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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ile Yeşil Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş AB Ülkeleri Özelinde Ampirik Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Volume: 59 Issue: 1, 1 - 12, 22.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1555668

Abstract

Amaç: Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, küresel çapta önem verilen bir kavram olmasının yanında küresel olarak ulaşılmaya çalışılan bir kalkınma modelidir. Yeşil büyüme ise, özellikle uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya ulaşmanın en etkin yolu olarak görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda, çalışmanın temel amacı, 2015-2021 dönemi için seçilmiş 16 AB ülkesinde yeşil büyümenin sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya olan katkısını incelemektir.
Yöntem: Yeşil büyüme değişkenlerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi üzerindeki etkisi mikro panel veri analiz yöntemlerinden sabit etkiler, rassal etkiler ve Driscoll-Kraay standart hata modelleri ile incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: Yeşil büyüme değişkenlerinden çevresel mal ve hizmetlerdeki istihdam payı ile çevre koruma yatırımlarının sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilirken, çevreyle ilgili kamu Ar-Ge bütçe payının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunmamıştır.
Özgünlük: Sürdürülebilir kalkınma ile yeşil büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelendiği çalışmalar genellikle teoriktir ve bu iki değişkenin ampirik analizi literatürde oldukça kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışma, sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya ulaşmanın en etkin yolu olarak gösterilen yeşil büyümenin sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerindeki olumlu katkısını ampirik olarak ortaya koyarak hem sınırlı literatürü zenginleştirmekte hem de bu iki kavram arasındaki ilişkinin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Açci, Y., Akarsu, G. ve Cafri, R. (2023). “Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Yeşil Büyüme Çerçevesinde Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Göstergelerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Seçilmiş AB Ülkelerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Verimlilik Dergisi, Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilirlik Özel Sayısı, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1110535
  • Acosta, L.A., Maharjan, P., Peyriere, H.M. ve Mamiit, R.J. (2020). “Natural Capital Protection Indicators: Measuring Performance in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for Green Growth Transition”, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 8, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100069
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2005). “Econometric Analysis of Panel Data”, Third Edition, England: John Wiley& Sons, Ltd.
  • Baniya, B., Giurco, D. ve Kelly, S. (2021). “Green Growth in Nepal and Bangladesh: Empirical Analysis and Future Prospects”, Energy Policy, 149, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112049
  • BM (2012). “The Future We Want: Outcome Document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development”, Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.
  • BM (2015). “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2024).
  • BM (2022). “SDG Indicators”, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2024).
  • BMÇP (2011). “Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication- A Synthesis for Policy Makers: Towards a Green Economy”, 52. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/12099/GLOCIGESummaryPolicyMakers.pdf? sequence=1&amp%3BisAllowed (Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2024).
  • Brundtland, G.H. (1987). “Our Common Future—Call for Action”, Environmental Conservation, 14(4), 291-294. Driscoll, J.C., ve Kraay, A.C. (1998). “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-559.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2012). “Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development”, World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6058
  • Ekins, P. (2000). “Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green Growth”, Routledge.
  • Eurostat (2024). “Employment in Goods & Services and Environment Protection Investments Data” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_ac_egss1/default/table?lang=en%20 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2024).
  • Fay, M. ve Hallegatte, S. (2012). “Inclusive Green Growth the Pathway to Sustainable Development”, The World Bank.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). “Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence”, Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
  • Kasztelan, A. (2017). “Green Growth, Green Economy and Sustainable Development: Terminological and Relational Discourse”, Prague Economic Papers, 26(4), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.626
  • Kazzi, H. (2014). “Green Growth and Sustainable Development in the Arab Countries”, European Scientific Journal, 10(14), 567-678.
  • Meral, İ.G. (2024). “Türkiye ve Türki Cumhuriyetlerde Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Performansının CRITIC-LOPCOW ve CoCoSo Yöntemleriyle İncelenmesi”, Fiscaoeconomia, 8(2), 619-645. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1431939
  • Naimoglu, M., Shahbaz, M. ve Lorente, D.B. (2024). “Road Map from Dirty Growth to Sustainable Green Growth in Turkiye: Management of Trade and Financial Processes”, Journal of Environmental Management, 367, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121984
  • Nhamo, G. (2014). “From Sustainable Development Through Green Growth to Sustainable Development Plus”, International Journal of African Renaissance Studies- Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, 9(2), 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2014.987953
  • OECD (2009). “Declaration on Green Growth Adopted at the Meeting of the Council at Ministerial Level on 25 June 2009”, OECD Publishing, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0374
  • OECD (2011). “Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress”, OECD Publishing, 144. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/towards-green-growth-monitoring-progress_9789264111356-en
  • OECD (2012). “Green Growth and Developing Countries Consultation Draft”, OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2024) “Environmentally Related Public R&D Budget and Employment Data”, https://data- explorer.oecd.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2024).
  • Padro Martinez, C. I., ve Cotte Poveda, A. (2021). “The Importance of Science, Technology and Innovation in the Green Growth and Sustainable Development Goals of Colombia”, Environmental and Climate Technologies, 25(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0003
  • Sachs, J.D. (2015). “The Age of Sustainable Development”, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Sachs, J.D., Lafortune, G. ve Fuller, G. (2024). “The SDGs and the UN Summit of the Future”, Sustainable Development Report 2024, Paris: SDSN, Dublin: Dublin University Press. https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/explorer?metric=overall (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2024).
  • Taş, Ç.K., Örk Özel, S. ve Veysikarani, D. (2021). “Dijital Ekonominin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri Üzerine Etkisi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri için Bir İnceleme”, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.vi.896953
  • Xu, J., Zhao, J., She, S. ve Liu, W. (2022). “Green Growth, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development: Evidence from BRICS Economies”. Resources Policy, 79, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103032
  • Yalçın, Z.A. (2016). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma için Yeşil Ekonomi Düşüncesi ve Mali Politikalar”, Cankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 749-775. https://doi.org/10.18074/cnuiibf.282
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). “Panel Veri Ekonometrisi: Stata Uygulamalı”, İkinci Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.

