CDS), genellikle 8 yaşın üzerindeki yaşlı köpeklerde görülen nörodejeneratif, progresif ve geri dönüşümsüz bir bozukluktur. CDS, klinik olarak bilişsel işlevlerde azalma, günlük rutinlerinde önemli değişiklikler ve davranışlarda oryantasyon bozukluğu, sosyal etkileşimlerde azalma, uyku-uyanma döngülerinde değişiklikler, ev alışkanlıklarının kaybı, zayıf iletişim, artan anksiyete ve aktivite düzeylerinde değişiklikler dahil olmak üzere değişiklikler ile karakterizedir. Bu değişiklikler sahiplerin yaşam tarzlarında önemli sorunlar, ciddi rahatsızlık oluşturma, köpek ve sahip arası iletişimin bozulması potansiyeli barındırmasının yanı sıra bazen köpek sahibi için dayanılmaz olma durumu vardır. Kesin tanı beyin biyopsilerine dayanmaktadır ve CDS'nin tüm kriterlerini karşılayan doğrulanmış bir klinik tanı yöntemi geliştirilmemiştir. Mevcut olan bir dizi ölçeğin sahiplerin görüşü doğrultusunda değerlendirilmesi, güvenilecek birincil araçtır ve öznel olma potansiyeli yüksektir. Hala birçok karanlık tarafı olmasına rağmen, CDS, kullanışlı tanı ve tedavi stratejileri olan bir hastalıktır. Veteriner hekimlerin geriatrik hastalarda bu hastalığı göz önünde bulundurması ve sahiplerin hastalık konusunda farkındalığını artırarak iş birliği yapması, yaşlı köpeklerde hastalığı durdurması veya en azından yavaşlatması ve geriatrik dönemi hem köpek hem de sahibi için daha konforlu hale getirmesi önemlidir. Bu derleme, CDS'nin tanı ve tedavisinde güncel bilgileri sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Adams B, Chan A, Callahan H, Milgram NW (2000). The canine as a model of human cognitive aging: recent developments. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 24 (5), 675–692.
  • Bastiaanssen T, Cowan C, Claesson MJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2019). Making Sense of the Microbiome in Psychiatry nt J Neuropsychopharmacol, 22 (1), 37–52.
  • Bature, F, Guinn, B-A, Pang, D, Pappas, Y (2017). Signs and symptoms preceding the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic scoping review of literature from 1937 to 2016. BMJ Open 7:e015746.
  • Chapagain D, Virányi Z, Wallis LJ et al. (2017). Aging of attentiveness in border collies and other pet dog breeds: the protective benefits of lifelong training. Front Aging Neurosci, 9, 100.
  • Condello C, Stöehr J (2018). Aβ propagation and strains: Implications for the phenotypic diversity in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis, 109, 191–200.
  • DeVos SL, Corjuc BT, Oakley DH, et al. (2018). Synaptic Tau seeding precedes Tau pathology in human Alzheimer’s disease brain. Front Neurosci, 12:267.
  • Dewey CW (2008). Encephalopathies: Disorders of the brain. In A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, 115-220, ed. C.W. Dewey. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
  • Dodd CE, Zicker SC, Jewell DE (2003). Can a fortified food affect the behavioral manifestations of age-related cognitive decline in dogs? Vet Med Anim Clin, 98, 396.
  • González-Martínez Á, Rosado B, Pesini P et al. (2011). Plasma β-amyloid peptides in canine aging and cognitive dysfunction as a model of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol, 46, 590–596.
  • Heath SE, Barabas S, Craze PG (2007). Nutritional supplementation in cases of caninecognitive dysfunction-a clinical trial. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 105, 274–283
  • Hoffman JM, Creevy KE, Franks A, O'Neill DG, Promislow DEL (2018). The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality. Aging Cell; 17, e12737.
  • Kelly SC, He B, Perez SE et al. (2017). Locus coeruleus cellular and molecular pathology during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun, 5 (1), 8.
  • Landsberg GM, Nichol J, Araujo JA (2012). Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: a disease of canine and feline brain aging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 42, 749–768.
  • Larsen JA, Farcas A (2014). Nutrition of aging dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 44 (4), 741–746.
  • Madari A, Farbakova J, Katina S et al. (2015). Assessment of severity and progression of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome using the CAnine DEmentia Scale (CADES). Appl Anim Behav Sci, 171, 138–145.
  • May K, Laflamme DP (2019). Nutrition and the aging brain of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 255 (11), 1245-1254.
  • Milgram NW, Landsberg G, Merrick D, Underwood MY (2015). A novel mechanism for cognitive enhancement in aged dogs with the use of a calcium-buffering protein. J Vet Behav, 10 (3), 217-222
  • Nagasawa M, Yatsuzuka A, Mogi K, Kikusui T (2012). A new behavioral test for detecting decline of age-related cognitive ability in dogs. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 7, 220–224.
  • Nešić S, Kukolj V, Marinkoviæ D, Vuèiæeviæ I, Jovanoviæ M (2017). Histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in elderly dogs. Vet Q, 37, 1–7.
