Research Article
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Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 40 - 51, 25.12.2019

Abstract

References

  • Ashori A. (2008). Wood–plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries. Bioresour Technol, 99(11), 4661–7.
  • Basiji F., Safdari V., Nourbakhsh A. and Pilla S. (2010). The effects of fiber length and fiber loading on the mechanical properties of wood-plastic (polypropylene) composites. Turk J Agric For, 34, 191–196.
  • Belgacem M.N., Bataille P. and Sapieha S. (1994). Effect of corona modification on the mechanical-properties of polypropylene cellulose composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 53, 379–385.
  • Bisanda E.T.N. and Ansell M.P. (1991). The effect of silane treatment on the mechanical and physical properties of sisal–epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol, 41, 165–178.
  • Bledzki A.K. and Gassan J. (1999). Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci, 24(2), 221-274.
  • Bledzki A.K., Reihmane S. and Gassan J. (1996). Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci, 59, 1329-1336.
  • Bouafif H., Koubaa A., Perré P. and Cloutier A. (2009). Effects of fiber characteristics on the physical and mechanical properties of wood plastic composites. Composites Part A, 40, 1975–1981.
  • Chiu F.C., Yen H.Z. and Lee C.E. (2010). Characterization of PP/HDPE blend-based nanocomposites using different maleated polyolefins as compatibilizers. Polym Testing, 29(3), 397–406.
  • Deka B.K. and Maji T.K. (2010). Effect of coupling agent and nanoclay on properties of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC blend and Phargamites karka nanocomposite. Compos Sci Technol, 70(12), 1755–61.
  • Deka B.K., Mandal M. and Maji T.K. (2011). Study on properties of nanocomposites based on HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC, wood and clay. Polym Bull, doi:10.1007/s00289-011-0529-5.
  • Devi R.R. and Maji T.K. (2007). Effect of glycidyl methacrylate on the physical properties of wood–polymer composites. Polym Compos, 28(1), 1–5.
  • Dikobe D.G. and Luyt A.S. (2007). Effect of poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) compatibilizer content on the morphology and physical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate–wood fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci, 104(5), 3206–13.
  • Dönmez Çavdar A., Kalaycıoğlu H. and Mengeloğlu F. (2011). Tea mill waste fibers filled thermoplastic composites: the effects of plastic type and fiber loading. J Reinf Plast Compos, 30, 833–844.
  • Dönmez Çavdar A., Mengeloğlu F. and Karakus K. (2015). Effect of boric acid and borax on mechanical, fire and thermal properties of wood flour filled high density polyethylene composites. Measurement, 60, 6–12.
  • Felix J.M. and Gatenholm P. (1991). The nature of adhesion in composites of modified cellulose fibers and polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci, 42, 609-620.
  • Gadhe J.B., Gupta R.B. and Elder T. (2006). Surface modification of lignocellulosic fibers using high-frequency ultrasound. Cellulose, 13(1), 9–22.
  • Gassan J. (2002). A study of fibre and interface parameters affecting the fatigue behaviour of natural fibre composites. Compos A, 33, 369–374.
  • Gassan J. and Bledzki A.K. (1997). The influence of fiber-surface treatment on the mechanical properties of jute-polypropylene composites. Composites Part A, 28(2), 1001-1005.
  • Gassan J. and Bledzki A.K. (1999). Alkali treatment of jute fibers: Relationship between structure and mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 71(4), 623–629.
  • Gassan J. and Bledzki A.K. (1999). Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. Compos Sci Technol, 59, 1303-1309.
  • Gironès J., Mendez J.A., Boufi S., Vilaseca F. and Mutjé P. (2007). Effect of silane coupling agents on the properties of pine fibers/polypropylene composites. Journal or Applied Polymer Science, 103(6), 3706–3717.
  • Gnatowski M., Ibach R., Leung M. and Sun G. (2015). Magnetic resonance imaging used for the evaluation of water presence in wood plastic composite boards exposed to exterior conditions. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 10(1), 94–111.
