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Beliren Yetişkinlik Dönemindeki Bireylerde Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri ve Antibiyotik Kullanımının İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 47, 874 - 889, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1649193

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin sağlığının sosyal belirleyicileri ile antibiyotik kullanım durumlarını değerlendirmek ve bu iki faktör arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırma, Ankara'da yaşayan 18-25 yaş arasındaki bireyleri kapsamaktadır. Basit rastgele örneklem yöntemi ile 384 kişi örneklem olarak belirlenmiş ve toplamda 391 bireye Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri ve Antibiyotik Kullanım Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Veriler SPSS ile analiz edilmiştir. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler elde edilmiş, normal dağılmayan veriler için nonparametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerin güvenilirliği Cronbach alfa ile belirlenmiş, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler ise Spearman’s Rho korelasyon katsayısı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri ile antibiyotik kullanımı arasında pozitif, ancak zayıf bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Katılımcıların sosyal sağlık ihtiyaçlarının ve antibiyotik kullanım durumlarına yönelik değerlendirmelerinin düşük olduğu görülmektedir. Sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri, birlikte yaşanan kişilere, ailelerinin gelir durumuna ve sürekli ilaç kullanma durumlarına göre; antibiyotik kullanım durumları ise yaş, hekime başvuru sayısı, ailedek kronik hastalık bulunması ve genel sağlık durumuna göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bireylerin sağlık statülerinin iyileştirilmesi için sosyal belirleyiciler ve bilinçli antibiyotik kullanımı konusunda desteklenmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla politika yapıcılarının, toplumun bilgi düzeyini artırarak yaşam koşullarını iyileştirmeleri hayati önem taşımaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane Bilimsel Araştırma Etik Kurulu'ndan 2024-42 sayılı ve 10.09.2024 tarihli etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.

