Research Article
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REVERSE MOBBING ACTIONS AND A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH UPON COPING STRATEGIES OF REVERSE MOBBING

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 27, 403 - 418, 10.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.659530

Abstract

The study is conducted in order to investigate which actions are perceived as reverse mobbing by managers, and in order to investigate strategies of coping with mobbing. For this purpose, interviews are conducted with 8 managers working in different sectors determined according to snowball sampling method which is the one of the purposive sampling method and interview notes are analysed with inductive content analysis. As a result of the research, it is seen that negative actions are first perceived as related to work and then they are personalized. Negative actions which are perceived as mobbing are grouped Under two main themes: anti-productivity pressures and psychological pressures. Coping strategies for mobbing are described under two themes as active strategies and passive strategies. Under active strategies, strategies for seeking reconciliation, seeking social and managerial support, conflict, responding with mobbing and leaving are coded and under passive strategies, strategies for ignoring, avoidance and withdrawal/abandonment are coded. It is determined that the strategies of seeking social/administrative support and reconciliation are seen as the most effective strategies by the managers. At the same time, it is found that both negative actions are perceived as mobbing, and coping strategies against these actions are perceived as the stages of a process that interacts with each other by the participants.

References

  • Akan, D., Yıldırım, İ. ve Yalçın, S. (2013). Mobbing behaviors that applied upward from below to principals. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(3), 646-659.
  • Altunay, E., Oral, G., ve Yalçınkaya, M. (2014). Eğitim kurumlarında mobbing uygulamalarına ilişkin nitel bir araştırma. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 4(1), 62-80.
  • Arastaman, G., Öztürk Fidan, İ. ve Fidan, T. (2018). Nitel araştırmada geçerlik ve güvenirlik: Kuramsal bir inceleme. YYÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (YYU Journal of Education Faculty), 15(1), 37-75.
  • Ayduğ, D., Himmetoğlu, B. ve Bayrak, C. (2018). Okul müdürlerinin mizah tarzlarına ilişkin öğretmenlerin metaforik algıları. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi – Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, 6(2), 108-130.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Sheehan, M. ve Barker, M. (2004). Us and them: Understanding upwards bullying through the lens of social ıdentity theory. 18st Annual Conference of The Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM), 8-11 Aralık 2004, Dunedin, New Zealand.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S. ve Barker, M. (2007a). Managers in the firing line: Contributing factors to workplace bullying by staff – an interview study. Journal of Management & Organization, 13(3), 264-281.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S. ve Barker, M. (2007b). The bullied boss: A conceptual exploration of upwards bullying. A. Glendon, B. M. Thompson ve B. Myors (Ed), Advances In Organisational Psychology, içinde (93-107), Australian Academic Press, Bowen Hills.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S. ve Barker, M. (2008). Social support for managers who are bullied upwards, 8th International Conference on Bullying and Harrassment in The Workplace, 4-6 Haziran 2008, Montreal, Canada.
  • Cortina, L.M. ve Wasti, S. A. (2005). Profiles in coping: Responses to sexual harassment across persons, organizations, and cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 182-192.
  • Cowan, R. L. ve Toth, A. (2018). Qualitative research methods in the study of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment. P. D'Cruz, E. Noronha, G. Notelaers ve C. Rayner (Ed.) Concepts, Approaches and Methods. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment, Springer, Singapore.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve nitel araştırma deseni, M. Bütün ve S.B. Demir (Çev.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Demirağ, S. ve Çiftçi, S. (2017). Psychological intimidation at workplace (mobbing), J Psychol Psychother, 7(305).
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. ve Cooper, C. L. (2004). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf ve C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice içinde (3-30), Taylor&Francis, London.
  • Galletta, D., Sica, G., Califano, A., Aurino, C., Lorenzo, P. ve Buccelli, C. (2014). Mobbing: From a social phenomenon to psychopathology: Preliminary data. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(5), 1-4.
  • Gattis, V. M. (2019). Resilience: A coping strategy for professional women dealing with workplace bullying, Open Access Journal of Addiction and Psychology, 3(1), 1-14.
  • Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic ınquirie. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75-91.
  • Göçer, A. (2013). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının kültür dil ilişkisine yönelik metaforik algıları. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(9), 253-263.