  • Green J., and Sanyer N. (1982). Alkaline pulping in aqueous alcohols and amines. Tappi, 65, 133-137.
  • Habibi Y., El-Zawawy W.K., Ibrahim M.M. and Dufresne A. (2008). Processing and characterization of reinforced polyethylene composites made with lignocellulosic fibers from Egyptian agro-industrial residues. Compos Sci Technol, 68, 1877–1885.
  • Hedjazi S., Kordsachia O., Patt R. and Kreipl, A. (2009). MEA/water/AQ-pulping of wheat straw. Holzforschung, 63, 505–512. Hollander A., Klemberg-Sapieha J.E. and Wertheimer M.R. (1994). Vacuum-ultravioletinduced oxidation of polyethylene. Macromolecules, 27(10), 2893–2895.
  • Hosseini S.B. (2013). Effects of Dioctyl phthalate and density changes on the physical and mechanical properties of woodflour/PVC composites. J Indian Acad Wood Sci, 10(1), 22-25.
  • Hosseini S.B., Hedjazi S., Jamalirad L. and Sukhtesaraie A. (2014). Effect of nano-SiO2 on physical and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites (FRCs). J Indian Acad Wood Sci, 11 (2), 116-121.
  • Ikhlef S., Nekkaa S., Guessoum M. and Haddaoui N. (2012). Effects of alkaline treatment on the mechanical and rheological properties of low density polyethylene/spartium junceum flour composites. ISRN Polym Sci, 96510, 1–7.
  • Islam M.S., Hamdan S., Jusoh I., Rahman M.R. and Ahmed A.S. (2012). The effect of alkali pretreatment on mechanical and morphological properties of tropical wood polymer composites. Mater Des, 33, 419–424.
  • Joseph K., Thomas S. and Pavithran C. (1996). Effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites. Polymer, 37(23), 5139-5149.
  • Kato K., Vasilets V.N., Fursa M.N., Meguro M., Ikada Y. and Nakamae K. (1999). Surface oxidation of cellulose fibers by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation. Journal of Polymer Science Part A – Polymer Chemistry, 37(3), 357–361.
  • Khristova P., Kordsanchia O., Patt R., Khider T. and Karrar I. (2002). Alkaline pulping with additives of kenaf from Sudan. Ind Crops Prod, 15, 229–235.
  • Kim H.S., Lee B.H., Choi S.W., Kim S. and Kim H.J. (2007). The effect of types of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the interfacial adhesion properties of bio-flour-filled polypropylene composites. Composites: Part A, 38(6), 1473–82.
  • Klyosov A. A. (2007). Wood–Plastic Composites. First ed, Wiley Interscience, USA.
  • Li H. and Sain M. (2003). High Stiffness Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites. Polymer–plastics technology and engineering, 42(5), 853–862.
  • Li X., Tabil L.G. and Panigrahi S. (2007). Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15(1), 25-33.
  • Liu R., Peng Y., Cao J. and Chen Y. (2014). Comparison on properties of lignocellulosic flour/polymer composites by using wood, cellulose, and lignin flours as fillers. Compos Sci Technol, 103, 1–7.
  • Mapleston P. (1997). Natural-fibre composites rev-up role in interior panels. Mod Plast Int, 27(6), 39–40.
  • Marcovich N.E., Aranguren M.I. and Reboredo M.M. (2001a). Modified woodflour as thermoset fillersPart I. Effect of the chemical modification and percentage of filler on the mechanical properties. Polymer, 42, 815-825.
  • Marcovich N.E., Reboredo M.M. and Aranguren M.I. (1998). Mechanical properties of woodflour unsaturated polyester composites. J Appl Polym Sci, 70, 2121-1231.
  • Marcovich N.E., Reboredo M.M. and Aranguren M.I. (2001b). Modified woodflour as thermoset fillers: II. Thermal degradation of woodflours and composites. Thermochim Acta, 372, 45-57.
