Yaşamın-İşin Anlam Kaynakları ve İyi Oluş İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2022, , 14 - 33, 20.02.2022

Ali Murat Alparslan , Seher Yastıoğlu , Mehmet Ali Taş , Mehmet Özmen

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.947733

Cited By: 9

Abstract

Bu araştırma; yaşamın ve işin anlam kaynaklarının neler olduğunu incelemek, aralarındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymak ve çeşitli anlam kaynakları bağlamında psikolojik iyi oluşun farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada tarama deseni kullanılmıştır. 588 çalışandan, çevrimiçi anket tekniği kullanılarak hem kapalı hem de açık uçlu sorularla veri toplanmıştır. Bu veriler, içerik analizi, Fisher’ın Kesin Olasılık Testi ve ANOVA testiyle analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; yaşamın anlam kaynaklarının; duygusal bağlılık, esenlik, değer odaklılık, maneviyat, faydalı olma, amaçlar, bireysel gelişim ve para kazanma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanında işin anlam kaynaklarının; faydalı olma, tutku, esenlik, para kazanma, saygınlık, gelişim, görev, vatan sevgisi ve maneviyat olduğu saptanmıştır. Yaşamın ve işin anlam kaynakları arasında anlamlı ilişkinin olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca işin anlam kaynaklarına göre psikolojik iyi oluşun değiştiği belirlenmiştir. İşte anlam bulanların, bulmayanlara göre psikolojik iyi oluşu daha yüksektir. Ancak işe yüklenen anlam para kazanma ise psikolojik iyi oluş anlamlı olarak düşmektedir.  

Keywords

Yaşamın Anlamı, İşin Anlamı, Anlam Kaynakları, Psikolojik İyi Oluş

A Research on the Relationship between Sources of Meaningful Life-Work and Well-Being

Abstract

The research is carried out to examine the sources of meaningful life and meaningful work and to reveal the relationship between them. Moreover, it is also aimed to determine whether psychological well-being differentiates in the context of these various sources of meaning. A survey design is used in the research. Data are collected from 588 employees with both closed-ended and open-ended questions using the online questionnaire technique. These data are analyzed by content analysis, Chi-Square, and ANOVA Tests. As a result of the analysis made, the sources of meaningful life are determined to be emotional commitment, well-being, value-oriented, spirituality, being beneficial, goals, individual development, and earning money. Besides, as the sources of meaningful work; being beneficial, passion, well-being, earning money, respectability, development, task, patriotism, and spirituality are found. It is revealed that there is a significant relationship between the meaning sources of life and work. In addition, it is determined that psychological well-being changes according to the meaning sources of work. Those who find meaning in work have higher psychological well-being than those who do not. However, if the meaning attributed to the work is earning money, psychological well-being decreases significantly.