  • O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC (2013). Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England. Vet J, 198 (3), 638–643.
  • Osella MC, ReG, Badino P (2008). Phosphatidylserine (PS) as a potential nutraceutical for canine brain aging: a review. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 3 (2), 41-51.
  • Ostrander EA Wayne RK, Freedman AH,Davis BW (2017). Demographic history, selection and functional diversity of the canine genome. Nat Rev Genet, 18, 705– 720.
  • Overall KL, Dunham AE, Scheifele P, Malowski KS (2019). Fear of noises affects canine problem-solving behavior and locomotion in standardized cognitive tests. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 221, 104863.
  • Ozawa M, Inoue M, Uchida K et al. (2019). Physical signs of canine cognitive dysfunction. J Vet Sci,81 (12), 1829–1834.
  • Pan Y (2011). Enhancing brain functions in senior dogs: a new nutritional approach. Top Companion Anim Med, 26 (1), 10–16.
  • Pan Y, Araujo JA, Burrows J et al. (2013). Cognitive enhancement in middle-aged and old cats with dietary supplementation with a nutrient blend containing fish oil, B vitamins, antioxidants and arginine. Br J Nutr, 110 (1), 40–49.
  • Rofina JE, van Ederen AM, Toussaint MJM et al. (2006). Cognitive disturbances in old dogs suffering from the canine counterpart of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 1069, 216–226.
  • Romanucci M, Della Salda L (2015). Oxydativestress and protein quality control systems in the aged canine brain as a model for human neurodegenerativedisorders. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, London.
  • Rosado B, González-Martínez Á, Pesini P et al. (2012). Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs. 1. Locomotor and exploratory behaviour. Vet J, 194, 189–195.
  • Rusbridge C, Salguero FJ, David MA et al. (2018). An aged Canid with behavioral deficits exhibits blood and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta oligomers. Front. Aging Neurosci, 10, 7.
  • Salvin HE, McGreevy PD, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela MJ (2011). Growing old gracefully – behavioral changes associated with “successful aging” in the dog, Canis familiaris. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 6, 313–320.
  • Schmidt F, Boltze J, Jäger C et al. (2015). Detection and Quantification of β-Amyloid, Pyroglutamyl Aβ, and Tau in Aged Canines. J Neuropathol Ex Neurol, 74 (9), 912–923.
  • Schneider BM, Dodman NH, Maranda L (2009). Use of memantine in treatment of canine compulsive disorders. J Vet Behav, 4 (3), 118-126.
  • Schütt T, Toft N, Berendt M (2015). A comparison of 2 screening questionnaires for clinical assessment of canine cognitive dysfunction. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 10, 452–458.
  • Selhub J, Troen A, Rosenberg IH (2010). B vitamins and the aging brain. Nutr Rev, 68, 112–118.
  • Siwak CT, Gruet P, Woehrle F et al. (2000). Behavioral activating effects of adrafinil in aged canines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 66, 293–300.
  • Studzinski CM, Christie LA, Araujo JA et al. (2006). Visuospatial function in the beagle dog: an early marker of cognitive decline in a model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 86, 197–204.
  • Szabó D, Gee NR, Miklósi Á (2016). Natural or pathologic? Discrepancies in the study of behavioral and cognitive signs in aging family dogs. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 11, 86– 98.
  • Tapp PD, Siwak CT, Estrada J, Holowachuk D, Milgram NW (2003). Effects of age on measures of complex working memory span in the beagle dog (Canis familiaris) using two versions of a spatial list learning paradigm. Learn Mem, 10, 148–160.
  • Toepper M. (2017). Dissociating Normal Aging from Alzheimer's Disease: A View from Cognitive Neuroscience. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD, 57 (2), 331–352.
  • Vauzour D, Camprubi-Robles M, Miquel-Kergoat S et al. (2017). Nutrition for the ageing brain: Towards evidence for an optimal diet. Ageing Res Rev, 35, 222–240.
  • Vučinić M, Đorđević M, Teodorović R et al. (2009). Reasons for relinquishment of owned dogs in a municipal shelter in Belgrade. Acta Vet-Beograd, 59 (2-3), 309-317.
  • Wallis L, Range F, Müller C et al. (2014). Lifespan development of attentiveness in domestic dogs: drawing parallels with humans. Front Psychol, 5, 71.
  • Wallis LJ, Virányi Z, Müller CA et al. (2016). Aging effects on discrimination learning, logical reasoning and memory in pet dogs. Age, 38 (1), 6.
  • Yu CH, Song GS, Yhee JY et al. (2011). Histopathological and immunohistochemical comparison of the brain of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease and the brain of aged dogs with cognitive dysfunction. J Comp Pathol, 145, 45–58.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Derleme
Authors