  • Hemşirelik Yönetmeliği. (2010). 08.03.2010 tarihli 27515 sayılı. Erişim adresi: http://www.ttb.org.tr/mevzuat/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=745:hemrelyetmel&catid=2:y melik&Itemid=33, (05 Şubat 2020).
  • Hoel, H., Cooper, C. ve Fragher, B. (2001). The experience of bullying in Great Britain: The impact of organizational status. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 443-465.
  • Karatuna, I. (2015). Targets’ coping with workplace bullying: A qualitative study. Qualitative Research In Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 10(1), 21-37.
  • Kartal, M. T., Depren, Ö. ve Kılıç Depren, S. (2019). Türk bankacılık sektöründe psikolojik taciz (mobbing) üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Yasar University, 14(54), 180-195.
  • Kehribar, A., Nur Karabela, Ş., Kart Yaşar, K., Okur, A., Derya, M., Özgüri C. ve Çankaya, F. (2017). Çalışma hayatında mobbing: Nedenleri, bileşenleri ve ülkemizdeki hukuki durumu, Bakırköy Tıp Dergisi, (13), 1-9.
  • Kılıç, T., Çiftçi, F. ve Şener, Ş. (2016). Sağlık çalışanlarında mobbing ve ilişkili faktörler. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(2), 65-72.
  • Lewis, D. ve Sheehan, M. (2003). Introduction: Workplace bullying: Theoretical and practical approaches to a management challenge. International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 4, 1-10.
  • Leymann, H. (1996), The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184.
  • Leymann, H. ve A. Gustafsson (1996) Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 251-275.
  • Lincoln, Y. S. ve Guba, E. G. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions For Evaluation, (30), 73-84.
  • Mccarthy, P., Henderson, M., Sheehan, M. ve Barker, M. (2002). Workplace bullying: Its management and prevention, Australian Master Ohs and Environment Guide, 2003, Sydney, Cch, Australia.
  • Mccarthy, P., Mayhew, C., Barker, M. ve Sheehan, M. (2003). Bullying and occupational violence in tertiary education: Risk factors, perpetrators and prevention. The Journal of Occupational Health and Safety – Australia and New Zealand, 19, 319-326.
  • Mccarthy, P. ve Mayhew, C. (2004). Safeguarding the organization against violence and bullying, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, M. A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, California: Sage Publications
  • Miller, L. (1997). Not just weapons of the weak: Gender harrassment as a form of protest for army men. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 32-51. Öksüzoğlu, T. ve Şeşen, H. (2018). Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti kamu işyerlerinde mobbing olgusu: Sendikaların rolü üzerine nitel bir araştırma, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 51(1), 133-166.
  • Patterson, E., Branch, S., Barker, M. ve Ramsay, S. (2018). Playing with power: Examinations of Types of Power Used By Staff Members In Workplace Bullying – A Qualitative Interview Study, Qualitative Research In Organizations And Management: An International Journal, 13 (1), 32-52.
  • Rayner, C. ve Cooper, C. (2003). The black hole in ‘bullying at work’ research, International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 4, 47-64.
  • Salin, D. (2001). Prevalence and forms of bullying among business professionals: A comparison of two different strategies for measuring bullying, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 425-441.
  • Sığrı, Ü. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Tutar, H. (2004). İş yerinde psikolojik şiddet sarmalı: Nedenleri ve sonuçları. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 101-128.
  • Uysal, H. T. ve Yavuz, K. (2013). The unseen face of mobbing in organizations: Reverse mobbing, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(8), 2167-2183.
  • Uysal, H.T. (2016). Çalışanların liderlik algısı ve ters mobbing eğilimi: İşgören odaklı liderliğin etkisi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (47), 933-943.
  • Uysal, H. T. ve Gedik, İ. A. (2017). Effect of cynical individual factor on the reverse mobbing tendency: A planned behavior, B. Christiansen, ve H.C. Chandan (Ed.), Organizational Culture and Diversity and the Modern Workforce içinde (276-308), IGI Global, ABD.
  • Uzun, Z. ve Şafak Uzun, A. M. (2018). Akademı̇de mobbı̇ng: Okutmanların mobbı̇ng hakkındakı̇ görüşlerı̇ne daı̇r nı̇tel bı̇r araştırma. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 66, 326-347.
  • Zapf, D., Knorz, C. ve Kulla, M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors, and job content, social work environment, a health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 215-237.
  • Zapf, D. ve Gross, C. (2001). Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: A replication and extension. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497-522.
  • Zapf, D., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., ve Vartia, M. (2003). Empirical findings on bullying in the workplace. S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf ve C. Cooper, (Ed.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse In The Workplace: International Perspectives In Research and Practice içinde (103-126), Taylor and Francis, London.