Keywords

Meaningful Life, Meaningful Work, Sources of Meaning, Psychological Well-being

References

• Alandete, J. G. (2015). Does meaning in life predict psychological well-being. The European Journal of Councelling Psychology, 3(2), 89-98.
• Allan, B. A., Dexter, C., Kinsey, R. ve Parker, S. (2018). Meaningful work and mental health: Job satisfaction as a moderator. Journal of Mental Health, 27(1), 38-44.
• Allan, B. A., Duffy, R. D. ve Douglass, R. (2015). Meaning in life and work: A developmental perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(4), 323-331.
• Allan, B. A., Rolniak, J. R. ve Bouchard, L. (2020). Underemployment and well-being: Exploring the dark side of meaningful work. Journal of Career Development, 47(1), 111-125.
• Arnold, K., Barling, J. ve Mckee, M. (2007). Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: The mediating role of meaningful work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 193-203.
• Awartani, M. ve Looney, J. (2015). Learning and well-being: An agenda for change. Qatar Foundation.
• Aytekin, İ. ve Sakal, Ö. (2021). Erillik-dişilik ve psikolojik iyi oluş ilişkisinde yaşamda anlamın aracılık etkisi. Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences, (1), 248-284
• Bailey, C., Lips‐Wiersma, M., Madden, A., Yeoman, R., Thompson, M. ve Chalofsky, N. (2019). The five paradoxes of meaningful work: Introduction to the special issue ‘meaningful work: Prospects for the 21st century’. Journal of Management Studies, 56(3), 481-499.
• Balcı, O. ve Ağ, C. (2019). Yaşamın anlamı ve işin anlamlılığı arasındaki ilişki. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 6(33), 348-362.
• Barrett, A. K. ve Dailey, S. (2018). A new normal? Competing national cultural discourses and workers’ constructions of identity and meaningful work in Norway. Communication Monographs, 85(2), 284-307.
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L. ve Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505-516.
• Briki, W. (2017). Passion, trait self-control, and wellbeing: Comparing two mediation models predicting wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-11.
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3. Baskı). Routledge.
• Carreno, D. F., Eisenbeck, N., Cangas, A. J., García-Montes, J. M., Del Vas, L. G., ve María, A. T. (2020). Spanish adaptation of the Personal Meaning Profile-Brief: Meaning in life, psychological well-being, and distress. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(2), 151-162.
• Chalofsky, N. (2003). An emerging construct for meaningful work. Human Resource Development International, 6, 69–83.
• Chalofsky, N. ve Cavallaro, L. (2013). A good living versus a good life: Meaning, purpose, and HRD. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 15(4), 331-340.
• Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nicel yöntemler. S. B. Demir (Çev. Ed.), M. Bursal (Çev.). Araştırma deseni: Nicel, nitel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları içinde (s. 155-182), Eğiten Kitap. (Orijinal eserin yayın tarihi 2013).
• Damásio, B. F., Koller, S. H. ve Schnell, T. (2013). Sources of meaning and meaning in life questionnaire (SoMe): Psychometric properties and sociodemographic findings in a large Brazilian sample. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 3(3), 1205-1227.
• De Crom, N. ve Rothmann, S. I. (2018). Demands-abilities fit, work beliefs, meaningful work and engagement in nature-based jobs. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 44(1), 1-12.
• De Neve, J. E. ve Sachs, J. D. (2020). Sustainable development and human well-being. World Happiness Report, 112-127.
• De Vogler, K. L. ve Ebersole, P. (1980). Categorization of college students' meaning of life. Psychological Reports, 46(2), 387-390.
• De Vogler, K. L. ve Ebersole, P. (1981). Adults' meaning in life. Psychological Reports, 49(1), 87-90.
• Debats, D. L. (1999). Sources of meaning: An investigation of significant commitments in life. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(4), 30-57.
• Dich, N., Lund, R., Hansen, Å. M. ve Rod, N. H. (2019). Mental and physical health effects of meaningful work and rewarding family responsibilities. PloS one, 14(4), 1-11.
• Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S. ve Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156.
• Dinç, M., Uzunbacak, H. ve Akçakanat, T. (2019). Örgütsel nostaljinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkisinde işin anlamlılığının aracılık rolü. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (36), 349-369.
• Doré, B. P., Morris, R. R., Burr, D. A., Picard, R. W. ve Ochsner, K. N. (2017). Helping others regulate emotion predicts increased regulation of one’s own emotions and decreased symptoms of depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(5), 729-739.
• Elangovan, A. R., Pinder, C. C. ve McLean, M. (2010). Callings and organizational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 428-440.
• Emmons, R. A. (2003). Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. C. L. M. Keyes ve J. Haidt (Ed.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived içinde (s. 105-128), American Psychological Association.
• Emmons, R. A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 731-745.
• Fegg, M. J., Kramer, M., Bausewein, C. ve Borasio, G. D. (2007). Meaning in life in the Federal Republic of Germany: Results of a representative survey with the schedule for meaning in life evaluation (SMiLE). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 59–67.