The Relationship Between Sustainable Development and Green Growth: An Empirical Analysis on Selected EU Countries

Year 2025, Volume: 59 Issue: 1, 1 - 12, 22.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1555668

Abstract

Purpose: Sustainable development is not only a globally significant concept but also a development model that nations strive to achieve. Green growth, in particular, is promoted by international organizations as one of the most effective pathways to sustainable development. In this context, the primary objective of this study is to examine the contribution of green growth to sustainable development in 16 selected EU countries over the period 2015–2021.
Method: The effect of green growth variables on the sustainable development index is examined using fixed effects, random effects, and the Driscoll-Kraay standard error models within micro panel data analysis method.
Findings: Among the green growth variables, the employment share in environmental goods and services, as well as investments in environmental protection, are found to have a statistically significant and positive effect on sustainable development. However, the share of environmentally related public R&D budget does not show a statistically significant effect.
Originality: Studies examining the relationship between sustainable development and green growth are generally theoretical, and empirical analyses of these two variables remain limited in the literature. This study enriches the limited body of research and contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between these concepts by empirically revealing the impact of green growth—widely regarded as a key pathway to sustainable development—on sustainable development itself.

References

  • Açci, Y., Akarsu, G. ve Cafri, R. (2023). “Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Yeşil Büyüme Çerçevesinde Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Göstergelerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Seçilmiş AB Ülkelerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Verimlilik Dergisi, Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilirlik Özel Sayısı, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1110535
  • Acosta, L.A., Maharjan, P., Peyriere, H.M. ve Mamiit, R.J. (2020). “Natural Capital Protection Indicators: Measuring Performance in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for Green Growth Transition”, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 8, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100069
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2005). “Econometric Analysis of Panel Data”, Third Edition, England: John Wiley& Sons, Ltd.
  • Baniya, B., Giurco, D. ve Kelly, S. (2021). “Green Growth in Nepal and Bangladesh: Empirical Analysis and Future Prospects”, Energy Policy, 149, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112049
  • BM (2012). “The Future We Want: Outcome Document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development”, Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.
  • BM (2015). “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2024).
  • BM (2022). “SDG Indicators”, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2024).
  • BMÇP (2011). “Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication- A Synthesis for Policy Makers: Towards a Green Economy”, 52. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/12099/GLOCIGESummaryPolicyMakers.pdf? sequence=1&amp%3BisAllowed (Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2024).
  • Brundtland, G.H. (1987). “Our Common Future—Call for Action”, Environmental Conservation, 14(4), 291-294. Driscoll, J.C., ve Kraay, A.C. (1998). “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-559.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2012). “Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development”, World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6058
  • Ekins, P. (2000). “Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green Growth”, Routledge.
  • Eurostat (2024). “Employment in Goods & Services and Environment Protection Investments Data” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_ac_egss1/default/table?lang=en%20 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2024).
