Export performance measures and factors affecting export performance

Year 2013, Issue: 1, 43 - 74, 01.02.2013

Eyüp Kahveci

Abstract

esearch analyzing the impacts of enterprise features and administrative, strategic and environmental factors on export performance have gained increasing importance in previous periods because of the increasing importance of exports in world trade. Export performance is mainly defined as the output obtained from the company's international sales. In spite of the research aiming to examine and explain the determinants of export performance, there is no consensus on the determinants of export performance (Aaby and Slatter, 1989; Bonaccorsi, 1992; Madsen, 1987; Moini, 1995; Diamantopoulos, 1999; Shoham, 1998; Zou and Stan, 1998). In this study, detailed information about the concepts related to export performance and export competitive advantage has been given, firstly. Then, by elaborating on export performance measures and the factors affecting export performance, comparison problem for export performance has been analysed.

Keywords

-

İhracat performansı ölçütleri ve ihracat performansını etkileyen faktörler

Abstract

Dünya ticareti içinde ihracatın giderek artan önemi nedeniyle işletme özellik- leri, yönetimsel, stratejik ve çevresel faktörlerin ihracat performansı üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen araştırmalar da son dönemlerde giderek önem kazanmıştır. İhracat performansı, genel olarak işletmenin uluslararası satışlardan elde et- tiği çıktılar şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. İhracat performansının belirleyicilerini incelemek ve tanımlamak için yapılan araştırmalara rağmen; ihracat perfor- mansının belirleyicileri hakkında bir görüş birliği bulunmamaktadır (Aaby ve Slatter, 1989; Bonaccorsi, 1992; Madsen, 1987; Moini, 1995; Diamantopou- los,1999; Shoham, 1998; Zou ve Stan 1998). Çalışmada öncelikle, ihracat performansı ve ihracat rekabet avantajı ile ilgili kavramlar hakkında ayrıntılı açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Ardından, ihracat performans ölçütleri, ihracat performansını etkileyen faktörler açıklanarak ih- racat performansında karşılaştırma sorunu incelenmiştir.