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Introducing statistical method, (3. Baskı), Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
• Fraenkel, J. R. ve Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to desing and evaluate research in education. McGaw-Hill International Edition.
• Frankl, V. (2013). İnsanın anlam arayışı. S. Budak (Çev.), İstanbul: Okuyanus Yayınları.
• Froidevaux, A. ve Hirschi, A. (2015). Managing the transition to retirement: from meaningful work to meaning in life at retirement. Handbook of research on sustainable careers içinde (s. 350-363). Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Ghadi, M. Y., Fernando, M. ve Caputi, P. (2015). Describing work as meaningful: towards a conceptual clarification. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness, 2(3), 202-223.
• Glaw, X., Kable, A., Hazelton, M. ve Inder, K. (2017). Meaning in life and meaning of life in mental health care: An integrative literature review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(3), 243-252.
• Göçen, A. (2019). Öğretmenlerin yaşam anlamı, psikolojik sermaye ve cinsiyetinin psikolojik iyi oluşlarına etkisi. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 8(1), 135-153.
• Grouden, M. E. ve Jose, P. E. (2014). How do sources of meaning in life vary according to demographic factors? New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43(3), 29-38.
• Grouden, M. E. ve Jose, P. E. (2015). Do sources of meaning differentially predict search for meaning, presence of meaning, and wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(1), 33-52
• Güven, P. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yaşamın amacı ve anlamı ile yaşam doyumu ve yakın ilişkiler [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
• Hicks, J. A. ve King, L. A. (2009). Positive mood and social relatedness as information about meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 471-482.
• Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., ve Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and individual differences, 48(5), 658-663.
• Hooker, S. A., Masters, K. S., Vagnini, K. M., ve Rush, C. L. (2020). Engaging in personally meaningful activities is associated with meaning salience and psychological well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(6), 821-831.
• Hu, J. ve Hirsh, J. B. (2017). Accepting lower salaries for meaningful work. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-10.
• Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Hupkens, S., Machielse, A., Goumans, M. ve Derkx, P. (2018). Meaning in life of older persons: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 25(8), 973-991.
• Jiang, L. ve Johnson, M. J. (2018). Meaningful work and affective commitment: A moderated mediation model of positive work reflection and work centrality. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(4), 545-558.
• Kashdan, T. B. ve Steger, M. F. (2007). Curiosity and pathways to well-being and meaning in life: Traits, states, and everyday behaviors. Motivation and Emotion, 31(3), 159-173.
• Keleş, H. N. (2017). Anlamlı iş ile psikolojik iyi oluş ilişkisi. The Journal of Happiness ve Well-Being, 5(1), 154-167.
• Killingsworth, M. A. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4), 1-6.
• Kim, M. ve Beehr, T. A. (2018). Organization-based self-esteem and meaningful work mediate effects of empowering leadership on employee behaviors and well-being. Journal of Leadership ve Organizational Studies, 25(4), 385-398.
• King, L. A. ve Hicks, J. A. (2009). Detecting and constructing meaning in life events. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(5), 317-330.
• Krok, D. (2015). The role of meaning in life within the relations of religious coping and psychological well-being. Journal of religion and Health, 54(6), 2292-2308.
• Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Fincham, F. D., Hicks, J. A. ve Graham, S. M. (2010). Family as a salient source of meaning in young adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 367-376.
• Layard, R. (2011). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. Penguin UK.
• Lips-Wiersma, M. ve Wright, S. (2012). Measuring the meaning of meaningful work: Development and validation of the Comprehensive Meaningful Work Scale (CMWS). Group ve Organization Management, 37(5), 655-685.
• Martela, F. ve Pessi, A. B. (2018). Significant work is about self-realization and broader purpose: Defining the key dimensions of meaningful work. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-15.
• Martela, F. ve Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531-545.
• Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M. ve Dunn, C. P. (2014). Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 121(1), 77-90.
• Miller, C. S. (2008). Meaningful work over the life course [Ph.D. Dissertation].Fielding Graduate University.
• Molloy, K. A. ve Foust, C. R. (2016). Work calling: Exploring the communicative intersections of meaningful work and organizational spirituality. Communication Studies, 67(3), 339-358.
• Oruç, E. (2019). İş şekillendirmenin psikolojik iyi oluşa etkisinde işin anlamının aracılık etkisi. Sakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 24-28.
• Özkan, C. (2017). İşin anlamlılığının iş performansı ve sapma davranışına etkisi: Mersin ilinde yapılan bir araştırma [Doktora Tezi], Mersin Üniversitesi.
• Park, N., Park, M. ve Peterson, C. (2010). When is the search for meaning related to life satisfaction?. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 2(1), 1-13.