  • Mengeloğlu F. and Karakus K. (2008). Some properties of eucalyptus wood flour filled recycled high density polyethylene polymer-composites. Turk J Agric For, 32, 537–546.
  • Migneault S., Koubaa A. and Perré P. (2014). Effect of fiber origin, proportion, and chemical composition on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites. J Wood Chem Technol, 34, 241–261.
  • Migneault S., Koubaa A., Perré P. and Riedl B. (2015). Effects of wood fiber surface chemistry on strength of wood–plastic composites. Applied Surface Science, 343, 11–18.
  • Mohanty A.K., Khan M.A. and Hinrichsen G. (2000). Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance of biodegradable jute-fabric/biopol composites. Compos Sci Technol, 60, 1115–1124.
  • Mondal M.I.H., Farouqui F.I. and Kabir F.M.E. (2002). Graft copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto jute fibre using potassium persulphate as initiator. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 36(5–6), 471–482.
  • Mutjé P., Gironès J., Lopez A., Llop M.F. and Vilaseca F. (2006). Hemp strands: PP composites by injection molding: effect of low cost physico-chemical treatments. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 25(3), 313–327.
  • Nakagaito A.N. and Yano H. (2004). The effect of morphological changes from pulp fiber towards nano-scale fibrillated cellulose on the mechanical properties of highstrength plant fiber based composites. Applied Physics A – Materials Science and Processing, 78(4), 547–552.
  • Park E.S. (2008). Morphology, mechanical and dielectric breakdown properties of PBT/PET/TPE, PBT/PET/PA66, PBT/PET/LMPE and PBT/PET/TiO2 blends. Polym Compos, 29(10), 1111–8.
  • Pouzet M., Gautier D., Charlet K., Dubois M. and Béakou A. (2015). How to decrease the hydrophilicity of wood flour to process efficient composite materials. Applied Surface Science, 353, 1234–1241.
  • Rozman H.D., Kon B.K., Abusamah A., Kumar R.N. and Ishak Z.A.M. (1998). RUBBERWOOD-HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES - EFFECT OF FILLER SIZE AND COUPLING AGENTS ON MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES. Appl Polym Sci, 69, 1993-2004.
  • Rozman H.D., Tay G.S., Kumar R.N., Abubakar A., Ismail H. and Ishak Z.A.M. (1999). Polypropylene Hybrid Composites: A Preliminary Study on the use of Glass and Coconut Fiber as Reinforcements in Polypropylene Composites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng, 38, 997-1011.
  • Rozman H.D., Tay G.S., Kumar R.N., Abusamah A., Ismail H. and Ishak Z.A.M. (2001). Polypropylene-oil palm empty fruit bunch-glass fibre hybrid composites: a preliminary study on the flexural and tensile properties. Eur Polym J, 37, 1283-1291.
  • Sapieha S., Pupo J.F. and Schreiber H.P. (1989). Thermal-degradation of cellulosecontaining composites during processing. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 37(1), 233–240.
  • Scheller D. (1996). Mit der Natur im Bunde: Technische Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe, Fraunhofer Institut Producktionstechnologie.
  • Shebani A.N., Van Reenen A.J. and Meinckens M. (2009). The effect of wood species on the mechanical and thermal properties of wood-LLDPE composites. J Compos Mater, 43, 1305-1318.
  • Tay G.S., Zaim J.M. and Rozman H.D. (2010). Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composite Reinforced with Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pulp. J Appl Polym Sci, 116(4), 1867–1872.
  • Valadez-Gonzalez A., Cervantes-Uc J.M., Olayo R. and Herrera Franco P.J. (1999). Effect of fibres surface treatment on the fibres-matrix bond strength of natural fibres reinforced composites. Composites B: Appl Sci Manuf, 30, 309-320.
  • Vazquez A., Dominguez V.A. and Kenny J.M.J. (1999). Bagasse fiber–polypropylene based composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 12(6), 477–497.

THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 40 - 51, 25.12.2019

Abstract

Natural fibres are renewable, biodegradable, low-cost, low-density raw materials with high stiffness and strength compared to the other conventional products such as glass, aramid and carbon. There are a large variety of natural fibers such as rice straw, rice husk, wheat straw, corn stalks, palm, bagasse, hemp, flax and other agricultural residues. Natural fibers contain various organic materials (mainly celluloses as well as hemicelluloses and lignin) and there are several chemical treatments such as bleaching, esterification, silane treatment, use of compatibilizer, acetylation, alkali treatment and treatment with other chemicals in order to enhance the fiber matrix adhesion, which improve the physical and mechanical properties of composites.
This study investigates different pulping processes as a novel chemical treatment on bagasse and rice straw fibers and consequently, properties of biocomposites. By pulping processes, the treated natural fibers as a biofiller could be used to produce the new classes of bio composites defined as pulp- plastic composites (PPCs). Different pulping processes which are categorized in mechanical, semi-chemical and chemical methods led to natural fibers with different anatomical and chemical properties such as surface modification and delignification in comparison with untreated fibers. Furthermore, the comparison of natural fibers treated by chemical and mechanical pulping processes and effects of these treatments on physical and mechanical properties of natural fibers are worth considering.
Therefore in this paper, High-density polyethylene (HDPE), bagasse and rice straw fibers treated by four pulping processes (AS-AQ (alkaline sulfite anthraquinone), SODA-AQ (soda anthraquinone), MEA (monoethanolamine) and chemical mechanical pulping (CMP)) and maleic anhydride polyethylene as coupling agent were used to produce pulp plastic composites (PPCs) by injection molding. The physical and mechanical properties of corresponding composites were evaluated according to ASTM standards. The results showed that compared to untreated bagasse and rice straw/HDPE composite, the addition of bagasse and rice straw pulp fibers increased significantly the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, and hardness. The chemical pulps-reinforced composites showed better mechanical strengths than that of CMP-reinforced composites, but in some properties, CMP pulp composites have comparable results to the chemical pulp-reinforced composites. Natural fibers (untreated and treated) increased water absorption and thickness swelling of composites compared to pure HDPE. The comparison of PPCs from bagasse and rice straw untreated and treated fibers will be also presented and discussed.

References

  • Ashori A. (2008). Wood–plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries. Bioresour Technol, 99(11), 4661–7.
  • Basiji F., Safdari V., Nourbakhsh A. and Pilla S. (2010). The effects of fiber length and fiber loading on the mechanical properties of wood-plastic (polypropylene) composites. Turk J Agric For, 34, 191–196.
  • Belgacem M.N., Bataille P. and Sapieha S. (1994). Effect of corona modification on the mechanical-properties of polypropylene cellulose composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 53, 379–385.
  • Bisanda E.T.N. and Ansell M.P. (1991). The effect of silane treatment on the mechanical and physical properties of sisal–epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol, 41, 165–178.
  • Bledzki A.K. and Gassan J. (1999). Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci, 24(2), 221-274.
  • Bledzki A.K., Reihmane S. and Gassan J. (1996). Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci, 59, 1329-1336.
  • Bouafif H., Koubaa A., Perré P. and Cloutier A. (2009). Effects of fiber characteristics on the physical and mechanical properties of wood plastic composites. Composites Part A, 40, 1975–1981.
  • Chiu F.C., Yen H.Z. and Lee C.E. (2010). Characterization of PP/HDPE blend-based nanocomposites using different maleated polyolefins as compatibilizers. Polym Testing, 29(3), 397–406.
  • Deka B.K. and Maji T.K. (2010). Effect of coupling agent and nanoclay on properties of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC blend and Phargamites karka nanocomposite. Compos Sci Technol, 70(12), 1755–61.
  • Deka B.K., Mandal M. and Maji T.K. (2011). Study on properties of nanocomposites based on HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC, wood and clay. Polym Bull, doi:10.1007/s00289-011-0529-5.
  • Devi R.R. and Maji T.K. (2007). Effect of glycidyl methacrylate on the physical properties of wood–polymer composites. Polym Compos, 28(1), 1–5.