  • Fay, M. ve Hallegatte, S. (2012). “Inclusive Green Growth the Pathway to Sustainable Development”, The World Bank.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). “Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence”, Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
  • Kasztelan, A. (2017). “Green Growth, Green Economy and Sustainable Development: Terminological and Relational Discourse”, Prague Economic Papers, 26(4), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.626
  • Kazzi, H. (2014). “Green Growth and Sustainable Development in the Arab Countries”, European Scientific Journal, 10(14), 567-678.
  • Meral, İ.G. (2024). “Türkiye ve Türki Cumhuriyetlerde Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Performansının CRITIC-LOPCOW ve CoCoSo Yöntemleriyle İncelenmesi”, Fiscaoeconomia, 8(2), 619-645. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1431939
  • Naimoglu, M., Shahbaz, M. ve Lorente, D.B. (2024). “Road Map from Dirty Growth to Sustainable Green Growth in Turkiye: Management of Trade and Financial Processes”, Journal of Environmental Management, 367, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121984
  • Nhamo, G. (2014). “From Sustainable Development Through Green Growth to Sustainable Development Plus”, International Journal of African Renaissance Studies- Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, 9(2), 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2014.987953
  • OECD (2009). “Declaration on Green Growth Adopted at the Meeting of the Council at Ministerial Level on 25 June 2009”, OECD Publishing, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0374
  • OECD (2011). “Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress”, OECD Publishing, 144. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/towards-green-growth-monitoring-progress_9789264111356-en
  • OECD (2012). “Green Growth and Developing Countries Consultation Draft”, OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2024) “Environmentally Related Public R&D Budget and Employment Data”, https://data- explorer.oecd.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2024).
  • Padro Martinez, C. I., ve Cotte Poveda, A. (2021). “The Importance of Science, Technology and Innovation in the Green Growth and Sustainable Development Goals of Colombia”, Environmental and Climate Technologies, 25(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0003
  • Sachs, J.D. (2015). “The Age of Sustainable Development”, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Sachs, J.D., Lafortune, G. ve Fuller, G. (2024). “The SDGs and the UN Summit of the Future”, Sustainable Development Report 2024, Paris: SDSN, Dublin: Dublin University Press. https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/explorer?metric=overall (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2024).
  • Taş, Ç.K., Örk Özel, S. ve Veysikarani, D. (2021). “Dijital Ekonominin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri Üzerine Etkisi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri için Bir İnceleme”, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.vi.896953
  • Xu, J., Zhao, J., She, S. ve Liu, W. (2022). “Green Growth, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development: Evidence from BRICS Economies”. Resources Policy, 79, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103032
  • Yalçın, Z.A. (2016). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma için Yeşil Ekonomi Düşüncesi ve Mali Politikalar”, Cankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 749-775. https://doi.org/10.18074/cnuiibf.282
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). “Panel Veri Ekonometrisi: Stata Uygulamalı”, İkinci Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sustainable Development, Green Economy
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Sevginaz Işık 0000-0002-4123-0860

Publication Date January 22, 2025
Submission Date September 25, 2024
Acceptance Date November 11, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 59 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Işık, S. (2025). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ile Yeşil Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş AB Ülkeleri Özelinde Ampirik Bir Analiz. Verimlilik Dergisi, 59(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1555668

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