The Effect of Industry 4.0 Technologies and Circular Economy on Sustainable Business Performance: Application in the Elevator Industry

Year 2024, Volume: 58 Issue: 4, 601 - 622, 31.10.2024

Mevlüt Köksal

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1485238

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine whether Industry 4.0 technologies and circular economy have a direct or indirect effect on the sustainable performance of businesses.
Method: The scale created in the study and the data collected from businesses were analyzed using structural equation modelling. The relationships between variables could be determined more accurately.
Findings: In the study, a structural equation model was established with 9 variables from Industry 4.0 technologies, 6 variables from circular economy and 3 variables from sustainable performance and their sub-variables. As a result of the analysis, a significant and positive relationship was determined between Industry 4.0 and the circular economy and between the circular economy and sustainable performance, while a positive and significant relationship of Industry 4.0 technologies to sustainable performance through the circular economy was also determined.
Originality: In today's conditions, where competitiveness increases, efficiency and sustainability come to the fore, it is a necessity for businesses to evaluate their performance based on social and environmental indicators rather than just economic indicators. Determining how the circular economy model, which has emerged as a new concept at a point where sustainable performance is becoming increasingly important, and Industry 4.0 technologies, which have already opened the door to a new industrial revolution, will affect the performance in question and the relationship between the two concepts will fill the missing gap in the literature. It opens the door to an original work.

Keywords

Industry, Economy, Circularity, Sustainability, Performance

Endüstri 4.0 Teknolojileri ve Döngüsel Ekonominin Sürdürülebilir İşletme Performansına Etkisi: Asansör Sektöründe Uygulama

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Endüstri 4.0 teknolojileri ve döngüsel ekonominin işletmelerin sürdürülebilir performansına doğrudan veya dolaylı etkisinin olup olmadığını belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Çalışmada oluşturulan ölçek ile işletmelerden toplanan veriler yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler daha sağlıklı belirlenebilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmada Endüstri 4.0 teknolojilerinden 9 değişken ile döngüsel ekonomiden 6 değişken ve sürdürülebilir performanstan ise 3 değişken ve bunların alt değişkenleriyle yapısal eşitlik modeli kurulmuştur. Yapılan analiz neticesinde Endüstri 4.0 ile döngüsel ekonomi arasında ve döngüsel ekonomi ile sürdürülebilir performans arasında anlamlı ve pozitif ilişki tespit edilirken, Endüstri 4.0 teknolojilerinin döngüsel ekonomi üzerinden sürdürülebilir performansa pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişkisi de tespit edilmiştir.
Özgünlük: Rekabetçiliğin arttığı, verimliliğin ve sürdürülebilirliğinin ön plana çıktığı günümüz koşullarında işletmelerin performanslarını değerlendirmek için sadece ekonomi göstergesi yerine sosyal ve çevresel göstergeleri de baz almaları bir zorunluluk olmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir performansın giderek önem kazandığı bir noktada yeni bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkan döngüsel ekonomi modelinin ve hali hazırda yeni bir sanayi devrimine kapı aralayan Endüstri 4.0 teknolojilerinin işletmelerde beraber kullanılmasının söz konusu performansa nasıl etki edeceği ve iki kavramın aralarındaki ilişki boyutunun tespiti literatürde eksik olan boşluğu doldurması bakımından özgün bir çalışmaya kapı aralamaktadır.