Keywords

-

References

• • AAKER, A. D., (1989), “Managing Assets and Skills: The Key to A Sustainable Competitive Advantage”, California Management Review, Kış • AABY, N.E. and SLATER, S.F., (1989), “Management influences on export performance: A review of the empirical literature 1978-88”, International Marketing Review, C.6 S.4, s.7-26
• • AKTAN, C.C., (2003), Değişim Çağında Yönetim, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 67–125
• • ALVAREZ, R.E., (2007), “Explaining Export Success: Firm Characteristics and Spillover Effects” World Development, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 377–393
• • ATHUKORALA, P., SUPHACHALASAI, S., (2004), “Post-crisis Export Performance in Thailand” ASEAN Economic Bulletin, Nisan, 21, 1, 19-36
• • AXINN, C.N., (1988), “Export performance: Do managerial perceptions make a difference?” International Marketing Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, s. 61-71
• • AXINN, C.N., (1994), “Introduction: International perspectives on export marketing”, in Cavusgil,S.T. and Axinn, C. (Eds), Advances in International Marketing, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, Vol. 6, pp. 11-16
• • AXINN, C.N. ve THACH, S.V., (1990), “Linking export performance to the marketing practices of machine tool exporters”, in Cavusgil, S.T. and Axinn, C
• (Eds), Advances in International Marketing, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, Vol. 4, pp. 117-39
• • BARTLETT C.A. and GHOSHAL S., (1989), Managing Across Borders, The Transnational Solution, Harvard Business School Press, Boston
• • BARNEY, J. B., (1991), “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage”, Journal of Management, C.17, s. 99–120
• • BARNEY, Jay B., (1986), “Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?”, Academy of Management Review, C.11, S.3, s.656–665
• • BARNEY, J. B. ve CLARK, D. N., (2007), Resource – Based Theory Creating and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, Oxford Press
• • BIJMOLT, T.H.A. and ZWART, P.S., (1994), “The Impact of Internal Factors on the Export Success of Dutch Small and Medium-Sized Firms”, Journal of Small Business Management, Nisan, s. 69-82
• • BILKEY, W. J., (1978), “An Attempted Integration Of The Literature On The Export Behavior Of Firms”, Journal of International Business Studies, 9(1), s. 33–46
• • BILKEY, Warren J., (1982), “Variables Associated With Export Profitability”, Journal of International Business Studies, sonbahar, Vol. 13, Issue 2, p39-55
• • BILKEY, W.J., (1985), “Development of Export Marketing Guidelines”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 2, no. 1, spring, s.31-40
• • BONACCORSI, Andrea, (1992), “On the Relationship Between Firm Size and Export Intensity”, Journal of International Business Studies, 23, s.605-635
• • BUHNER, R., (1987), “Assesing International Diversification of West German Corporations”, Strategic Management Journal, 8, 1, s.25-37
• • CALOF, Jonathan L., (1993), “The impact of size on internationalization”, Journal of Small Business Management, 31, 4, s.60-69
• • ÇAVUŞGİL, S. T., & NEVİN, J. R., (1981),“Internal Determinants of Export Marketing Behavior: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), s. 114-119
• ÇAVUŞGİL, S. T., (1984), “Organizational Characteristics Associated with Export Activity”, Journal of Management Studies, 21(1), s.3-22
• ÇAVUŞGİL, S.T., and ZOU, S., (1994), “Marketing Strategy Performance Relationships: An Investigation Of The Emprical Link In Export Market Ventures”, Journal of Marketing, S.58, s.1-21
• ÇAVUŞGİL, S.T. ve KIRPALANI, V.H., (1993), “Introducing Products into Export Markets: Success Factors”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 27, s. 1-15
• CHANDLER, A.D., (1962), Strategy and Structure, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass
• CHANDLER, A., (2001), Inventing the electronic century: The Epic story of the consumer electronics and computer industries, New York: Free Press
• CHETTY, S.K. and HAMILTON, R.T., (1993), “Firm-level determinants of export performance: A meta-analysis”, International Marketing Review, C.10, S.3, s
• 26-34
• COLLIS, D.J., (1991), “A Resource-Based Analysis Of Global Competition: The Case Of The Bearings Industry”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, pp
• 49–68
• COOPER, Robert G., KLEINSCHMIDT, E., J., (1985), “The Impact of Export Strategy on Export Sales Performance”, Journal of International Business Studies, C.16, S.37-55
• CRAIG, C Julian, O’CASS, Aron, (2004), “The Antecedents of Export Marketing Performance: An Australian Perspective”, Journal of Asia Pacific Marketing, 3,2, s.99-113
• CRICK, David, Robert BRADSHAW, Shiv CHAUDHRY, (2006) “Successful internationalizing UK family and non-family-owned firms: a comparative study”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, C.13 No.4, s.498-512