References

  • Akdemirel, E. (2024). OECD ülkelerinde sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri üzerine bir panel veri analizi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 27(1), 65-90. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1347335
  • Akman, N. (2021). A study on the knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic usage of health program. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 51(3), 295-302.
  • Araz, A., Yurttapan, E., Erdem, Ö., & Erol, S. (2022). Sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin antibiyotik kullanım konusunda tutum ve davranışları. Journal of Health Sciences and Management, 2, 1-7.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
  • Atik, A. D., & Doğan, Y. (2019). Antibiyotik kullanım ölçeği: Ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 1248-1276.
  • Ay, F., Yıldırım, B., & Demir, S. (2020). The impact of public awareness campaigns on reducing inappropriate antibiotic use in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 18(2), 45-59.
  • Aydın, G., & Koca, M. (2021). Sağlık okuryazarlığı ve antibiyotik kullanımı arasındaki ilişki: Üniversite öğrencileri örneği. Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 26(1), 78-95.
  • Barker, A. K., Brown, K., Ahsan, M., Sengupta, S., & Safdar, N. (2017). Social determinants of antibiotic misuse: A qualitative study of community members in Haryana, India. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4261-4
  • Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2016). Digital health literacy: Internet-based health information-seeking behavior. Journal of Information Science, 42(5), 659-668.
  • Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., & Glymour, M. M. (2014). Social epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Braveman, P., & Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: It's time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Reports, 129(1_suppl2), 19-31.
  • Burtscher, D., Van den Bergh, R., Nasim, M., Mahama, G., Au, S., Williams, A., et al. (2021). 'They eat it like sweets': A mixed methods study of antibiotic perceptions and their use among patients, prescribers and pharmacists in a district hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. PLoS ONE, 16(11), e0260096.
  • Cals, J. W., & Butler, C. C. (2009). The effectiveness of patient-targeted interventions to improve antibiotic use in primary care: a meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 7(6), 510-517.
  • Çetin, A., Yılmaz, B., & Aksoy, T. (2022). Mental health status and self-medication behavior among university students in Turkey. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19(3), 154-170.
  • Deatrick, J. A. (2017). Where is “family” in the social determinants of health? Implications for family nursing practice, research, education, and policy. Journal of Family Nursing, 23(4), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840717735287
  • Demir, A., Kaya, M., & Şen, R. (2021). Family influence on health decisions and antibiotic usage patterns in Turkey. Journal of Health Sociology, 10(3), 112-130.
  • Doğan, S., Karaca, E., & Arslan, H. (2023). Chronic illness and antibiotic overuse: Addressing patient concerns in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 31(2), 200-218.
  • Eroğlu, H., & Şahin, C. (2018). Gender differences in self-medication and antibiotic use: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(1), 78-92.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 11.0 Update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Gözlü, K. (2020). A social determinant of health: Health literacy. Medical Journal of SDU, 27(1), 137-144.
  • Grigoryan, L., Burgerhof, J. G., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M., Degener, J. E., Deschepper, R., Monnet, D. L., & Cunney, R. (2007). Determinants of self-medication with antibiotics in Europe: the impact of beliefs, country wealth, and the healthcare system. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 59(4), 725-732.
  • Gustavsson, C., Svedberg, P., Nygren, J., & Eriksson, C. (2021). Psychological distress and medication behavior among young adults: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21, 1056.
  • Hulscher, M. E., van der Meer, J. W., & Grol, R. P. (2010). Antibiotic use: How to improve it? International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 300(6), 351-356.
  • Johnson, K. P., Brookover, D. L., & Bradbrook, K. (2022). Social health needs and promotive health factors scale for college students: Scale development and initial validation. Journal of American College Health, 70(1), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1725021
  • Kara, Z., Tunç, B., & Yılmaz, P. (2022). Antibiotic demand among patients with chronic conditions: A Turkish case study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 30(4), 299-312.
  • Karatana, Ö. (2023). Adaptation of the Social Determinants of Health Scale for university students to Turkish: A validity and reliability study. IGUSABDER, 769-779.
  • Kılınç, S., & Çelik, M. (2022). Antibiyotik kullanımı ve sağlık davranışları: Toplumsal cinsiyet farklılıkları üzerine bir çalışma. Sağlık Sosyolojisi Dergisi, 15(2), 89-104.
  • Kickbusch, I., Pelikan, J. M., Apfel, F., & Tsouros, A. D. (2013). Health literacy: The solid facts. World Health Organization.
  • Lavigne, J. E., Griggs, J. J., Tu, X. M., & Kahwati, L. C. (2020). Antibiotic overuse: Attitudes, behaviors, and policy implications. Journal of Public Health Policy, 41(2), 234-249.
  • Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A. K., Wertheim, H. F., Sumpradit, N., & Laxminarayan, R. (2013). Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(12), 1057-1098.
  • Laxminarayan, R., Matsoso, P., Pant, S., Brower, C., Røttingen, J. A., Klugman, K., & Davies, S. (2016). Access to effective antimicrobials: A worldwide challenge. The Lancet, 387(10014), 168-175.
  • Marmot, M. (2020). Health equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 years on. The Health Foundation. https://www.health.org.uk/publications/reports/the-marmot-review-10-years-on
  • Marmot, M., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2006). Social determinants of health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Nelson, M. C., Story, M., Larson, N. I., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Lytle, L. A. (2019). Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age for weight-related behavior change. Obesity, 16(10), 2205-2211.
  • Okeke, I. N., Laxminarayan, R., Bhutta, Z. A., Duse, A. G., Jenkins, P., O'Brien, T. F., Pablos-Mendez, A., & Klugman, K. P. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: Recent trends and current status. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(8), 481-493.
  • Özdemir, E., & Güven, M. (2022). Dijital sağlık okuryazarlığı ve ilaç kullanımı: Bilgi kaynaklarının etkisi. Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 120-135.
  • Özkan, G., Bayrak, A., & Çelik, F. (2021). Antibiotic awareness and regulatory policies in Turkey: A systematic review. Turkish Medical Journal, 29(1), 45-63.
  • Park, Y., Mulligan, N., Gleize, M., et al. (2021). Discovering associations between social determinants and health outcomes: Merging knowledge graphs from literature and electronic health data. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 940-949.
  • Sağlam, D., Erdem, N., & Yalçın, G. (2023). İş yerinde sağlık eğitimi programlarının antibiyotik kullanımına etkisi. Çalışma Hayatı ve Sağlık Dergisi, 8(2), 57-74.
  • Smith, R. D., Coast, J., & Millar, M. (2020). Chronic illness and antibiotic overuse: Addressing patient concerns. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 22, 112-120.
  • Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 (Policy and Practice). World Health Organization, Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Teixeira Rodrigues, A., Roque, F., Falcão, A., Figueiras, A., & Herdeiro, M. T. (2013). Patient-related determinants of antibiotic use: A systematic review. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-2-1
  • Umberson, D., & Montez, J. K. (2010). Social relationships and health: A sociological perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 139-157.
  • Ventola, C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(4), 277-283.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Action On The Social Determinants Of Health: Learning From Previous Experiences. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 1 (Debates). Geneva, Switzerland.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Social determinants of health. WHO. https://www.who.int/social_determinants