Keywords

Sanayi, Ekonomi, Döngüsellik, Sürdürülebilirlik, Performans

References

• Açıkalın, N. (2020).” Sürdürülebilirlir Pazarlama Bakış Açısı ile Döngüsel Ekonomi İncelemesi”, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 9(3), 238-257.
• Adams, K., T., Osmani M., Thorpe, T. ve Thornback, J. (2017). “Circular Economy in Construction: Current Awareness, Challenges and Enablers”, Waste and Resource Management, 170, 15-24.
• Agrawal, R.W.V.A., Kumar, A., Upadhay, A. ve Garza-Reyes, J.A. (2021). “Nexus of Circular Economy and Sustainable Business Performance in the Era of Digitalization”, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(3), 748-774.
• Alonso-Martinez, D., Marchi, V. ve Maria, E. (2021). “The Sustainability Performances of Sustainable Business Models”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 323, 1-11.
• Altınpulluk, H. (2018).” Artırılmış Gerçekliği Anlamak: Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar”, Açık öğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 123-131
• Azapagic, A. ve Perdan S. (2000). “Indıcators of Sustaınable Development for Industry: A General Framework”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 78(4), 243-261
• Baccarelli, E., Naranjo, P., Scarpiniti, M., Shojafar, M. ve Abawajy, J. (2017), “Fog Of Everything: Energy-Efficient Networked Computing Architectures, Research Challenges, and A Case Study”,IEEE Access, 5, 9882-9910.
• Bag, S.ve Pretorius, J.H.C. (2020). “Relationships Between Industry 4.0, Sustainable Manufacturing and Circular Economy: Proposal of A Research Framework”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(4), 864-898.
• Balcıoğlu, İ. (2021).” The Impact of Agricultural Cooperatives on Circular Economy and Sustainability in the Context of Food Supply Chain Models”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yaşar Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• Banger, G. (2018).” Endüstri 4.0”, (2. Baskı), Dorlion Yayınları, Ankara.
• Bek, D. ve Lim, M. (2018).” The Circular Economy: The Circular Economy A Key Approach for Addressing Strategic Challenges in Supply Chains”, Social Business, 8, 95-102.
• Boulding, K. ve Werd, B. (2015). “The launch of Spaceship Earth”, Nature, 527, 443-445.
• Bressanelli, G., Adrodegari, F., Perona,M. ve Saccani, N. (2018). “Exploring How Usage-Focused Business Models Enable Circular Economy through Digital Technologies”, Sustainability,10(3),1-21.
• Bulut, E. (2017). “Endüstri 4.0 ve İnovasyon Göstergeleri Kapsamında Türkiye Analizi”, ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi, 4(7), 55-77.
• Carson, R. (2002).” Silent Spring”, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, New York.
• Çelen, S. (2017). “Sanayi 4.0 ve Simülasyon”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry,1(1), 9-26.
• Center for Sustainable Systems. (2002).” Sustainability Assessment and Reporting for The University of Michigan's Ann Arbor Campus”, Michigan.
• Chauhan, A., Kumar Jakhar, S. ve Chauhan, C. (2021). “The İnterplay of Circular Economy With İndustry 4.0 Enabled Smart City Drivers of Healthcare Waste Disposal”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 1-9.
• Chauhan, C., Singh, A. ve Luthra, S. (2020). “Barriers to Industry 4.0 Adoption and Its Performance Implications: An Empirical Investigation of Emerging Economy”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 1-9.
• Cheng,C.C. ve Shiu, E. C.(2012). “Validation of A Proposed İnstrument For Measuring Eco-İnnovation: An İmplementation Perspective”, Technovation,32(6), 329-344.
• Çirkin, E. ve Özdağoğlu, A. (2021). “Endüstri 4.0 Bünyesindeki Otonom Robotların Sürdürülebilirlik Perspektifleri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, Erciyes Akademi, 35(4), 1534-1553.
• Dantas, T.E.T., Destro, I.R., Souza, E. ve Hammers, G. (2021). “How the Combination of Circular Economy and Industry 4.0 Can Contribute Towards Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 213-227.
• Ding, L., Velicer, W.F. ve Harlow, L.L. (1995). “Effects of Estimation Methods, Number of Indicators per Factor, and Improper Solutions on Structural Equation Modeling Fit Indices”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2, 119-143.
• Doberstein, B. ve Geng, Y. (2010).” Developing the Circular Economy in China: Challenges and Opportunities for Achieving 'Leapfrog Development”, The International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,15(3), 231-239.
• Doğan, K. ve Arslantekin, S. (2016).” Büyük Veri: Önemi, Yapısı ve Günümüzdeki Durum”, DTCF Dergisi, 56(1), 15-36 Elisha, O.D. (2020). “Moving Beyond Take-Make-Dispose to Take-Make Use for Sustainable Economy”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 13(3), 497-516.
