Publication Ethics Principles
Publication ethics is a set of rules determined to ensure the reliability of academic publishing and to ensure the accurate and honest dissemination of scientific knowledge. In this context, all parties involved in the publication process, especially authors, referees and editors, are obliged to comply with ethical principles.

The publication processes applied in the Journal of Near East University Center for Islamic Studies constitute the basis for the development and distribution of knowledge in an impartial and reputable manner. The processes implemented in this direction directly reflect on the quality of the work of the authors and the institutions supporting the authors. Peer-reviewed studies are studies that embody and support the scientific method. At this point, it is important that all stakeholders of the process (authors, readers and researchers, publisher, referees and editors) comply with the standards for ethical principles. Our journal expects all stakeholders to carry the following ethical responsibilities within the scope of publication ethics. In addition, our journal aims to publish academic and original research that focuses on the history of sciences and disciplines in the context of Islamic civilization. Studies submitted in accordance with this scope are checked for their ethical standards.

Our journal adheres to national and international ethical guidelines and legal regulations such as Press Law (National Legislation), Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works (National Legislation), Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics of Higher Education Institutions (National Legislation), Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Principles, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) Ethical Standards, Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) Publication Principles, Turkey Editors' Workshop Decisions, etc. In addition, our journal follows a zero tolerance policy against scientific ethical violations such as plagiarism, data fabrication and distortion, republication, slicing and unfair authorship. The originality and ethical compliance of the manuscripts submitted for publication are meticulously examined by editors and referees. Studies in which ethical violations are detected are removed from the evaluation process and notified to the relevant authorities.

Actions Contrary to Scientific Research and Publication Ethics
The ethics of scientific research and publication are critical to ensure credibility, transparency and integrity in the academic world. Violating these ethical rules damages not only the reputation of individuals, but also that of institutions and the world of science. Some of the ethical violations frequently encountered in scientific research and publications are as follows:
Plagiarism
Plagiarism means presenting the ideas, methods, data, practices, writings or works of others as one's own work, in whole or in part, without proper attribution in accordance with scientific rules. Such behavior undermines academic integrity and undervalues original work. Plagiarism is not limited to quoting word for word; even other people's ideas or methods can be plagiarized without proper attribution.

Check to Prevent Plagiarism
Authors should ensure that their work is original, and if authors have used the work and/or words of others, they should be properly cited. Publications that have been influential in determining the quality of the work reported should also be cited. Plagiarism constitutes all forms of unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. The similarity report should be obtained from similarity programs provided by universities such as iThencitace, Turnitin, plagiarism.net and uploaded to the system by the author at the time of article submission. The similarity rate of the article should be at most 20%; the similarity rate between another study and the author's own work should be at most 2%; for studies produced from open access master's and doctoral theses, the similarity rate with the author's own thesis should be at most 5%. In addition to the similarity reports uploaded to the system by the authors, our journal performs plagiarism scanning with Intihal.net software.

Forgery
Falsification can be defined as generating data that is not based on research or presenting the data in an unrealistic way. This can take the form of pretending that research has not been conducted, fabricating data, or manipulating research results by editing data sets. Forgery is considered the most fundamental ethical violation of the research process and deeply undermines the trust of the scientific community.

Falsification
Distortion means falsifying research records and data, or failing to evaluate data that are not in line with the research hypothesis. Falsification includes presenting methods, devices or materials used in research in a way that they are not actually used, or manipulating data or results in the desired direction. Scientific research requires accurate presentation of results, always prioritizing accuracy and transparency.

Republication
Republishing means presenting multiple works containing the same research results as separate works in different academic publications. Especially in associate professorship exams and academic promotions, such actions negatively affect the originality of research and academic engagement. Repeating the same research on various platforms can hinder scientific progress and undermine academic confidence.
Republishing is the publication of the same article or substantially similar articles in more than one journal. The editor sends back this type of article without reviewing it. The editor may then embargo the attempted republication for a certain period of time, publicize it in the journal in which the author has previously published (perhaps by simultaneous announcement with the editor of the journal that published the previous article), or all of these measures together.

Slicing
Inappropriately publishing the results of a piece of research in a way that compromises the integrity of the research and presenting each piece as an independent work is called slicing. Such actions can damage academic processes by distorting the true contribution and integrity of the research. Moreover, such publications often trigger ethical violations against journals and lead to a loss of trust in the publishing world.