Examination of Social Determinants of Health and Antibiotic Use Among Individuals in Emerging Adulthood

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 47, 874 - 889, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1649193

Abstract

The study examines the sociodemographic characteristics, social determinants of health, and antibiotic usage patterns of individuals in emerging adulthood, focusing on those aged 18-25 in Ankara. Using the snowball sampling method, data are collected from 391 participants and analyzed with SPSS. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests are applied to non-normally distributed data. The reliability of the scales is assessed with Cronbach's alpha, and relationships between variables are analyzed using Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient. Post-hoc analyses are performed with the Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni correction for significant differences. The results reveal a weak but positive correlation between social determinants of health and antibiotic use (r = 0.104). Participants reported low levels of awareness regarding their social health needs and antibiotic usage behaviors. Factors such as income level, education, and frequency of doctor visits significantly influenced antibiotic use. Misuse of antibiotics is widespread, particularly among individuals with limited healthcare access, leading to a high rate of non-prescription antibiotic use. The findings emphasize the need to enhance health literacy, improve healthcare access, and promote awareness campaigns to reduce improper antibiotic use and combat antibiotic resistance.

Ethical Statement

For this study the approval of ethical committee no 2024-42 dated 10.09.2024 was taken from the Gülhane Scientific Research Ethics Committee, University of Health Sciences.