• Ellen Mac Arthur Foundation. (2015). “Towards to Circular Economy: Busıness Rationale for An Accelerated Transition”, İngiltere.
• Erbil, M. (2017). “Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi: Tanımlar ve Regresyondan Ayrılan Noktalar”, www.researchgate.net,1-17, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022).
• European Investment Bank. (2022). “The EIB Circular Economy Guide.2020”, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/cffe38e5-a930-11ea-bb7a-01aa75ed71a1/language-en, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2022).
• Fernando, Y., Jabbour, C.J.C. ve Wah, W. (2019). “Pursuing Green Growth in Technology Firms through the Connections between Environmental İnnovation and Sustainable Business Performance: Does Service Capability Matter?”, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 141, 8-20.
• Gilchrist, A. (2016). “Smart Factories. In: Industry 4.0”. Apress, Berkeley, Tayland. Global Reporting Initiative. (2013). “G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines”,Amsterdam
• Govindan, K. ve Hasanagic, M. (2018). “A Systematic Review on Drivers, Barriers, And Practices Towards Circular Economy: A Supply Chain Perspective”, International Journal of Production Research,56(1-2),278-311
• Gue, V.H.İ., Promentilla, M., Tan, R. ve Ubando, A. (2020). “Sector Perception of Circular Economy Driver İnterrelationships”, Journal of Cleaner Production,276,1-10.
• Gupta, H., Kumar, A. ve Wasan, P. (2021). “Industry 4.0, Cleaner Production and Circular Economy: An İntegrative Framework for Evaluating Ethical and Sustainable Business Performance of Manufacturing Organizations”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, 1-18.
• Hadi, S. ve Baskaran, S. (2021). “Examining Sustainable Business Performance Determinants İn Malaysia Upstream Petroleum İndustry”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 294, 1-12.
• Haradhan, M. (2019). “The First Industrial Revolution: Creation of a New Global Human Era”, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(4), 377-387.
• Hart, J., Adams, K., Giesekam, J., Tingley, D. ve Pomponi, F. (2019). “Barriers and Drivers in A Circular Economy: The Case of The Built Environment”, 26th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference, 80, 619-624.
• Herrmann, F. (2018).” The Smart Factory and Its Risks”, Systems, 6(4), 38.
• Hina, M., Chauhan, C., Kaur, P., Kraus, S. ve Dhir, A. (2022).” Drivers and Barriers of Circular Economy Business Models: Where We Are Now, and Where We Are Heading”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 333,1-18.
• Huo, B., Gu, M. ve Wang, Z. (2019).” Green or Lean? A Supply Chain Approach to Sustainable Performance”, Journal of Cleaner Production,216,152-166.
• Ilić, M. ve Nikolić, M. (2016). “Drivers for Development of Circular Economy – A Case Study of Serbia”, Habitat International,56,191-200.
• Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., Sokolov, B., Werner, F. and Ivanova, M. (2016), “A Dynamic Model and An Algorithm for Short-Term Supply Chain Scheduling in The Smart Factory Industry 4.0”, International Journal of Production Research, 54(2), 386-402.
• Jabbour, C.J.C, Jabbour, A.B.L.S., Sarkis, J. ve Filho, M.G. (2019).” Unlocking the Circular Economy Through New Business Models Based on Large-Scale Data: An Integrative Framework and Research Agenda”, Technological Forecasting & Social Change,144, 546-552
• Jeroen, P.J. ve Brujin, E. (2015). “Innovation Lessons From 3-D Printing”, IEEE Engineering Management Review, 42(4), 86-94.
• Jöreskog, K.G. (1973). “A General Method for Estimating A Linear Structural Equation System”, ETS Research Bulletin Series,2,1-40
• Kamble, S.S., Gunasekaran, A. ve Gawankar, S., A. (2018). “Sustainable Industry 4.0 Framework: A Systematic Literature Review Identifying the Current Trends and Future Perspectives”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 117, 408-425.
• Keesling,W.(1972).” Maximum Likelihood Approaches to Causal Flow Analysis”, PhD thesis. Univ.Chicago.
• Khine, M.S. (2013). “Application of Structural Equation Modeling in Educational Research and Practice”, Sense Publishers, Rotterdam.
• Kirchherr, J. ve Piscicelli, L. (2019). “Towards an Education for the Circular Economy (ECE): Five Teaching Principles and a Case Study”, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 150, 1-12.
• Kline, R.B. (2011). “Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling”, The Guilford Press, New York. Larbi-Siaw, O., Xuhua, H., Owusu, E., Owusu-Agyeman, A., Fulgence, B. ve Frimpong, S. (2022). “Eco-Innovation, Sustainable Business Performance and Market Turbulence Moderation in Emerging Economies”, Technology in Society, 68, 1-15.