Unfair Authorship
Unfair authorship includes situations such as the inclusion of people who have not made active contributions, the exclusion of active contributors, and unjustified and unjustified changes in the order of authors. In addition, it is also considered unfair authorship when a person uses his/her influence to have his/her name included among the authors. Authorship in a scientific publication should be directly proportional to contributions and all authors should be recognized for their contribution to the research process.

Simultaneous submission of the same work to more than one journal
Authors may not submit the same article to more than one journal at the same time. If the editor learns of possible simultaneous submission, he/she reserves the right to consult with the other editor(s) receiving the manuscript. In addition, the editor may return the manuscript without review or reject the manuscript without considering the reviews, or take this decision in discussion with the other editor(s) involved, and may decide not to accept submissions from authors for a certain period of time. It may also write to the authors' employers or take all of these measures together.

Other Types of Ethical Violations
Research Conducted with Support
Failure to specify the supporting persons, institutions or organizations and their contributions.
Unsubmitted or Unaccepted Thesis and Studies
Using theses or studies that have not yet been submitted or defended and accepted as a source without the permission of the owner.
Unauthorized Sharing of Information
Sharing the information contained in a work that he/she has been assigned to examine with others before publication without the permission of the author.
Misuse of Research Resources
Misuse of resources, spaces, facilities and devices provided or allocated for scientific research.
Making Baseless and Intentional Allegations of Ethical Violations
Making baseless, unwarranted and intentional allegations of ethical violations.
Failure to Obtain Explicit Consent of Participants
In surveys and attitude surveys conducted within the scope of a scientific study, publishing data obtained without the explicit consent of the participants or without the permission of the institution if the research is to be conducted in an institution.
Conducting Research without Permission
In research and experiments, not obtaining the permissions required to be obtained before starting the studies in writing from the authorized units.
Conducting Research Contrary to Legislation
Conducting research and experiments contrary to the provisions of the legislation or international conventions to which Turkey is a party.
Failure to Inform about Harmful Practices
Failure by researchers and authorities to comply with the obligation to inform and warn those concerned about possible harmful practices related to scientific research.
Failure to comply with Data and Information Confidentiality
Failure to use data and information obtained from other persons and institutions in scientific studies to the extent and in the manner permitted, failure to comply with the confidentiality of this information and failure to ensure its protection.
Misleading Statements and Scientific Promotions
Making false or misleading statements about scientific research and publications in academic appointments and promotions.
Other ethical violations include failure to appropriately indicate the contributions of sponsors, institutions or organizations in sponsored research, failure to comply with ethical rules in research on humans and animals, and violations of patient rights. In addition, sharing the information in the manuscripts with others before publication during the refereeing process and misuse of research resources and facilities are also incompatible with the rules of scientific ethics.

Protection of Participants' Personal Data
The Journal of the Near East University Center for Islamic Studies requires that personal and sensitive data of research involving human participants be protected in accordance with legal regulations. Research involving such data should be subject to formal review within the framework of ethical rules. The confidentiality and rights of participants is a fundamental priority of any research.

Correction, Withdrawal, Expression of Concern
If minor errors are detected in a published article, editors may choose to publish a correction. However, in the case of major errors or ethical violations, the article may be retracted. Editors may also consider issuing a statement of concern if there is evidence of misconduct by authors in research or publications. COPE guidelines are taken into account in these processes.

Ethical Violation Notifications
The Journal of the Near East University Center for Islamic Studies encourages readers and researchers to provide feedback if they notice significant errors or ethical violations in articles published in the journal. Reporting such violations increases the safety and integrity of the scientific community. Submissions can be made to is.tem@neu.edu.tr and all submissions will be dealt with promptly and constructively.

Publication of Studies Based on Surveys and Interviews
Our journal adopts the “Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors” and “Code of Conduct for Journal Publishers” of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) in order to provide ethical assurance in scientific periodical publishing. In this context, the following points should be followed in the studies submitted to the journal:
1) For research in all disciplines that require ethics committee approval (ethics committee approval must be obtained, this approval must be stated and documented in the article.
2) In studies requiring ethics committee approval, information about the permission (name of the committee, date and number) should be included in the method section and on one of the first/last pages of the article; in case reports, information on the signature of the informed consent form should be included in the article.

Special Issue Publication Policy
A special issue may be published once a year upon the request of the Editorial Board. Articles submitted for inclusion in the special issue are first subjected to a preliminary editorial review. Then they are examined for compliance with the journal's spelling rules and similarity screening is performed to prevent plagiarism. After these stages, it is included in the peer review process where the double-blinding model is used.

