Sporda Esneklik ve Gen İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 55 - 65, 25.07.2023

Sedat Kahya

Abstract

Çalışmamız, esneklik temel motorik becerisinin, kalıtımsal mekanizmasının mevcut literatürdeki çalışmalarla birlikte değerlendirmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Derlememizde, bugüne kadar esneklik ve gen ilişkisine yönelik internet veri tabanına kayıtlı çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Sporda yumuşaklığın performansa yansıması olan esneklik; kasın kasılabilmesi, uyarılabilmesi ve gerilebilmesi gibi özelliklere sahip bir beceridir. Hareket genişliği, ise daha çok eklem hareketlerinin ulaşılabilirliğinin toplamıdır. Kolajenler, üçlü, ekstraselüler matriks, sarmal formdan meydana gelmiş yumuşak dokulardır. Yumuşak dokuların yapısal bütünlüğünü etkileme gücüne sahip birçok dışsal faktör olmasına rağmen, bu dokuların metabolik işlevleri üzerinde kritik öneme sahip birkaç içsel faktör bulunmaktadır. Bu faktörlerden biri olmaya aday genetik, sportif performans için anahtar bir role sahip olabilir. Bu doğrultuda esneklik, %50 ihtimalle, genetik faktörlerle açıklanabilen bir beceridir. Esneklik, genetik varyantların sonucunda ortaya çıkan bir beceri olabilir. Esnekliğin kalıtımı üzerinde ELN, ACTN3, COL5A1, COL11A1 ve COL11A2 gen polimorfizmleri, kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu durum genlerin kolajen sentezini stimüle etmesi sonucu gerçekleşmektedir. Sonuç olarak esneklik, birçok faktörden etkilenen multifaktöriyel bir özelliktir.