• CZINKOTA, Michael R. ve V. VESLEY, Johnston, (1983), “Exporting: Does Sales Volume Make a Difference?” Journal of International Business Studies, 14 (Spring/Summer), 147-53
• DAS, Mallida, (1994), “Successful and Unsuccessful Exporters from Developing Countries: Some Preliminary Findings”, European Journal of Marketing, 28 (12). 19–33
• DEAN D. L., MENGUC, B., MYERS, C. P., (2000), “Revisiting Firm Characteristics, Strategy and Export Performance Relationship: A Survey of the Literature and an Investigation of New Zealand Small Manufacturing Firms”, Industrial Marketing Management, 29, 461–477
• DENIS, J.E., DEPELTEAU, D., (1985), “Market knowledge, diversification and export expansion”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.16 s.77-89
• DHANARAJ, Charles; BEAMISH, Paul W., (2003), ”A resource-based approach to the study of export performance”, Journal of Small Business Management, 41, 3, s.242-261
• DIAMANTOPOULOS, Adamantios, (1999), “Viewpoint Export performance measurement: Reflective versus formative indicators”, International Marketing Review, C.16, No.6, s.444–457
• • DIAMANTOPOULOS, A., INGLIS, K., (1988), “Identifying differences between high and low involvement exporters”, International Marketing Review, Vol
• 5 No.2, s.52-60
• • DONTHU, N. ve KIM, S.H., (1993), “Implications of Firm Controllable Factors on Export Growth”, Journal of Global Marketing, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 47-63
• • FEURER, Rainer - CHAHARBAGHI, Kazem, (1994), “Defining Competitiveness: A Holistic Approach”, Managemenet Decision, Vol:32, No: 2
• • GERINGER, J. M., BEAMISH P. W., DA COSTA, R. C., (1989), “Diversification Strategy and Internationalization: Implications for MNE Performance”, Strategic Management Journal, 10, 2, s.109-119 • GEMÜNDEN, H.G., (1991), “Success factors of export marketing: A meta-analytic critique of empirical studies”’, Paliwoda, S.J. (Ed.) içinde, New Perspectives on International Marketing, s.33-62
• • GRANT, Robert M., (1987), “Multinationality and Performance Among British Manufacturing Companies”, Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, 18:3, s.79-89
• • HAMEL, G. ve PRAHALAD, C.K., (1989), “Strategic Intent”, Harvard Business Review, 67(3), 63
• • HEDGES, L.V., OLKIN, I., (1980), “Vote-counting methods in research synthesis”, Psychological Bulletin, 88, s.359–369
• • HOFER, C.W. ve SCHENDEL, D., (1978), Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts, West Publishing, St Paul, MN
• • HOLZMULLER, H.H. and KASPER, H., (1991), “On a Theory of Export Performance: Personal and Organizational Determinants of Export Trade Activities Observed in Small and Medium-Sized Firms”, Management International Review, Vol
• 31, Special Issue, s.45-70
• • ITO, K., (1997), “Domestic Competitive Position and Export Strategy of Japanese Manufacturing Firms: 1971-1985”, Management Science, 43, 5, s.610-623
• • JOHNSON, Jean L. and WIBOON Arunthanes, (1995), “Ideal and Actual Product Adaptation in U.S. Exporting Firms”, International Marketing Review, 12 (3), 31-46
• • KALEKA, Anna, (2002), “Resources and capabilities driving competitive advantage in export markets: Guidelines for industrial exporters”, Industrial Marketing Management, C.31, S.3, s.273-283
• • KATSIKEAS, C., (1994), “Perceived Export Problems and Export Involvement: The Case of Greek Exporting Manufacturers”, Journal of Global Marketing, 7(4), 29–57
• • KATSIKEAS, C.S., PIERCY, N.F. ve IOANNIDIS, C., (1996), “Determinants of export performance in a European Context”, European Journal of Marketing, C.30, S.6, s.6-35
• • KATSIKEAS, S. CONSTANTINE, Leonidou, LEONIDAS C. ve MORGAN, Neil A., (2000), “Firm Level Export Performance Assessment, Review Evaluation and Development, Journal of the Academy of Marketing, Vol.28, No.4, 493-511
• • KOH, A.C., (1991), “Relationships among Organisational Characteristics, Marketing Strategy and Export Performance”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 8 No. 3, s. 46-60
• • KNUDSEN, Thorbjørn, MADSEN, Tage Koed, (2002), “Export strategy: A dynamic capabilities perspective”, Scandinavian Journal of Management, C.18, S.4, s.475-502
• • LAGES, L. F., (2000), “A Conceptual Framework of the Determinants of Export Performance: Reorganizing Key Variables and Shifting Contingencies in Export Marketing”, Journal of Global Marketing, 13(3), s. 29-51
• • LAGES, Luis Filipe, LAGES, Carmen ve LAGES, Cristiana R., (2005), “Bringing Export Performance Metrics into Annual Reports: The APEV Scale and the PERFEX Scorecard”, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 13, No. 3, s.79– 104
• • LAL, K., (2004), “E-Business and Export Behavior: Evidence from Indian Firms”, World Development, C.32, S.3, s.505-517
• • LEONIDOU L.C., KATSIKEAS C.S., (1996), “The export development process: A review of empirical models”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27, 3, s. 545– 79
• • LOUTER, P.J., OUWERKERK, C. ve BAKKER, B.A., (1991), “An Inquiry into Successful Exporting”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 25 No. 6, s. 7-23