Editorial Confidentiality Obligation
Editors treat all submitted manuscripts as confidential documents, which means that they will not disclose information about a manuscript to anyone without the authors' permission. During the manuscript review process, the following people have access to the manuscripts: Editors, Reviewers, Editorial Board Members. The only situation in which details of a manuscript may be communicated to a third party without the authors' permission is if the editor suspects serious research misconduct.

Responsibilities of Stakeholders
The Journal of the Near East University Center for Islamic Studies welcomes the stakeholders and readers of the researches to notify the relevant editorial board if they detect any violation of scientific research and publication ethics in the reviews published in the journal.

Responsibilities of the Editors
The editors, field editors and editorial board members of the Near East University Center for Islamic Studies Journal act within the framework of the ethical principles determined by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). In this context, editors are obliged to fulfill the following ethical duties and responsibilities:
Impartiality and Scientific Freedom: Editors evaluate articles submitted to the journal solely on the basis of their academic quality, originality and scientific contribution. Authors' credentials, ethnicity, gender, religious beliefs or political views are not taken into account in the evaluation process. The publication process is based solely on scientific criteria.
Independence: The relationship between the editors and the publisher is based on the principle of editorial independence. All editorial decisions are made independently of the influence of the publisher and related institutions. Editors have the authority to reject manuscripts that do not comply with editorial policies in order to maintain academic quality and ethical standards.
Confidentiality: Editors share information about submitted manuscripts only with the corresponding author, referees and editorial board members. The peer review process is carried out by double blind review method and referee information is kept confidential.
Conflict of Interest and Disclosure: Editors should not be involved in any conflict of interest and should maintain impartiality in the evaluation process. Editors cannot use the content of the article in their personal research without the express permission of the authors.
Publication Decision: Editors ensure that the articles submitted to the journal are peer-reviewed by at least two expert referees to ensure compliance with scientific standards. They make the publication decision according to the referee reports and academic evaluation processes.
Ethical Concerns: Editors have the responsibility to make the necessary corrections, retractions or clarifications in case an ethical violation is detected in an article published or accepted for publication. Ethics flowcharts determined by COPE are followed.
Collaboration with Journal Boards: The editors are in regular communication with the members of the advisory and editorial boards and cooperate for the development and academic quality of the journal.

Responsibilities of Authors
Scientific Standards: Authors should report their research accurately, completely and objectively. Articles should provide sufficient details and citations.
Data Retention: Authors should retain the raw data of their work and share them upon request of the editors when necessary.
Originality and Plagiarism: Authors should submit only original work. The work of others should be properly cited and attributed. The journal requires a similarity rate report to detect plagiarism.
Republishing and Simultaneous Submission: Simultaneous submission of the same article to more than one journal is unethical and unacceptable.
Authorship Guidelines: Only those who meet the authorship criteria should be included in the article as authors. All authors must see and approve the final version of the article.
Conflicts of Interest: Authors should declare potential conflicts of interest at the time of manuscript submission. Sources of financial support for the study should be clearly indicated.
Peer Review Process: Authors should actively participate in the peer review process and respond to reviewer comments in a timely and scientific manner.
Correction and Retraction: Authors should contact the editors and make the necessary corrections if they notice significant errors in their published manuscripts.

Responsibilities of Referees
Contribution to Editorial Decisions: Reviewers should support editors by evaluating manuscripts with scientific objectivity and help authors improve their work.
Timely Review: Reviewers should complete the manuscript review process within the specified timeframe or inform the editors if they are unable to complete the review on time.
Confidentiality: Reviewers should keep the manuscripts submitted to them confidential and not share them with third parties.
Impartiality and Scientific Evaluation: Reviewers should make their evaluations objectively and make suggestions to improve the authors. Personal criticism should be avoided.
Source Citation: Reviewers should notify the editors of studies that have not been cited by the authors but may be relevant.
Conflicts of Interest: Reviewers should not have any personal or academic conflict of interest with the manuscripts they review.