Keywords

Esneklik, Gen, Kolajen, Spor, Yumuşak Doku

References

• Antrobus, M. R., Brazier, J., Stebbings, G. K., Day, S. H., Heffernan, S. M., Kilduff, L. P., . . . Williams, A. G. (2021). Genetic factors that could affect concussion risk in elite rugby. Sports (Basel) 9(2), 2-19. doi: 10.3390/sports9020019
• Artells, R., Pruna, R., Della, A., & Maffulli, N. (2016). Elastin: a possible genetic biomarker for more severe ligament injuries in elite soccer. Muscles Ligaments Tendons Journal 6(2), 188-192. doi: 10.11138/mltj/2016.6.2.188
• Baltazar-Martins, G., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Moreno-Pérez, V., López-Samanes, Á., . . . Coso, J. D. (2020). Effect of ACTN3 genotype on sports performance, exercise-induced muscle damage, and injury epidemiology. Sports (Basel) 8(7), 2-12. doi: 10.3390/sports8070099
• Bayraktar, B., & Kurtoğlu, M. (2009). Sporda performans, etkili faktörler, değerlendirilmesi ve artırılması. Klinik Gelişim 22(1), 16-24.
• Beckley, S., Dey, R., Stinton, S., Merwe, W. v., Branch, T., September, A. V., . . . Collins, M. (2022). Investigating the association between COL1A1 and COL3A1 gene variants and knee joint laxity and ligament measurements. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 100:105822, doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105822
• Beckley, S., Dey, R., Stinton, S., Merwe, W. v., Branch, T., September, A. V., . . . Collins, M. (2022). The association of variants within types V and XI collagen genes with knee joint laxity measurements. Genes 13(12), 2-12. doi.org/10.3390/genes13122359
• Bestwick-Stevenson, T., Ifesemen, O. S., Pearson, R. G., & Edwards, K. L. (2021). Association of sports participation with osteoarthritis. The Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9(6), 1-15. doi: 10.1177/23259671211004554
• Brazier, J., Antrobus, M., Stebbings, G. K., Day, S. H., Heffernan, S. M., Cross, M. J., & Williams, A. G. (2019). Tendon and ligament injuries in elite rugby: The potential genetic influence. Sports 7(6), 2-27. doi: 10.3390/sports7060138
• Brown, J. C., Miller, C. j., Schwellnus,, M. P., & Collins, M. (2011). Range of motion measurements diverge with increasing age for COL5A1 genotypes. Medicine & Science in Sport 21(6), 266-272. doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01271.x
• Cejudo, A., Moreno-Alcaraz, V. J., Izzo, R., Robles-Palazón, F. J., Baranda, P. S., & Santonja-Medina, F. (2020). Flexibility in spanish elite inline hockey players: Profile, sex, tightness and asymmetry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(9), 2-14. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093295
• Chohan, K., Mittal, N., McGillis, L., Lopez-Hernandez, L., Camacho, E., Rachinsky, M., . . . Rozenberg, D. (2021). A review of respiratory manifestations and their management in Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and hypermobility spectrum disorders. Chronic Respiratory Disease 18, 2-14. doi: 10.1177/14799731211025313
• Collins, M. (2010). Genetic risk factors for soft-tissue injuries 101: A practical summary to help clinicians understand the role of genetics and 'personalised medicine'. British Journal Sports Medicine 44, 915-917. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.058040
• Costa, P. B., Medeiros, H. d., & Fukuda, D. H. (2011). Warm-up, stretching, and cool-down strategies for combat sports. Strength and Conditioning Journal 33(6), 71-79. DOI:10.1519/SSC.0b013e31823504c9
• Çon, M., Akyol, P., Tural, E., & Taşmektepligil, M. Y. (2012). Voleybolcuların esneklik ve vücut yağ yüzdesi değerlerinin dikey sıçrama performansına etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Blim Dergisi 14(2), 202-207.
• Dinç, N., & Gökmen, M. H. (2019). Atletik performans ve spor genetiği. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 6(2), 127-137. doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.529159
• Guılherme, J. L., Trıtto, A. C., North, K. N., Junıor, A. H., & Artıolı, G. G. (2014). Genetics and sport performance: Current challenges and directions to the future. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 28(1), 177-93. doi: 10.1590/S1807-55092014000100177
• Hallaçeli, H., Uruç, V., Uysal, H. H., Ozden , R., Hallaçeli , C., Soyuer, F., . . . Cavlak, U. (2014). Normal hip, knee and ankle range of motion in the Turkish population. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica 48(1), doi: 10.3944/AOTT.2014.3113. 37-42
• Ingle, D. (2012). Postural stability and flexibility in young adults . Undergraduate Research Journal University of Northern Colorado 2(2), 1-16.
• Ingraham, S. (2003). The role of flexibility in injury prevention and athletic performance: have we stretched the truth? Minnesota Medicine 86(5), 58-61.
• Jung, H.-J., Fisher, M. B., & Woo, S. L.-Y. (2009). Role of biomechanics in the understanding of normal, injured, and healing ligaments and tendons. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 1(9), 1-17. doi:10.1186/1758-2555-1-9
• Kahya, S. (2022). COL5A1 geni ile yumuşak doku yaralanmaları ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2(3), 67-80.
• Kambouris, M., Buono, A. D., & Maffulli, N. (2014). Genomics DNA profiling in elite professional soccer players: A pilot study. Translational Medicine @ UniSa 9, 18-22.
• Kapferer-Seebacher, I., Schnabl, D., Zschocke, J., & Pope, F. M. (2020). Dental manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes: A systematic review. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 100(7), 153-160. doi: 10.2340/00015555-3428
• Karakuş, S., & Kılınç, F. (2006). Postür ve sportif performans. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi 14(1), 309-322.
• Kaurani, P., Marwah, N., Kaurani, M., & Padiyar, N. (2014). Ehlers Danlos syndrome – A case report. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 8(3), 256-258. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/4569.4178