TERSİNE ZORBALIK (MOBBİNG) EYLEMLERİ VE TERSİNE ZORBALIKLA BAŞA ÇIKMA STRATEJİLERİ ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 27, 403 - 418, 10.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.659530

Abstract

Bu çalışma hangi eylemlerin yöneticiler tarafından tersine zorbalık olarak algılandığını belirleyerek zorbalıkla başa çıkma stratejilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, amaçlı örneklem yöntemlerinden kartopu örneklem yöntemine göre belirlenmiş farklı sektörlerde çalışan 8 yönetici ile görüşmeler yapılmış ve görüşme notlarının analizinde tümevarımsal içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda olumsuz eylemlerin, öncelikle iş ile ilgili olarak algılandığı daha sonraki aşamalarda kişiselleştirildiği görülmüştür. Zorbalık olarak algılanan olumsuz eylemler, üretkenlik karşıtı eylemler ve psikolojik baskılar olmak üzere iki ana tema altında toplanmıştır. Zorbalıkla başa çıkma stratejileri ise aktif stratejiler ve pasif stratejiler olmak üzere yine iki tema altında betimlenmiştir. Aktif stratejiler altında, uzlaşmaya çalışma, sosyal ve yönetsel destek arama, çatışma, zorbalıkla karşılık verme ve ayrılma stratejileri, pasif stratejiler altında, yok sayma, kaçınma ve geri çekilme/vazgeçme stratejileri kodlanmıştır. Yöneticiler tarafından sosyal/yönetsel destek arama ve uzlaşma stratejilerinin en etkili stratejiler olarak görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda katılımcılar tarafından hem olumsuz eylemlerin zorbalık olarak algılanmasının hem de bu eylemlerle başa çıkma stratejilerinin birbirleriyle etkileşim halinde olan bir sürecin aşamaları olarak algılandığı sonucu bulunmuştur.