Complaint Procedure
This procedure applies to complaints about content, procedures or policies that are the responsibility of our magazine or editorial staff. Complaints can provide an opportunity and incentive for improvement and we aim to respond quickly, courteously and constructively.
The complaint must relate to content, procedures or policies that are the responsibility of our magazine or editorial team. Complaints should be emailed directly to is.tem@neu.edu.tr and will be treated confidentially. The editor responds to complaints immediately. The editor follows the procedure outlined in the COPE flowchart regarding complaints.
Complaints are reviewed by the relevant member of the editorial team and if not resolved, the following processes are followed:
• If this initial response is deemed inadequate, the complainant may request that the complaint be escalated to a more senior member of the journal.
• If the complainant is not satisfied, the complaint may be forwarded to the editor-in-chief.
• If possible, a full response will be provided within two weeks.
COPE publishes a code of practice for editors of scientific journals. This will facilitate the resolution of disputes with editors, journals and publishers, but only after the journal's own grievance procedures have been exhausted.

Appeal Process
We welcome serious objections to the evaluations made by editors and reviewers. If you feel that we have rejected your paper because we misunderstood its scientific content, please send an appeal message to our editorial team at is.tem@neu.edu.tr. Do not attempt to submit a revised version of your article at this stage. If, after reading your appeal letter, we realize that your appeal is justified, we may invite you to submit a revised version of your manuscript. Your paper will then be resubmitted to the external reviewer process. Please include as much detail as possible in the appeal letter. Finally, we can only consider one appeal per article, so please take the time and effort to write a detailed letter to make your appeal clear - you have one chance, so use it well. We have found that prolonged deliberation over rejected manuscripts is often unsatisfactory for both authors and editors, so we do not process multiple appeals for the same study.

Conflicts of Interest
A conflict of interest occurs when professional judgment about a primary interest may be influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain or personal competition). We believe that we need to know the competing interests of the authors in order to make the best decision about how to handle an article, and that if we publish the article, readers need to know them too.
Any interest, financial or otherwise, that could cause one to be conflicted in one's work, significantly impair one's objectivity, or give an unfair advantage to any person or organization. All sources of financial support received during the conduct of the research and preparation of the manuscript and the role of sponsors in the study should be disclosed. If there is no source of funding, this should also be indicated. Examples of potential conflicts of interest that should be disclosed include consultancies, salaries, grants. Potential conflicts of interest should be disclosed at the earliest possible stage.
The Journal of the Near East University Center for Islamic Studies has an established process for handling submissions from editors, staff or editorial board members to ensure impartial review. Such submissions are first referred to other journals. If this is not possible, the author of the submission will be suspended from the journal. These submissions are reviewed in a double blind process.
The editor should not be involved in decisions about manuscripts written by him/herself or family members. Furthermore, such a paper should be subject to all the usual procedures of the journal. The editor should follow the COPE guidelines on disclosure of potential conflicts of interest by authors and reviewers.

Principles of Research Ethics
The Journal of the Near East University Center for Islamic Studies observes the highest standards in research ethics and adopts the international principles of research ethics defined below. It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure that the articles comply with ethical rules.
• The principles of integrity, quality and transparency must be ensured in the design, review of the design and conduct of the research.
• The research team and participants should be fully informed about the purpose of the research, its methods and possible anticipated uses, and the requirements and risks, if any, of participation in the research.
• Confidentiality of information provided by research participants and confidentiality of respondents must be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.
• Research participants should take part in the research voluntarily and should not be under any coercion.
• Harm to participants should be avoided. The research should be planned in a way that does not put participants at risk.
• Research independence must be clear and explicit; any conflict of interest must be stated.
• In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent must be obtained from participants who decide to participate in the research. Consent must be obtained from the legal guardian of children and those under guardianship or with a confirmed mental illness.
• If the study will be conducted in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization that the study will be conducted.
• In studies with a human component, it should be stated in the “method” section that “informed consent” was obtained from the participants and ethics committee approval was obtained from the institution where the study was conducted.

Ethical Statement
Ethical rules must be followed in research on humans and animals.
For the intellectual and artistic works used, it must be stated that copyright regulations are complied with. For the use of scales, questionnaires, photographs, etc. belonging to others, permission from the owners must be obtained and specified.
In case presentations, it must be stated that the “informed consent form” has been obtained. If the research is conducted in the areas listed below, it is mandatory to upload “Ethics Committee Permission” in the appendix of the study.

Studies Requiring Ethics Committee Permission
All kinds of research conducted with qualitative or quantitative approaches that require data collection from participants using survey, interview, focus group study, observation, experiment, interview techniques, Use of humans and animals (including materials/data) for experimental or other scientific purposes, Clinical research on humans, Research on animals, Retrospective studies in accordance with the law on the protection of personal data.