An Agent Forgotten in the Diagnosis of Calf Diarrhea: Bovine Noroviruses and Molecular Characterization

Year 2023, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 102 - 106, 20.12.2023

Mehmet Ozkan Timurkan

Abstract

The role of viruses in the diarrhea algorithm is very important. In addition, losses due to diarrhea are quite high for calves, and herd control and protection cannot be performed in cases where a rapid etiological diagnosis cannot be made. Group A rotaviruses and coronaviruses, which are the main viral etiological agents of enteric diseases in calves, are frequently detected in these infections. However, the presence/prevalence of other agents in single or mixed infections is still up-to-date and under investigation. Two genetically distinct bovine enteric caliciviruses are known: genogroup III noroviruses (NoVsGIII), which are genetically related to human noroviruses, and neboviruses, which represent a new genus of caliciviruses. In this study, it was aimed to elucidate the role and genotypes of noroviruses (bovine norovirus) in the diarrheal paradigm in calves. In order to determine the presence of norovirus and genogroups, a total of 92 diarrheal stools from calves were included in the study from the collection material in our laboratory. In the study, reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction was performed with specific primer pairs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results were positive in 3 samples (3/92, 3.2%) and
were subjected to sequence analysis. According to the results of bioinformatics analysis, noroviruses are divided into 7 main genogroups in light of recent literature. Among these genogroups, bovine noroviruses were included in genogroup III (GIII). There are also subtypes within GIII. Of the 3 strains identified in our study, 2 were grouped in GIII-2a (TR/ERZ/25 and TR/ELZ/23) and 1 strain was grouped in GIII-2b (TR/ERZ/9). Conducting more comprehensive molecular prevalence studies on noroviruses, focusing on the detected genogroups in vaccine studies to be developed and determining their prevalence, the effects on the pathogenesis and clinical picture should be revealed. Determination of genogroup type profiles in the world and in our country and, if vaccines can be developed, elucidating different genogroup types on protection will be beneficial in diarrhea and norovirus dilemmas.

Keywords

Calf, diarrhea, genogroup, norovirus, Türkiye

Buzağı İshallerinde Teşhiste Unutulan Bir Etken: Sığırların Norovirusları ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu

Abstract

İshal algoritması içerisinde virusların rolü oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca buzağılar için; ishallere bağlı kayıplar oldukça fazla olmakta ve hızlı bir etiyolojik teşhis yapılamadığı durumlarda sürü kontrolü ve korunması gerçe kleşt irile memek tedir . Buzağılarda enterik hastalıkların ana viral etiyolojik ajanlarından olan grup A rotaviruslar ve coronaviruslar bu enfeksiyonlarda sıklıkla tespit edilmektedir. Ancak tekli veya miks enfeksiyonlarda başka etkenlerin varlığı/yaygınlığı da güncelliğini korumakta ve araştırılmaktadır. Genetik olarak farklı iki sığır enterik calicivirusu bilinmektedir: Bunlar genetik olarak insan norovirusları ile ilişkili olan genogrup III norovirusları (NoVsGIII) ve yeni bir calicivirus cinsini temsil eden neboviruslardır. Bu çalışmada buzağılarda ishal paradigması içerinde norovirusların [bovine norovirus (BNoV)] rolü ve genotiplerinin aydınlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Norovirus varlığı ve genogruplarını belirlemek için ishalli buzağılardan toplam 92 adet dışkı örneği çalışmaya dahil edildi. BNoV spesifik nested primerleri kullanılarak RT-nested-PCR gerçekleştirildi.
Polymerase chain reaction sonucu 3 örnekte (3/92, %3.2) pozitiflik tespit edildi ve sekans analizine tabi tutuldu. Biyoinformatik analiz sonuçlarına göre son literatürler ışığında noroviruslar 7 ana genogruba ayrılmaktadır. Bu genogruplar içerisinde de sığır norovirusları genogrup III (GIII) içinde yer almıştır. GIII içerisinde ayrıca alt tipler bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda tespit edilen 3 suştan 2’si GIII-2a (TR/ERZ/25 ve TR/ELZ/23) ve 1 suş GIII-2b (TR/ERZ/9) içerisinde gruplanmıştır. Noroviruslar üzerine daha kapsamlı moleküler prevalans çalışması yapılarak yaygınlığının ortaya konulması ve mücadele için geliştirilecek aşı çalışmalarında, tespit edilen genogruplar üzerine yoğunlaşılarak; patogenez ve klinik tablo üzerine etkilerinin ortaya konulması gerekmektedir. Dünyada ve ülkemizde genogrup tip profillerinin belirlenmesi ve eğer aşılar geliştirilebilirse koruyuculuk üzerine farklı genogrup çeşitlerinin
aydınlatılması, ishal ve norovirus ikileminde fayda sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

Buzağı, ishal, genogrup, norovirus, Türkiye

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