Identification of Completely Conserved and Highly Variable Residues in Canine Parvovirus: Large-Scale Genomic Analysis

Abstract

The viral genome of Canine parvovirus comprises four primary genes: NS1, NS2, VP1, and VP2. NS1 and NS2 are primarily involved in viral replication and the suppression of host intracellular mechanisms, while VP1 and VP2 encode the structural components of the viral capsid. In this study, all available Canine parvovirus sequences deposited in NCBI up to March 20, 2025, were analyzed using MAFFT, Geneious Prime and Swiss Model. For each gene, both completely conserved and highly variable residues were identified, structural modeling was conducted using the consensus data. Our analysis showed that NS1 and NS2 residues were completely conserved at 57.18% and 56.36%, respectively, whereas the rates for VP1 and VP2 were 5.22% and 3.25%. The proportion of highly variable residues was 1.64% for NS1, 4.24% for NS2, 1.92% for VP1, and 2.05% for VP2. Notably, the number of VP1 and VP2 sequences in the dataset was approximately ten times higher than that of NS1 and NS2. Within the VP2 protein, approximately 75% of the highly variable residues were located in the three-fold spikes, which include critical positions such as A297, G300, N426, and T440. At position 426, global strains showed N (CPV-2a) in 43.2%, D (CPV-2b) in 19.1%, and E (CPV-2c) in 37.5% of sequences. Previous studies have also reported K and I substitutions at this site. These findings offer a valuable reference dataset that may support future Canine parvovirus vaccine design and epitope mapping studies.

Keywords

• Amino acid residue
• canine parvovirus
• conserved
• genomic analysis
• variable

Köpek Parvovirüsünde Tamamen Korunmuş ve En Değişken Amino Asitlerin Belirlenmesi: Geniş Ölçekli Genomik Yaklaşım

Abstract

Köpek parvovirüsünün viral genomu 4 temel gen içermektedir: NS1, NS2, VP1 ve VP2. NS1 ve NS2 genleri ağırlıklı olarak viral replikasyonda ve konağın hücre içi mekanizmalarının baskılanmasında görev alırken, VP1 ve VP2 genleri viral kapsidin yapısal bileşenlerini kodlar. Bu çalışmada, 20 Mart 2025 tarihine kadar NCBI’ye yüklenmiş olan tüm Köpek parvovirüsü dizileri MAFFT, Geneious Prime ve Swiss Model kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Her bir gen için tamamen korunmuş ve en değişken amino asitler belirlenmiş, elde edilen konsensüs verilerine dayanarak yapısal modelleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizlerimiz, NS1 ve NS2 amino asitlerinin sırasıyla %57,18 ve %56,36 oranında tamamen korunduğunu; VP1 ve VP2 için bu oranın sırasıyla %5,22 ve %3,25 olduğunu göstermiştir. En değişken amino asitlerin oranı NS1 için %1,64, NS2 için %4,24, VP1 için %1,92 ve VP2 için %2,05 olarak bulunmuştur. Veri setindeki VP1 ve VP2 dizilerinin sayısının, NS1 ve NS2 dizilerinin sayısına kıyasla yaklaşık on kat fazla olduğu unutulmamalıdır. VP2 proteini içerisinde, en değişken amino asitlerin yaklaşık %75’i, A297, G300, N426 ve T440 gibi kritik pozisyonları da içeren üçlü çıkıntılarda (three-fold spikes) yer almaktadır. 426. pozisyonda küresel suşlar, dizilerin %43,2’sinde N (CPV-2a), %19,1’inde D (CPV-2b) ve %37,5’inde E (CPV-2c) göstermiştir. Bu pozisyonda geçmiş çalışmalarda ayrıca K ve I mutasyonları da raporlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, gelecekteki Köpek parvovirüsü aşı tasarımı ve epitop haritalama çalışmalarını destekleyebilecek değerli bir referans veri setini sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Amino asit bölgesi
• canine parvovirus
• değişken
• genomik analiz
• korunmuş

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