• • MA, Hao., (2004), “Toward Global Competitive Advantage Creation, Competition, Cooperation and Co-option”, Management Decision, Vol. 42, No:7, s.907-924
• • MADSEN, T.K., (1987), “Empirical export performance studies: A review of conceptualizations and findings”, in Cavusgil, S.T. and Axinn, C. (Eds), Advances in International Marketing, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, C. 2, s.177-98
• • MADSEN, T.K., (1989), “Successful export marketing management: Some empirical evidence”, International Marketing Review, C.6, No.44, s.41-57
• • MAS-RUIZ, FRANCISCO Jose, NICOLAU-GONZALBEZ, Juan Luis, RUIZ-MORENO, Felipe, (2002), “Foreign expansion strategy and performance”, International Marketing Review, 19, 4/5, s.348 – 368
• • MCCONNELL, James E., (1979), “The Export Decision: An Empirical Study of Firm Behavior”, Economic Geography, C. 55, S.3, s.171-83
• • MCGUINNESS, Norman W. ve BLAIR, Little, (1981), “The Influence of Product Characteristics on the Export Performance of New Industrial Products”, Journal of Marketing, 45 (Spring), 110-22
• • MEYER, A., D., (1982), “Adapting to Environmental Jolts”, Administration Science Quarterly, 27, s.515-537 • MOINI, A. H., (1995), “An Inquiry into Succesfull Exporting: An Empirical Investigation Using a Three-Stage Model”, Journal of Small Business Management, s.9-23
• • NAIDU, G.M. and PRASAD, V.K., (1994), “Predictors of Export Strategy and Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Firms”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 31, pp. 107-15
• • PENROSE, E. T., (1959), The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, Newyork, Wiley
• • PERÇİN, S., (2005), “İhracat Performansını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi ve Firmaların İhracat Performans Ölçülerine Göre Sınıflandırılmasındaki Rolü: İSO 1000 Sanayi Firmaları Uygulaması”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9, 139-155
• • PFEFFER J., (1994), Competitive Advantage through people: Unleashing the power of the workforce, Boston; Harvard Business School Press
• • PIERCY, N., (1981), “Company Internationalization: Active and Reactive Exporting”, Europaan Journal of Marketing, 13 (3), 26-40
• • PIERCY, Nigel F., KALEKA, Anna, KATSIKEAS, Constantine S., (1998), “Sources of Competitive Advantage in High Performing Exporting Companies”, Journal of World Business, C.33, S.4, s.378-391
• • PORTER, M.E., (1980), Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, NY
• • ROBERTSON, Christopher, Sylvie K. CHETTY, (2000), “A contingency-based approach to understanding export performance”, International Business Review, C.9, S.2, s.211-235
• • SCHMALANSEE, R., (1985), “Do Markets Differ Much?”, American Economic Rewiev, 75, Haziran, s.341-351 • SCHLEGELMILCH, B.B. and ROSS, A.G., (1987), “The Influence of Managerial Characteristics on Different Measures of Export Success”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 145-58
• • SCHUMPETER, J.A., (1950), Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Harper and Row, New York
• • SHOHAM, A., (1996), “Marketing-mix standardization: Determinants of export performance”, Journal of Global Marketing, C.10, No. 2, s.53-73
• • SHOHAM, A., (1998), “Export Performance: Conceptualization and Empirical ssessment”, Journal of International Marketing, 6(3), s. 59-81
• • SINGER, T.O. ve CZINKOTA, M.R., (1994), “Factors Associated With Effective Use of Export Assistance”, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 2 No. 1, s. 53- 71
• • SALOMON R., ve SHAVER J. M.,“Export and Domestic sales Their Interrelationship and Determinants”, Strategic Management Journal, 26, s.855–871
• • SRIRAM, V. ve MANU, F.A., (1995), “Country-of-destination and export marketing strategy: A study of US exporters”, Journal of Global Marketing, Vol. 8 No. 3-4, s. 171-90
• • STYLES, Chris, AMBLER, Tim, (1994), “Successful export practice: The UK experience”, International Marketing Review, 1994; 11, 6, s.23-47
• • TEECE, D. J., PISANO, G., & SHUEN, A., (1997), “Dynamic capabilities and strategic management”, Strategic Management Journal, 18, 509–534
• • THIRKELL, Peter C., RAMADHANI, Dau, (1998), “Export performance: Success determinants for New Zealand manufacturing exporters”, European Journal of Marketing, C.32, No.9/10, s.813-829
• • VALOS, Michael, BAKER, Michael, (1996), “Developing an Australian model of export marketing performance determinants”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 14, 3, s.11–20
• • ZOU, Shaoming, Simona STAN, (1998), “The determinants of export performance: A review of the empirical literature between 1987 and 1997”, International Marketing Review, C.15, S.5, s.333
• • ZOU, Shaoming, Charles R. TAYLOR, Gregory E. OSLAND, (1998), “The EXPERF Scale: A cross-national generalized export performance measure”, Journal of International Marketing, C.6, S.3, s.37