References

  • Akan, D., Yıldırım, İ. ve Yalçın, S. (2013). Mobbing behaviors that applied upward from below to principals. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(3), 646-659.
  • Altunay, E., Oral, G., ve Yalçınkaya, M. (2014). Eğitim kurumlarında mobbing uygulamalarına ilişkin nitel bir araştırma. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 4(1), 62-80.
  • Arastaman, G., Öztürk Fidan, İ. ve Fidan, T. (2018). Nitel araştırmada geçerlik ve güvenirlik: Kuramsal bir inceleme. YYÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (YYU Journal of Education Faculty), 15(1), 37-75.
  • Ayduğ, D., Himmetoğlu, B. ve Bayrak, C. (2018). Okul müdürlerinin mizah tarzlarına ilişkin öğretmenlerin metaforik algıları. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi – Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, 6(2), 108-130.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Sheehan, M. ve Barker, M. (2004). Us and them: Understanding upwards bullying through the lens of social ıdentity theory. 18st Annual Conference of The Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM), 8-11 Aralık 2004, Dunedin, New Zealand.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S. ve Barker, M. (2007a). Managers in the firing line: Contributing factors to workplace bullying by staff – an interview study. Journal of Management & Organization, 13(3), 264-281.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S. ve Barker, M. (2007b). The bullied boss: A conceptual exploration of upwards bullying. A. Glendon, B. M. Thompson ve B. Myors (Ed), Advances In Organisational Psychology, içinde (93-107), Australian Academic Press, Bowen Hills.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S. ve Barker, M. (2008). Social support for managers who are bullied upwards, 8th International Conference on Bullying and Harrassment in The Workplace, 4-6 Haziran 2008, Montreal, Canada.
  • Cortina, L.M. ve Wasti, S. A. (2005). Profiles in coping: Responses to sexual harassment across persons, organizations, and cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 182-192.
  • Cowan, R. L. ve Toth, A. (2018). Qualitative research methods in the study of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment. P. D'Cruz, E. Noronha, G. Notelaers ve C. Rayner (Ed.) Concepts, Approaches and Methods. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment, Springer, Singapore.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve nitel araştırma deseni, M. Bütün ve S.B. Demir (Çev.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Demirağ, S. ve Çiftçi, S. (2017). Psychological intimidation at workplace (mobbing), J Psychol Psychother, 7(305).
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. ve Cooper, C. L. (2004). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf ve C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice içinde (3-30), Taylor&Francis, London.
  • Galletta, D., Sica, G., Califano, A., Aurino, C., Lorenzo, P. ve Buccelli, C. (2014). Mobbing: From a social phenomenon to psychopathology: Preliminary data. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(5), 1-4.
  • Gattis, V. M. (2019). Resilience: A coping strategy for professional women dealing with workplace bullying, Open Access Journal of Addiction and Psychology, 3(1), 1-14.
  • Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic ınquirie. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75-91.
  • Göçer, A. (2013). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının kültür dil ilişkisine yönelik metaforik algıları. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(9), 253-263.
  • Hemşirelik Yönetmeliği. (2010). 08.03.2010 tarihli 27515 sayılı. Erişim adresi: http://www.ttb.org.tr/mevzuat/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=745:hemrelyetmel&catid=2:y melik&Itemid=33, (05 Şubat 2020).
  • Hoel, H., Cooper, C. ve Fragher, B. (2001). The experience of bullying in Great Britain: The impact of organizational status. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 443-465.
  • Karatuna, I. (2015). Targets’ coping with workplace bullying: A qualitative study. Qualitative Research In Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 10(1), 21-37.
  • Kartal, M. T., Depren, Ö. ve Kılıç Depren, S. (2019). Türk bankacılık sektöründe psikolojik taciz (mobbing) üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Yasar University, 14(54), 180-195.
  • Kehribar, A., Nur Karabela, Ş., Kart Yaşar, K., Okur, A., Derya, M., Özgüri C. ve Çankaya, F. (2017). Çalışma hayatında mobbing: Nedenleri, bileşenleri ve ülkemizdeki hukuki durumu, Bakırköy Tıp Dergisi, (13), 1-9.
  • Kılıç, T., Çiftçi, F. ve Şener, Ş. (2016). Sağlık çalışanlarında mobbing ve ilişkili faktörler. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(2), 65-72.
  • Lewis, D. ve Sheehan, M. (2003). Introduction: Workplace bullying: Theoretical and practical approaches to a management challenge. International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 4, 1-10.
  • Leymann, H. (1996), The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184.
  • Leymann, H. ve A. Gustafsson (1996) Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 251-275.
  • Lincoln, Y. S. ve Guba, E. G. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions For Evaluation, (30), 73-84.
  • Mccarthy, P., Henderson, M., Sheehan, M. ve Barker, M. (2002). Workplace bullying: Its management and prevention, Australian Master Ohs and Environment Guide, 2003, Sydney, Cch, Australia.
  • Mccarthy, P., Mayhew, C., Barker, M. ve Sheehan, M. (2003). Bullying and occupational violence in tertiary education: Risk factors, perpetrators and prevention. The Journal of Occupational Health and Safety – Australia and New Zealand, 19, 319-326.
  • Mccarthy, P. ve Mayhew, C. (2004). Safeguarding the organization against violence and bullying, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, M. A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, California: Sage Publications
  • Miller, L. (1997). Not just weapons of the weak: Gender harrassment as a form of protest for army men. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 32-51. Öksüzoğlu, T. ve Şeşen, H. (2018). Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti kamu işyerlerinde mobbing olgusu: Sendikaların rolü üzerine nitel bir araştırma, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 51(1), 133-166.
  • Patterson, E., Branch, S., Barker, M. ve Ramsay, S. (2018). Playing with power: Examinations of Types of Power Used By Staff Members In Workplace Bullying – A Qualitative Interview Study, Qualitative Research In Organizations And Management: An International Journal, 13 (1), 32-52.
  • Rayner, C. ve Cooper, C. (2003). The black hole in ‘bullying at work’ research, International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 4, 47-64.
  • Salin, D. (2001). Prevalence and forms of bullying among business professionals: A comparison of two different strategies for measuring bullying, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 425-441.
  • Sığrı, Ü. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Tutar, H. (2004). İş yerinde psikolojik şiddet sarmalı: Nedenleri ve sonuçları. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 101-128.
  • Uysal, H. T. ve Yavuz, K. (2013). The unseen face of mobbing in organizations: Reverse mobbing, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(8), 2167-2183.
  • Uysal, H.T. (2016). Çalışanların liderlik algısı ve ters mobbing eğilimi: İşgören odaklı liderliğin etkisi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (47), 933-943.
  • Uysal, H. T. ve Gedik, İ. A. (2017). Effect of cynical individual factor on the reverse mobbing tendency: A planned behavior, B. Christiansen, ve H.C. Chandan (Ed.), Organizational Culture and Diversity and the Modern Workforce içinde (276-308), IGI Global, ABD.
  • Uzun, Z. ve Şafak Uzun, A. M. (2018). Akademı̇de mobbı̇ng: Okutmanların mobbı̇ng hakkındakı̇ görüşlerı̇ne daı̇r nı̇tel bı̇r araştırma. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 66, 326-347.
  • Zapf, D., Knorz, C. ve Kulla, M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors, and job content, social work environment, a health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 215-237.
  • Zapf, D. ve Gross, C. (2001). Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: A replication and extension. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497-522.
  • Zapf, D., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., ve Vartia, M. (2003). Empirical findings on bullying in the workplace. S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf ve C. Cooper, (Ed.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse In The Workplace: International Perspectives In Research and Practice içinde (103-126), Taylor and Francis, London.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Eylem Bayrakçı 0000-0001-8006-9160

Mehmet Dinç 0000-0001-9871-3532

Publication Date June 10, 2020
Submission Date December 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 11 Issue: 27

Cite

APA Bayrakçı, E., & Dinç, M. (2020). TERSİNE ZORBALIK (MOBBİNG) EYLEMLERİ VE TERSİNE ZORBALIKLA BAŞA ÇIKMA STRATEJİLERİ ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(27), 403-418. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.659530

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