• Laskurain-Iturbe, I., Arana Landin, I., Landeta Manzano, G. ve Uriarte Gallastegui, B. (2021). “Exploring the Influence of İndustry 4.0 Technologies on the Circular Economy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,101,176-190.
• Latan, H., Izeppi, C.W., Fiorini, C.P., Jugend, D., Jabbour, S.L.B.A., Seuring, S. ve Jabbour, C.J.C. (2020). “Stakeholders, Innovative Business Models for The Circular Economy and Sustainable Performance of Firms in An Emerging Economy Facing İnstitutional Voids”, Journal of Environmental Management, 264,1-12.
• Lawley, D.N. (1958). “Estimation in Factor Analysis Under Various Initial Assumptions”, British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 11, 1–12.
• Lewandowski, M. (2016). “Designing the Business Models for Circular Economy—Towards the Conceptual Framework”, Sustainability,8(1),1-28.
• Lom, M., Pribyl, O. ve Svitek, M. (2016), “Industry 4.0 As A Part of Smart Cities”, Smart Cities Symposium Prague (SCSP), 1-6.
• Lomax, R.G. ve Schumacker, R.E. (2010). “A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modelling”, Routledge,New York.
• Manninen, K., Koskela, S., Antikainen, R., Bocken, N. (2018). “Do Circular Economy Business Models Capture İntended Environmental Value Propositions?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 413-422.
• Masi, D., Kumar, V., Garza-Reyes, J., Godsel, J. (2018).” Towards A More Circular Economy: Exploring the Awareness, Practices, And Barriers from A Focal Firm Perspective”, Production Planning & Control, 29(6), 539- 550.
• McKinsey&Company. (2015). “Industry 4.0 How to Navigate Digitization of The Manufacturing Sector”, New York. Mellor, S., Hao, L., Zhang, D. (2014).” Additive Manufacturing: A Framework for Implementation”, International Journal of Production Economics,149, 194-201.
• Müller, J.M., Kiel, D. ve Voigt, K.I. (2018). “What Drives the Implementation of Industry 4.0? The Role of Opportunities and Challenges in The Context of Sustainability”, Sustainability, 10 (1), 247.
• Murray, A., Skene, K. ve Haynes, K. (2017). “The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in A Global Contex”, Journal of Business Ethics, 140, 369-380.
• Nascimento, D.L.M., Alencastro, V., Quelhas, O., Caiado, R., Garza-Reyes, J., Rocha-Lona, L., ve Tortorella, G. (2019). “Exploring Industry 4.0 Technologies to Enable Circular Economy Practices in A Manufacturing Context A Business Model Proposal”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 30(3), 607-627.
• Neves, S.A. ve Marques, A.C. (2022). “Drivers and Barriers in The Transition from A Linear Economy to A Circular Economy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,341,1-13.
• Niehoff, S., Beier, G. (2018). “Industrie 4.0 And A Sustainable Development: A Short Study on The Perception and Expectations of Experts in Germany”, Int. J. Innovation and Sustainable Development, 12 (3), 360–374.
• Önder, H. (2018). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Anlayışında Yeni Bir Kavram: Döngüsel Ekonomi”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi,57,196-204.
• Özdoğan, O. (2019). “Endüstri 4.0”, Deniz Ofset Matbaacılık, İstanbul.
• Paulraj, A. (2011). “Understandıng The Relatıonshıps Between Internal Resources and Capabılıtıes, Sustaınable Supply Management and Organizational Sustaınabılıty”, Journal of Supply Chain Management,47(1),19-37.
• Pearce, D.W. ve Turner R.K. (1991).” Economics of Natural Resources and The Environment”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics,73(1),227-228.
• Peukert, B., Benecke, S., Clavell, J., Neugebauer, S., Nissen, N.F., Uhlmann, E., Lang, K.D. ve Finkbeiner, M. (2015). “Addressing Sustainability and Flexibility in Manufacturing Via Smart Modular Machine Tool Frames to Support Sustainable Value Creation”, Procedia CIRP, 29, 514–519
• Piscitelli, G., Ferazzoli, A., Petrillo, A., Cioffi, R., Parmentola, A. ve Travaglioni, M. (2020). “Circular Economy Models in the Industry 4.0 Era: A Review of the Last Decade”, Procedia Manufacturing, 42, 227-234.
• Preston, F. ve Lehne, J. (2017).” A Wider Circle? The Circular Economy in Developing Countries”, https://www.chathamhouse.org,1-24.
• Rajput, S. ve Singh, S.P. (2019). “Connecting Circular Economy and Industry 4.0”, International Journal of Information Management, 49, 98-113.
• Romero, C.A.T., Castro, D.F., Ortiz, J.H., Khalaf, O.İ. ve Vargas, A.M. (2021). “Synergy between Circular Economy and Industry 4.0: A Literature Review”, MPDI,13(8), 4331.
• Rosa, P., Sassanelli, C., Urbinati, A., Terzi, S. and Chiaroni, D. (2019). “Assessing Relations between Circular Economy and Industry 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review”, International Journal of Production Research, 58(6), 1662-1687.