Saba Raouf 0000-0002-1280-9021

Umut Aağan 0000-0003-2575-4899

Büşra Uzun 0000-0002-4314-6814

Duygu Dalgın 0000-0001-5253-5232

Publication Date November 26, 2021
Submission Date May 8, 2021
Acceptance Date October 10, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Raouf, S., Aağan, U., Uzun, B., Dalgın, D. (2021). The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder. Van Veterinary Journal, 32(3), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.935024
AMA Raouf S, Aağan U, Uzun B, Dalgın D. The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder. Van Vet J. November 2021;32(3):125-129. doi:10.36483/vanvetj.935024
Chicago Raouf, Saba, Umut Aağan, Büşra Uzun, and Duygu Dalgın. “The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder”. Van Veterinary Journal 32, no. 3 (November 2021): 125-29. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.935024.
EndNote Raouf S, Aağan U, Uzun B, Dalgın D (November 1, 2021) The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder. Van Veterinary Journal 32 3 125–129.
IEEE S. Raouf, U. Aağan, B. Uzun, and D. Dalgın, “The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder”, Van Vet J, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 125–129, 2021, doi: 10.36483/vanvetj.935024.
ISNAD Raouf, Saba et al. “The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder”. Van Veterinary Journal 32/3 (November 2021), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.935024.
JAMA Raouf S, Aağan U, Uzun B, Dalgın D. The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder. Van Vet J. 2021;32:125–129.
MLA Raouf, Saba et al. “The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder”. Van Veterinary Journal, vol. 32, no. 3, 2021, pp. 125-9, doi:10.36483/vanvetj.935024.
Vancouver Raouf S, Aağan U, Uzun B, Dalgın D. The Insidious Disorder Hiding Behind Aging: Canine Cognitive Disorder. Van Vet J. 2021;32(3):125-9.

88x31.png

Accepted papers are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License