EĞİRDİR GÖLÜ’NDE YAŞAYAN BAŞAKLI SUCİVANPERÇEMİ (MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM L.) BİTKİSİNDE BAZI AĞIR METAL DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Year 2022,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 46 - 57, 01.10.2022
Selda Tekin Özan
,
Şule Kayrak
,
Celal Ozan
Abstract
2021 yılında Eğirdir Gölü’nde yapılan bu çalışmada gölde yaşayan başaklı sucivanperçemi (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) bitkisinin gövde ve yapraklarındaki bazı ağır metallerin konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Analizi yapılan metaller
Gövdede; Fe>Zn>Mn>Pb>Cu>Se>Ni>Mo>Cr>Cd,
Yaprakta; Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Se>Mo>Cr>Cd şeklinde sıralanmışlardır. Yapraktaki metal miktarının gövdeye göre daha yüksek oranda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mevsimsel olarak elde edilen sonuçlar genellendiğinde metallerin gövdede yaz mevsiminde arttığı, kış mevsiminde azaldığı, yaprakta ise yaz ve kış mevsimlerindeki artışın birbirine benzediği, sonbahar mevsiminde ise azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) tarafından verilen ağır metallerin bitkilerde kabul edilebilir değerleri ile kıyaslanmıştır. Ayrıca başaklı sucivanperçemi bitkisinin ağır metalleri bünyesinde biriktirme kapasitesinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bitki hem metal kirliliğinin belirlenmesinde biyoindikatör olarak hem de kirlenmiş ortamların temizlenmesinde kullanılabilir.
References
- Ellis, K.V., White, G. ve Adn Warn, A.E. (1989). Surface water pollution and its Control. Wiltshire: Antony Rome Ltd. Chippenham.
- Kılıç, S., Çavuşoğlu, K. ve Kılıç, M. (2009). The effects of lead (Pb) pollution caused by vehicles on the pollen germination and pollen tube growth of apricot (Prunus armeniaca cv. Şekerpare). Biological Diversity and Conservation (BioDiCon), 2(3), 23-28.
- Akbayır, S., Osma, E. ve Varol, T. (2019). İstanbul’un sahil kesimlerinden toplanan Platanus orientalis L. (Doğu Çınarı)’te ağır metal birikimi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4 (3), 393-400.
- Kocataş, A. (2008). Çevre kirlenmesi, Çevre Biyolojisi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Uysal, K., Köse, E., Bülbül, M., Dönmez, M., Erdoğan, Y. Koyun, M…..Özmal, F. (2009). The comparison of heavy metal accumulation ratios of some fish species in Enne Dame Lake (Kütahya/Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157, 355–362.
- Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K. ve Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy metals toxicity and the Environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, 101, 133-164.
- Alrumman, S., El-Kott, A. ve Sherif, K. (2016). Water pollution: source and treatment. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 6, 88-89.
- Akbıyık, F. (2012). Felent Çayı’nda mikro ve makro elementlerin biyotik ve abiyotik öğelerde birikimlerinin araştırılması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
- Göksu, M.Z.L. (2003). Su Kirliliği. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Halim, M., Conte, P. ve Piccolo, A. (2003). Potential availability of heavy metals to phytoextraction from contaminated soils by exogenous humic substances. Chemosphere, 52, 265-275.
- Samarghandi, M.R., Nouri, J., Mesdaghinia, A.R., Mahvi, A.H., Nasseri, S. ve Vaezi, F. (2007). Efficiency removal of phenol, lead and cadmium by means of UV/TiO2/H2O2 Processses. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4, 19-25.
- Uzunoğlu, O. (1999). Gediz Nehri’nden alınan su ve sediment örneklerinde bazı ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Manisa
- Yuan, C., Shi, J., He, B., Liu, J., Liang L. ve Jiang G. (2004). Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China sea by ICP–MS with sequential extraction. Environment International, 30, 769-783.
- Liu, J., Yin, P., Chen, B., Gao, F., Song, H. ve Li, M. (2016). Distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Luanhe River Estuary, northwest of the Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109, 633-639.
- Ali, H., Khan, E. ve Ilahi, İ. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 4, 1-14.
- Engel, D. W., Sunda, W. G. ve Fowler, B.A. (1981). Factors affecting trace metal uptake and toxicity to estuarine organisms. 1. Environmental parameters. J. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg, ve W.B., Vernberg (Ed.), Biological Monitoring of Marine Pollutants içinde (127-144 ss). Cambridge: Academic Press.