  • Dikobe D.G. and Luyt A.S. (2007). Effect of poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) compatibilizer content on the morphology and physical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate–wood fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci, 104(5), 3206–13.
  • Dönmez Çavdar A., Kalaycıoğlu H. and Mengeloğlu F. (2011). Tea mill waste fibers filled thermoplastic composites: the effects of plastic type and fiber loading. J Reinf Plast Compos, 30, 833–844.
  • Dönmez Çavdar A., Mengeloğlu F. and Karakus K. (2015). Effect of boric acid and borax on mechanical, fire and thermal properties of wood flour filled high density polyethylene composites. Measurement, 60, 6–12.
  • Felix J.M. and Gatenholm P. (1991). The nature of adhesion in composites of modified cellulose fibers and polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci, 42, 609-620.
  • Gadhe J.B., Gupta R.B. and Elder T. (2006). Surface modification of lignocellulosic fibers using high-frequency ultrasound. Cellulose, 13(1), 9–22.
  • Gassan J. (2002). A study of fibre and interface parameters affecting the fatigue behaviour of natural fibre composites. Compos A, 33, 369–374.
  • Gassan J. and Bledzki A.K. (1997). The influence of fiber-surface treatment on the mechanical properties of jute-polypropylene composites. Composites Part A, 28(2), 1001-1005.
  • Gassan J. and Bledzki A.K. (1999). Alkali treatment of jute fibers: Relationship between structure and mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 71(4), 623–629.
  • Gassan J. and Bledzki A.K. (1999). Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. Compos Sci Technol, 59, 1303-1309.
  • Gironès J., Mendez J.A., Boufi S., Vilaseca F. and Mutjé P. (2007). Effect of silane coupling agents on the properties of pine fibers/polypropylene composites. Journal or Applied Polymer Science, 103(6), 3706–3717.
  • Gnatowski M., Ibach R., Leung M. and Sun G. (2015). Magnetic resonance imaging used for the evaluation of water presence in wood plastic composite boards exposed to exterior conditions. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 10(1), 94–111.
  • Green J., and Sanyer N. (1982). Alkaline pulping in aqueous alcohols and amines. Tappi, 65, 133-137.
  • Habibi Y., El-Zawawy W.K., Ibrahim M.M. and Dufresne A. (2008). Processing and characterization of reinforced polyethylene composites made with lignocellulosic fibers from Egyptian agro-industrial residues. Compos Sci Technol, 68, 1877–1885.
  • Hedjazi S., Kordsachia O., Patt R. and Kreipl, A. (2009). MEA/water/AQ-pulping of wheat straw. Holzforschung, 63, 505–512. Hollander A., Klemberg-Sapieha J.E. and Wertheimer M.R. (1994). Vacuum-ultravioletinduced oxidation of polyethylene. Macromolecules, 27(10), 2893–2895.
  • Hosseini S.B. (2013). Effects of Dioctyl phthalate and density changes on the physical and mechanical properties of woodflour/PVC composites. J Indian Acad Wood Sci, 10(1), 22-25.
  • Hosseini S.B., Hedjazi S., Jamalirad L. and Sukhtesaraie A. (2014). Effect of nano-SiO2 on physical and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites (FRCs). J Indian Acad Wood Sci, 11 (2), 116-121.
  • Ikhlef S., Nekkaa S., Guessoum M. and Haddaoui N. (2012). Effects of alkaline treatment on the mechanical and rheological properties of low density polyethylene/spartium junceum flour composites. ISRN Polym Sci, 96510, 1–7.
  • Islam M.S., Hamdan S., Jusoh I., Rahman M.R. and Ahmed A.S. (2012). The effect of alkali pretreatment on mechanical and morphological properties of tropical wood polymer composites. Mater Des, 33, 419–424.
  • Joseph K., Thomas S. and Pavithran C. (1996). Effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites. Polymer, 37(23), 5139-5149.