• Kaynak, M., Nijman, F., van Meurs, J., Reijman, M., & Meuffels, D. E. (2017). Genetic variants and anterior cruciate ligament rupture: A systematic review. Sports Medicine 47(8), 1637–1650. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0678-2
• Kim, J. H., Jung, E. S., Kim, C.-H., Youn, H., & Kim, H. R. (2014). Genetic associations of body composition, flexibility and injury risk with ACE, ACTN3 and COL5A1 polymorphisms in Korean ballerinas. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry 18(2), 205-214. doi: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.205
• Kim, S. K., Nguyen, C., Avins, A. L., & Abrams, G. D. (2021). Three genes associated with anterior and posterior cruciate ligament injury. Bone Jt Open 2(6), 414-421. doi: 10.1302/2633-1462.26.BJO-2021-0040.R1
• Kıratlı, E., & Sanioğlu, A. (2005). Basketbolcuların esneklik profilleri ve sakatlanmayla olan ilişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 14, 393-400.
• Koçak, M., Akkoyunlu, Y., & Taşkın, H. (2005). 16-18 Yaş grubu futbolcularda masajın esneklik üzerine etkisi. Spormetre 3(3), 105-109. doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000048
• Koz , M., & Ersöz, G. (2004). Futbol oyuncularında spor yaralanmalarına etki eden faktörler ve esnekliğin önemi. Gazi Beden E¤itimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi (Gazi BESBD) 9(3), 13-26.
• Kozlovskaia, M., Vlahovich, N., Ashton, K. J., & Hughes, D. C. (2017). Biomedical risk factors of achilles tendinopathy in physically active people: a systematic review. Sports Med Open 3:20, 2-14. doi: 10.1186/s40798-017-0087-y
• Lin, H.-H., Lin, T.-Y., Ling, Y., & Lo, C.-C. (2021). Influence of imagery training on adjusting the pressure of Fin swimmers, improving sports performance and stabilizing psychological quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(22), 2-19. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182211767
• Lin, W.-C., Lee, C.-L., & Chang, N.-J. (2020). Acute effects of dynamic stretching followed by vibration foam rolling on sports performance of badminton athletes . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 19(2), 421-428.
• Maffulli, N., Margiotti, K., Longo, U. G., Loppini, M., Fazio, V. M., & Denaro, V. (2013). The genetics of sports injuries and athletic performance. Muscles Ligaments Tendons Journal 3(3), 173-189.
• Mikkelsson, L. O., Nupponen, H., Kaprio, J., Kautiainen, H., Mikkelsson, M., & Kujala, U. M. (2006). Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury: a 25 year follow up study. British Journal of Sports Medicine 40(2), 108-113. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350
• Moromizato, K., Kimura, R., Fukase, H., Yamaguchi, K., & Ishida, H. (2016). Whole-body patterns of the range of joint motion in young adults: masculine type and feminine type. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 35(1), 2-12. doi: 10.1186/s40101-016-0112-8
• Pruna, R., & Artells, R. (2015). New tendencies in risk factors for soft tissue injuries: Genetic biomakers. International Journal of Orthopaedics 2(3), 307-311. DOI:10.17554/j.issn.2311-5106.2015.02.75
• Pruna, R., Artells, R., Ribas, J., Montoro, B., Cos, F., Muñoz, C., . . . Maffulli, N. (2013). Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with non-contact soft tissue injuries in elite professional soccer players: influence on degree of injury and recovery time. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 14:221, 2-7. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-221
• Pruna, R., Clos, E., Bahdur, K., & Artells, R. (2017). Influence of genetics on sports injuries. Journal of Novel Physiotherapies 7(4), 2-5. DOI:10.4172/2165-7025.1000359
• Rahman, M. H., & Islam, M. S. (2020). Stretchıng and flexibility: A range of motion for games and sports. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science 6(8), 22-36. DOI:10.46827/ejpe.v6i8.3380
• Ribbans, W. J., September, A. V., & Collins , M. (2022). Tendon and ligament genetics: How do they contribute to disease and injury? A narrative review. Life 12(5), 2-36. doi: 10.3390/life12050663
• Saunders, C. J., Dashti , M. J., & Gamieldien, J. (2016). Semantic interrogation of a multiknowledge domain ontological model of tendinopathy identifies four strong candidate risk genes. Scientific Reports 6: 19820, 1-10. doi: 10.1038/srep19820
• Schutte, N. M., Nederend, I., Hudziak, J. J., & Geus, E. C. (2016). Differences in adolescent physical fitness: A multivariate approach and meta-analysis. Behavior Genetics 46, 217-227. doi: 10.1007/s10519-015-9754-2
• Şahin, İ. H., Karaman, Ö., Budak, M., & Kaplan, T. (2022). Adolesan futbolcularda esneklik ve durarak uzun atlamanın ivmelenme üzerine etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi 13(3), 307-316. doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1156532
• Taştan, S., & Suna, G. (2022). 10-12 Yaş arası judo sporcularında statik germe egzersizlerinin esneklik performansına etkisinin incelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 5(1), 14-19. doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1058075
• Vaughn, N. H., Stepanyan, H., Gallo, R. A., & Dhawan, A. (2017). Genetic factors in tendon injury. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5(8), 1-11. doi: 10.1177/2325967117724416
• Vlahovich, N., Fricker, P. A., Brown, M. A., & Hughes, D. (2017). Ethics of genetic testing and research in sport: A position statement from the Australian Institute of Sport. British Journal Sports Medicine 51(1), 5–11. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096661
• Wang, F. (2021). Causes and preventive measures of sports injuries in physical fitness tests in colleges and universities based on biological characteristics. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 6, 2-11. doi: 10.1155/2021/2280205
• Wu, Y.-T., Wu, Y.-T., Huang, T.-C., Su , F.-C., Jou, I.-M., & Wu, C.-C. (2020). Sequential inflammation model for Achilles tendinopathy by elastin degradation with treadmill exercise. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation 23, 113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.03.004