References

  • Akdemirel, E. (2024). OECD ülkelerinde sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri üzerine bir panel veri analizi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 27(1), 65-90. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1347335
  • Akman, N. (2021). A study on the knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic usage of health program. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 51(3), 295-302.
  • Araz, A., Yurttapan, E., Erdem, Ö., & Erol, S. (2022). Sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin antibiyotik kullanım konusunda tutum ve davranışları. Journal of Health Sciences and Management, 2, 1-7.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
  • Atik, A. D., & Doğan, Y. (2019). Antibiyotik kullanım ölçeği: Ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 1248-1276.
  • Ay, F., Yıldırım, B., & Demir, S. (2020). The impact of public awareness campaigns on reducing inappropriate antibiotic use in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 18(2), 45-59.
  • Aydın, G., & Koca, M. (2021). Sağlık okuryazarlığı ve antibiyotik kullanımı arasındaki ilişki: Üniversite öğrencileri örneği. Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 26(1), 78-95.
  • Barker, A. K., Brown, K., Ahsan, M., Sengupta, S., & Safdar, N. (2017). Social determinants of antibiotic misuse: A qualitative study of community members in Haryana, India. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4261-4
  • Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2016). Digital health literacy: Internet-based health information-seeking behavior. Journal of Information Science, 42(5), 659-668.
  • Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., & Glymour, M. M. (2014). Social epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Braveman, P., & Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: It's time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Reports, 129(1_suppl2), 19-31.
  • Burtscher, D., Van den Bergh, R., Nasim, M., Mahama, G., Au, S., Williams, A., et al. (2021). 'They eat it like sweets': A mixed methods study of antibiotic perceptions and their use among patients, prescribers and pharmacists in a district hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. PLoS ONE, 16(11), e0260096.
  • Cals, J. W., & Butler, C. C. (2009). The effectiveness of patient-targeted interventions to improve antibiotic use in primary care: a meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 7(6), 510-517.
  • Çetin, A., Yılmaz, B., & Aksoy, T. (2022). Mental health status and self-medication behavior among university students in Turkey. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19(3), 154-170.
  • Deatrick, J. A. (2017). Where is “family” in the social determinants of health? Implications for family nursing practice, research, education, and policy. Journal of Family Nursing, 23(4), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840717735287
  • Demir, A., Kaya, M., & Şen, R. (2021). Family influence on health decisions and antibiotic usage patterns in Turkey. Journal of Health Sociology, 10(3), 112-130.
  • Doğan, S., Karaca, E., & Arslan, H. (2023). Chronic illness and antibiotic overuse: Addressing patient concerns in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 31(2), 200-218.
  • Eroğlu, H., & Şahin, C. (2018). Gender differences in self-medication and antibiotic use: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(1), 78-92.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 11.0 Update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Gözlü, K. (2020). A social determinant of health: Health literacy. Medical Journal of SDU, 27(1), 137-144.
  • Grigoryan, L., Burgerhof, J. G., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M., Degener, J. E., Deschepper, R., Monnet, D. L., & Cunney, R. (2007). Determinants of self-medication with antibiotics in Europe: the impact of beliefs, country wealth, and the healthcare system. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 59(4), 725-732.
  • Gustavsson, C., Svedberg, P., Nygren, J., & Eriksson, C. (2021). Psychological distress and medication behavior among young adults: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21, 1056.
  • Hulscher, M. E., van der Meer, J. W., & Grol, R. P. (2010). Antibiotic use: How to improve it? International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 300(6), 351-356.
  • Johnson, K. P., Brookover, D. L., & Bradbrook, K. (2022). Social health needs and promotive health factors scale for college students: Scale development and initial validation. Journal of American College Health, 70(1), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1725021
  • Kara, Z., Tunç, B., & Yılmaz, P. (2022). Antibiotic demand among patients with chronic conditions: A Turkish case study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 30(4), 299-312.
  • Karatana, Ö. (2023). Adaptation of the Social Determinants of Health Scale for university students to Turkish: A validity and reliability study. IGUSABDER, 769-779.
  • Kılınç, S., & Çelik, M. (2022). Antibiyotik kullanımı ve sağlık davranışları: Toplumsal cinsiyet farklılıkları üzerine bir çalışma. Sağlık Sosyolojisi Dergisi, 15(2), 89-104.
  • Kickbusch, I., Pelikan, J. M., Apfel, F., & Tsouros, A. D. (2013). Health literacy: The solid facts. World Health Organization.
  • Lavigne, J. E., Griggs, J. J., Tu, X. M., & Kahwati, L. C. (2020). Antibiotic overuse: Attitudes, behaviors, and policy implications. Journal of Public Health Policy, 41(2), 234-249.
  • Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A. K., Wertheim, H. F., Sumpradit, N., & Laxminarayan, R. (2013). Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(12), 1057-1098.
  • Laxminarayan, R., Matsoso, P., Pant, S., Brower, C., Røttingen, J. A., Klugman, K., & Davies, S. (2016). Access to effective antimicrobials: A worldwide challenge. The Lancet, 387(10014), 168-175.
  • Marmot, M. (2020). Health equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 years on. The Health Foundation. https://www.health.org.uk/publications/reports/the-marmot-review-10-years-on
  • Marmot, M., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2006). Social determinants of health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Nelson, M. C., Story, M., Larson, N. I., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Lytle, L. A. (2019). Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age for weight-related behavior change. Obesity, 16(10), 2205-2211.
  • Okeke, I. N., Laxminarayan, R., Bhutta, Z. A., Duse, A. G., Jenkins, P., O'Brien, T. F., Pablos-Mendez, A., & Klugman, K. P. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: Recent trends and current status. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(8), 481-493.
  • Özdemir, E., & Güven, M. (2022). Dijital sağlık okuryazarlığı ve ilaç kullanımı: Bilgi kaynaklarının etkisi. Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 120-135.
  • Özkan, G., Bayrak, A., & Çelik, F. (2021). Antibiotic awareness and regulatory policies in Turkey: A systematic review. Turkish Medical Journal, 29(1), 45-63.
  • Park, Y., Mulligan, N., Gleize, M., et al. (2021). Discovering associations between social determinants and health outcomes: Merging knowledge graphs from literature and electronic health data. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 940-949.
  • Sağlam, D., Erdem, N., & Yalçın, G. (2023). İş yerinde sağlık eğitimi programlarının antibiyotik kullanımına etkisi. Çalışma Hayatı ve Sağlık Dergisi, 8(2), 57-74.
  • Smith, R. D., Coast, J., & Millar, M. (2020). Chronic illness and antibiotic overuse: Addressing patient concerns. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 22, 112-120.
  • Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 (Policy and Practice). World Health Organization, Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Teixeira Rodrigues, A., Roque, F., Falcão, A., Figueiras, A., & Herdeiro, M. T. (2013). Patient-related determinants of antibiotic use: A systematic review. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-2-1
  • Umberson, D., & Montez, J. K. (2010). Social relationships and health: A sociological perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 139-157.
  • Ventola, C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(4), 277-283.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Action On The Social Determinants Of Health: Learning From Previous Experiences. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 1 (Debates). Geneva, Switzerland.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Social determinants of health. WHO. https://www.who.int/social_determinants
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Social Determinants of Health, Health and Community Services
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hakan Oğuz Arı 0000-0001-5817-0916

Early Pub Date August 31, 2025
Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date March 1, 2025
Acceptance Date July 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 47

Cite

APA Arı, H. O. (2025). Examination of Social Determinants of Health and Antibiotic Use Among Individuals in Emerging Adulthood. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 16(47), 874-889. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1649193