  • Kato K., Vasilets V.N., Fursa M.N., Meguro M., Ikada Y. and Nakamae K. (1999). Surface oxidation of cellulose fibers by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation. Journal of Polymer Science Part A – Polymer Chemistry, 37(3), 357–361.
  • Khristova P., Kordsanchia O., Patt R., Khider T. and Karrar I. (2002). Alkaline pulping with additives of kenaf from Sudan. Ind Crops Prod, 15, 229–235.
  • Kim H.S., Lee B.H., Choi S.W., Kim S. and Kim H.J. (2007). The effect of types of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the interfacial adhesion properties of bio-flour-filled polypropylene composites. Composites: Part A, 38(6), 1473–82.
  • Klyosov A. A. (2007). Wood–Plastic Composites. First ed, Wiley Interscience, USA.
  • Li H. and Sain M. (2003). High Stiffness Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites. Polymer–plastics technology and engineering, 42(5), 853–862.
  • Li X., Tabil L.G. and Panigrahi S. (2007). Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15(1), 25-33.
  • Liu R., Peng Y., Cao J. and Chen Y. (2014). Comparison on properties of lignocellulosic flour/polymer composites by using wood, cellulose, and lignin flours as fillers. Compos Sci Technol, 103, 1–7.
  • Mapleston P. (1997). Natural-fibre composites rev-up role in interior panels. Mod Plast Int, 27(6), 39–40.
  • Marcovich N.E., Aranguren M.I. and Reboredo M.M. (2001a). Modified woodflour as thermoset fillersPart I. Effect of the chemical modification and percentage of filler on the mechanical properties. Polymer, 42, 815-825.
  • Marcovich N.E., Reboredo M.M. and Aranguren M.I. (1998). Mechanical properties of woodflour unsaturated polyester composites. J Appl Polym Sci, 70, 2121-1231.
  • Marcovich N.E., Reboredo M.M. and Aranguren M.I. (2001b). Modified woodflour as thermoset fillers: II. Thermal degradation of woodflours and composites. Thermochim Acta, 372, 45-57.
  • Mengeloğlu F. and Karakus K. (2008). Some properties of eucalyptus wood flour filled recycled high density polyethylene polymer-composites. Turk J Agric For, 32, 537–546.
  • Migneault S., Koubaa A. and Perré P. (2014). Effect of fiber origin, proportion, and chemical composition on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites. J Wood Chem Technol, 34, 241–261.
  • Migneault S., Koubaa A., Perré P. and Riedl B. (2015). Effects of wood fiber surface chemistry on strength of wood–plastic composites. Applied Surface Science, 343, 11–18.
  • Mohanty A.K., Khan M.A. and Hinrichsen G. (2000). Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance of biodegradable jute-fabric/biopol composites. Compos Sci Technol, 60, 1115–1124.
  • Mondal M.I.H., Farouqui F.I. and Kabir F.M.E. (2002). Graft copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto jute fibre using potassium persulphate as initiator. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 36(5–6), 471–482.
  • Mutjé P., Gironès J., Lopez A., Llop M.F. and Vilaseca F. (2006). Hemp strands: PP composites by injection molding: effect of low cost physico-chemical treatments. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 25(3), 313–327.
  • Nakagaito A.N. and Yano H. (2004). The effect of morphological changes from pulp fiber towards nano-scale fibrillated cellulose on the mechanical properties of highstrength plant fiber based composites. Applied Physics A – Materials Science and Processing, 78(4), 547–552.
  • Park E.S. (2008). Morphology, mechanical and dielectric breakdown properties of PBT/PET/TPE, PBT/PET/PA66, PBT/PET/LMPE and PBT/PET/TiO2 blends. Polym Compos, 29(10), 1111–8.
  • Pouzet M., Gautier D., Charlet K., Dubois M. and Béakou A. (2015). How to decrease the hydrophilicity of wood flour to process efficient composite materials. Applied Surface Science, 353, 1234–1241.