- Türkmen, A. ve Türkmen, M. (2004). The seasonal variation of heavy metal in the suspended particulate material in the Iskenderun Bay (North-Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21 (3-4), 307-311.
- Zhuang W. ve Gao, X. (2015). Distributions, sources and ecological risk assessment of arsenic and mercury in the surface sediments of the southwestern coastal Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 99, 320-327.
- Nimptsch, J., Wunderlin, D.A., Dollan, A. ve Pflugmacher, S. (2005). Antioxidant and
biotransformation enzymes in Myriophyllum quitense as biomarkers of heavy metal exposure
and eutrophication in Suquía River basin (Córdoba, Argentina). Chemosphere, 61 (2), 147-157.
- Vardanyan, L.G. ve Ingole, B.S. (2006). Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic
macrophytes from Sevan (Armenia) and Carambolim (India) Lake systems. Environment International, 32 (2), 208-218.
- Zhulidov, A.V. (1996). Heavy metals in Russian Wetlands. N.M. Van Straalen, ve D.A. Krivolutsky (Ed.),
Bioindicator Systems for Soil Pollution içinde (233-247 ss). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic
Publishers. 233–247.
- Shine, J., Ryan, D., Limon, J. ve Ford, T. (1998). Annual cycle of heavy metals in a tropical
lake–Lake Chapala, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Science Health, Part A, 33, 23-43.
- Duman, F. (2005). Sapanca ve Abant Gölü su, sediment ve sucul bitki örneklerindeki ağır
metal konsantrasyonlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. (Doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara
- Keskinkan, O., Göksu, M.Z.L., Yüceer, A. ve Başıbüyük, M. (2007). Comparison of the adsorption capabilities of Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum for zinc, copper and lead. Engineering in Life Science, 7(2), 192-196.
- Yücel, E., Edirnelioğlu, E., Soydam, S., Çelik, S. ve Çolak, G. (2010). Myriophyllum spicatum (Spiked water-milfoil) as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Porsuk Stream/Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 3 (2), 133-144.
- Galal, T.M. ve Shehata, H.S. (2014). Evaluation of the invasive macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. as a bioaccumulator for heavy metals in some watercourses of Egypt. Ecological Indicators, 41, 209-214.
- Yabanlı, M., Yozukmaz, A. ve Sel, F. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation in the leaves, stem and root of the invasive submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. (haloragaceae): An example of Kadın Creek (Muğla, Turkey). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 57 (3), 434-440.
- Harguinteguy, C.A., Cofré, M.N., Cirelli-Fernández, A. ve Pignata, M.L. (2016). The macrophytes Potamogeton pusillu L. and Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. as potential bioindicators of a river contaminated by heavy metals. Microchemical Journal, 124, 228-234.
- Sancer, O. ve Tekin Özan, S. (2016). Seasonal changes of metal accumulation in water, sediment and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel growing in Lake Kovada (Isparta, Türkiye). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Journal of Science, 11(2), 45-60.
- Emiroğlu, Ö., Köse, E., Koyuncu, O., Çiçek, A. ve Şahin, M. (2018). Porsuk Çayı bazı su kenarı bitkilerinde makro ve mikro elementlerin belirlenmesi. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 11 (2), 24-26.
- Zubair, A., Abdullah, N.O., İbrahim, R. ve Rachma, A.R.D. (2020). Effectivity of constructed wetland using Typha angustifolia in analyzing the decrease of heavy metal (Fe) in acid mine drainage. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 419, 012160.
- Keser, G., Topak, Y. ve Sevgiler, Y. (2020). Concentrations of some heavy metal and macroelements in sediment, water, macrophyte species, and leech (Hirudo sulukii n.sp.) from the Kara Lake, Adıyaman, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 75.
- Alp, A., Akyürek, M., Balık, S. ve Ustaoğlu, M.R. (1994). Akşehir Gölü’nün bazı biyoekolojik özelliklerinin tespiti projesi sonuç raporu. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Eğirdir.
Web 1: https://www.wwf.org.tr/ne_yapiyoruz/doga_koruma/doal_alanlar/egirdir_golu/
- Web 2: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Firdir_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC
- Web 3: https://www.haberler.com/egirdir-golu-nun-su-seviyesi-11-santimetre-daha-14779289-haberi/#:~:text=ISPARTA%20%2D%20T%C3%BCrkiye'nin%20d%C3%B6rd%C3%BCnc%C3%BC%20b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk,%C3%B6l%C3%A7%C3%BCmlemede%20915.45%20metre%20seviyesine%20ula%C5%9Ft%C4%B1.