• Roubaud, D., Jabbour, A. ve Filho, M. (2018). “Industry 4.0 and the Circular Economy: A Proposed Research Agenda and Original Roadmap for Sustainable Operation”, Annals of Operations Research, 270, 273-286.
• Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Engel, P., Harnisch, M. ve Justus, J. (2015). “Industry 4.0: The Future of Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industries”, Boston Consulting Group.
• Sajan, M.P., Shalij, P.R., Ramesh, A.B. ve Augustine P. (2017).” Lean Manufacturing Practices in Indian Manufacturing SMEs and Their Effect on Sustainability Performance”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,28(6),772-793.
• Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı. (2020).” Asansör Sektörü Raporu”, Ankara.
• Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı. (2021). “Sanayi Sicil Verileri”, Ankara.
• Sariatli, F. (2017). “Linear Economy Versus Circular Economy: A Comparative and Analyzer Study for Optimization of Economy for Sustainability”, Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 31-34.
• Schroeder, P., Anggraeni, K., Weber, U. (2018). “The Relevance of Circular Economy Practices to The Sustainable Development Goals”, Journal of Industrial Ecology,23(1),77-95
• Schumacher, A., Erol, S. ve Sihn, W. (2016), “A Maturity Model for Assessing Industry 4.0 Readiness and Maturity of Manufacturing Enterprises”,52,161-166.
• Schwab, K. (2016). “The Fourth İndustrial Revolution”, World Economic Forum, Geneva. Siemens. (2021). “Endüstri 4.0”, http://siemens.edergi.com/pubs/Endustri40/Endustri40/Default.html#p=1,9, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2021)
• Spearman, C. (1904). “The Proof and Measurement of Association Between Two Things”. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 72–101.
• Stahel, W.R. (2016). “The Circular Economy”, Nature, 531, 435-438.
• The Club of Rome. (1972).” The Limits to Growth”, Washington.
• Thurstone, L.L. (1947).” Multiple factor analysis”. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
• Tura, N., Hanski, J., Ahola, T., Stahle, M., Piiparinen, S. ve Valkokari, P. (2019). “Unlocking Circular Business: A Framework of Barriers and Drivers”, Journal of Cleaner Production,212,90-98.
• Türkmen, M.A. ve Kılıç, F. (2020). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Anlayışına Yönelik Döngüsel Ekonomi Modeli”, Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(4), 2538-2556.
• Üstündağ, A. ve Çevikcan, E. (2018). “Industry 4.0: Managing the Digital Transformation”, Springer International Publishing, İsviçre.
• Whalen, K., Mont, O., Plepys, A., Nussholz, J. (2017). “Business Model İnnovation for A Circular Economy”, Lund University.Lund University Publications,5-35
• Wiley, D.E. (1973).” Identification Problem for Structural Equation Models with Unmeasured Variables”, NCJRS Virtual Library,69-83.
• Winans, K., Kendall, A. ve Deng, H. (2017). “The History and Current Applications of the Circular Economy Concept”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 825-833.
• Wollschlaeger, M., Sauter, T. and Jasperneite, J. (2017), “The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in The Era of The Internet of Things and Industry 4.0”, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 11(1),17-27.
• Wright, S. (1934). “The Method of Path Coefficients”. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 5, 161–215. Yardımcı, A. (2016). “Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi ve Pazar Araştırmalarında Kullanımı”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Yavuz, O. (2021). “Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Endüstri 4.0”, Sonçağ Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Yıldırım, Y. (2019). “Endüstri 4.0’a Kapsamlı Bir Bakış: 2011’den Bugüne”, Bilgi Dünyası, 20(2), 217-249
• Zailani, S., Jeyaraman, K., Vengadasan, G. ve Premkumar, R. (2012). “Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) in Malaysia: A Survey”, International Journal of Production Economics,140(1),330-340.
• Zhang, C., Xu, X. ve Chen, H. (2020). “Theoretical Foundations and Applications of Cyber-Physical Systems: A Literature Review”, Library Hi Tech, 38(1), 95-104.
• Zhou, K., Liu, T. ve Zhou, L. (2015), “Industry 4.0: Towards Future Industrial Opportunities and Challenges”, 2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discoveries, August,2147-2152.
• Zhu, Q., Geng, Y. ve Lai, K. (2010). “Circular Economy Practices Among Chinese Manufacturers Varying in Environmental-Oriented Supply Chain Cooperation and The Performance İmplications”, Journal of Environmental Management 91,1324-1331.
• Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J. ve Lai, K. (2007). “Initiatives and Outcomes of Green Supply Chain Management Implementation by Chinese Manufacturers”, Journal of Environmental Management, 85,179-189.