  • Rozman H.D., Kon B.K., Abusamah A., Kumar R.N. and Ishak Z.A.M. (1998). RUBBERWOOD-HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES - EFFECT OF FILLER SIZE AND COUPLING AGENTS ON MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES. Appl Polym Sci, 69, 1993-2004.
  • Rozman H.D., Tay G.S., Kumar R.N., Abubakar A., Ismail H. and Ishak Z.A.M. (1999). Polypropylene Hybrid Composites: A Preliminary Study on the use of Glass and Coconut Fiber as Reinforcements in Polypropylene Composites. Polym-Plast Technol Eng, 38, 997-1011.
  • Rozman H.D., Tay G.S., Kumar R.N., Abusamah A., Ismail H. and Ishak Z.A.M. (2001). Polypropylene-oil palm empty fruit bunch-glass fibre hybrid composites: a preliminary study on the flexural and tensile properties. Eur Polym J, 37, 1283-1291.
  • Sapieha S., Pupo J.F. and Schreiber H.P. (1989). Thermal-degradation of cellulosecontaining composites during processing. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 37(1), 233–240.
  • Scheller D. (1996). Mit der Natur im Bunde: Technische Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe, Fraunhofer Institut Producktionstechnologie.
  • Shebani A.N., Van Reenen A.J. and Meinckens M. (2009). The effect of wood species on the mechanical and thermal properties of wood-LLDPE composites. J Compos Mater, 43, 1305-1318.
  • Tay G.S., Zaim J.M. and Rozman H.D. (2010). Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composite Reinforced with Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pulp. J Appl Polym Sci, 116(4), 1867–1872.
  • Valadez-Gonzalez A., Cervantes-Uc J.M., Olayo R. and Herrera Franco P.J. (1999). Effect of fibres surface treatment on the fibres-matrix bond strength of natural fibres reinforced composites. Composites B: Appl Sci Manuf, 30, 309-320.
  • Vazquez A., Dominguez V.A. and Kenny J.M.J. (1999). Bagasse fiber–polypropylene based composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 12(6), 477–497.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Timber, Pulp and Paper
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sahab Hedjazi 0000-0003-1986-1794

Behnam Hosseini

Loya Jamalirad

Publication Date December 25, 2019
Acceptance Date December 17, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Hedjazi, S., Hosseini, B., & Jamalirad, L. (2019). THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW. Wood Industry and Engineering, 1(2), 40-51.
AMA Hedjazi S, Hosseini B, Jamalirad L. THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW. WI&E. December 2019;1(2):40-51.
Chicago Hedjazi, Sahab, Behnam Hosseini, and Loya Jamalirad. “THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW”. Wood Industry and Engineering 1, no. 2 (December 2019): 40-51.
EndNote Hedjazi S, Hosseini B, Jamalirad L (December 1, 2019) THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW. Wood Industry and Engineering 1 2 40–51.
IEEE S. Hedjazi, B. Hosseini, and L. Jamalirad, “THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW”, WI&E, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 40–51, 2019.
ISNAD Hedjazi, Sahab et al. “THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW”. Wood Industry and Engineering 1/2 (December 2019), 40-51.
JAMA Hedjazi S, Hosseini B, Jamalirad L. THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW. WI&E. 2019;1:40–51.
MLA Hedjazi, Sahab et al. “THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW”. Wood Industry and Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, 2019, pp. 40-51.
Vancouver Hedjazi S, Hosseini B, Jamalirad L. THE POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT PULPING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF PULP-PLASTIC COMPOSITES (PPC) FROM BAGASSE AND RICE STRAW. WI&E. 2019;1(2):40-51.

Wood Industry and Engineering Journal
 Correspondence: Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Kanuni Campus, 61080, Trabzon / TURKEY
Contact E-mail: engin_gezer@yahoo.com (Editor - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin Derya GEZER),   iaydin@ktu.edu.tr  (Co-Editor - Prof. Dr. Ismail AYDIN)
Phone: +90 (462) 377 1532,  Fax: +90 (462) 325 7499