• Ratner, K., Burrow, A. L., Burd, K. A. ve Hill, P. L. (2019). On the conflation of purpose and meaning in life: A qualitative study of high school and college student conceptions. Applied Developmental Science, 1-21.
• Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H. ve Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91–127.
• Rothausen, T. J. ve Henderson, K. E. (2019). Meaning-based job-related well-being: exploring a meaningful work conceptualization of job satisfaction. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(3), 357-376.
• Rouke, L. ve Anderson, T. (2004). Validity in content analyisis. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(1), 5-18.
• Rousseau, F. L. ve Vallerand, R. J. (2008). An examination of the relationship between passion and subjective well-being in older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66, 195-211.
• Schnell, T. (2009). The sources of meaning and meaning in life questionnaire (SoMe): Relations to demographics and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 483-499.
• Seçkin, Ş. N. (2018). Yapılan işin anlamlılığı ve işe tutkunluk ilişkisi: Akademisyenler üzerine bir araştırma. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 143-160.
• Steger, M. F. ve Dik, B. J. (2009). If one is looking for meaning in life, does it help to find meaning in work?. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 1(3), 303-320.
• Steger, M. F. ve Dik, B. J. (2010). Work as meaning: Individual and organizational benefits of engaging in meaningful work. P. A. Linley, S. Harrington, ve N. Page (Ed.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work içinde (s. 131-142), Oxford University Press.
• Steger, M. F., Dik, B. J. ve Duffy, R. D. (2012). Measuring meaningful work: The work and meaning inventory (WAMI). Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 322-337.
• Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S. ve Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93.
• Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S. ve Otake, K. (2008). The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 660-678.
• Steger, M. F., Littman-Ovadia, H., Miller, M., Menger, L. ve Rothmann, S. (2013). Engaging in work even when it is meaningless: Positive affective disposition and meaningful work interact in relation to work engagement. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(2), 348-361.
• Strauss, A. ve Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Sage publications.
• Tatzel, M. (2002). “Money worlds” and well-being: An integration of money dispositions, materialism and price-related behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23(1), 103-126.
• Tavşancıl, E. ve Aslan, A. E. (2001). Sözel, yazılı ve diğer materyaller için içerik analizi ve uygulama örnekler (1. Baskı). Epsilon
• Tay, L., Zyphur, M. ve Batz, C. L. (2018). Income and subjective well-being: Review, synthesis, and future research. Diener, E., Oishi, S. ve Tay, L. (Ed.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers.
• Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği (PİOO): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
• The Jamovi Project. (2021). Jamovi. (Version 1.6) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org adresinden 4 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır
• Vallerand, R. J. (2012). The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being. Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice, 2(1), 1-21.
• Van Tongeren, D. R., Green, J. D., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Davis, J. L. ve Ramos, M. (2015). Forgiveness increases meaning in life. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(1), 47-55.
• Ward, S. J. ve King, L. A. (2017). Work and the good life: How work contributes to meaning in life. Research in Organizational Behavior, 37, 59-82.
• Waytz, A., Hershfield, H. E. ve Tamir, D .I. (2015). Mental simulation and meaning in life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(2), 336.
• Weeks, K. P. ve Schaffert, C. (2019). Generational differences in definitions of meaningful work: A mixed methods study. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 1045-1061.
• Wrzesniewski, A. (2003). Finding positive meaning in work. K. Cameron ve J. Dutton (Ed.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline içinde (s. 296-308), Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
• Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J. E. ve Debebe, G. (2003). Interpersonal sensemaking and the meaning of work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 93-135.
• Yener, S. (2018). Kadın çalışanların kadınsı cinsiyet normları ve işin anlamlılığı arasındaki etkileşimde cinsiyet rol stresinin aracı rolü. İş'te Davranış Dergisi, 3(1), 42-56.
• Yeoman, R. (2014). Conceptualising meaningful work as a fundamental human need. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(2), 235-251.
• Yeung, J. W., Zhang, Z. ve Kim, T. Y. (2018). Volunteering and health benefits in general adults: cumulative effects and forms. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-8.
• Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M. A. ve Sharma, G. (2019). The relationship between faculty members’ passion for work and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(3), 863-881.
• Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M. A. ve Sharma, G. (2020). Passion for work and well-being of working adults. Journal of Career Development, 20(10),1-14.