- WWF. (2013). World Wildlife Fund, Eğirdir Gölü’nde Kirlilik Durumu ve Kirlilik Kaynakları Modelleme Çalışması Raporu, Yedi Renkli Göle Yedi Renkli Hayat Projesi, 35s.
- Seçmen, Ö. ve Leblebici, E. (1997). Türkiye Sulak Alan Bitkileri ve Bitki Örtüsü. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Yayınları. ,
- Kesici E. (1997). Eğirdir Gölü makrofitik vejetasyonu üzerinde fitososyolojik ve ekolojik bir araştırma. (Doktora tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Su Ürünleri Temel Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Isparta.
- Aiken, S.G., Newroth, P.R ve Wile I. (1979). The biology of Canadian weeds.: 34. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 59, 201–215.
- Nassouhi, D., Ergönül, M.B., Fikirdeşici, Ş., Karacakaya, P. ve Atasagun, S. (2018). Ağır metal kirliliğinin biyoremediasyonunda bazı su içi ve yüzücü sucul makrofitlerin kullanımı. SDÜ Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 14 (2), 148-165.
- Altınayar, G. (1988). Su Yabancı Otları. Ankara: T.C. Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı.
- Bock, R. (1979). A handbook of decomposition methods in analytical chemistry. Scranton: International Textbook Co.
- Sawidis, T., Chettri, M.K., Zachariadis, G.A. ve Stratis, J.A. (1995). Heavy metals in aquatic plants and sediments from water systems in Macedonia, Greece. Ecotoxicology and Environmetal Safety. 32, 73-80.
- Laing, G.D., Tack, F.M.G. ve Verloo, M.G. (2003). Performance of selected destruction methods for the determination of heavy metals in reed plants (Phragmites australis). Analytica Chimica Acta, 497 (1-2), 191-198.
- Fisher, R.A. (1928). The general sampling distribution of the multiple correlation coefficient, Proceeding of the Royal Society A, 121 (788), 654–673.
- Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1-42.
- Rai, U.N., Sinha, S., Tripathi, R.D. ve Chandra, P. (1995). Wastewater treatability potential of some aquatic macrophytes: Removal of heavy metals. Ecological Engineering, 5, 5–12.
- Yadav S. ve Chandra R. (2011). Heavy metals accumulation and ecophysiological effect on Typha angustifolia L. and Cyperus esculantus L. growing in distillery and tannery effluent polluted natural wetland site, Unnao, India, Environmental Earth Science, 62: 1235-1243.
- Kaptan, H. ve Tekin-Özan, S. (2014). Eğirdir Gölü’nün (Isparta) suyunda, sedimentinde ve gölde yaşayan sazanın (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) bazı doku ve organlarındaki ağır metal düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. SDÜ Journal of Science (E-Journal), 9 (2), 44-60.
- Şener, Ş., Elitok, Ö., Şener, E. ve Davraz, A. (2011). An investigation of Mn contents in water and bottom sediments from Eğirdir Lake, Turkey, Journal of Engineering Science and Design, 1 (3), 145-149.
- Usero J., Izquierdo C., Morillo J. ve Gracia I. (2003). Heavy metals in fish ( Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata) from salt marshes on the Southern Atlantic Coast of Spain, Environmental International, 1069, 1-8.
- Baron J., Legret M. ve Astruc M. (1990). Study of interactions between heavy metals and sewage sludge: determination of stability constants and complexes formed with Cu and Cd. Environmental Technology, 11, 151-162.
- Duman F., Çiçek M. ve Sezen G. (2007). Seasonal changes of metal accumulation and distribution in common club rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris) and common ceed (Phragmites australis). Ecotoxicology, 16, 457-463.
- Deng, H., Ye, Z.H. ve Wong, M.H. (2004). Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China. Environmental Pollution, 132, 29-40.
- Badr, N., Fawzy, M. ve Al-Qahtani, K.H. (2012). Phytoremediation: An ecological solution to heavy-metal-polluted soil and evaluation of plant removal ability. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16 (9), 1292–1301.
- Vymazal, J. (2007). Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 380, 48-65.
- Dunbabin, J.S. ve Bowmer, K.H. (1992). Potential use of constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial waste waters containing metals. Science of the Total Environment, 3, 151–168.
- Keskinkan, O., Göksu, M.Z.L., Yüceer, A., Başıbüyük, M. ve Forster, C.F. (2003). Heavy metal adsorption characteristics of a submerged aquatic plant (Myriophyllum spicatum). Process Biochemistry, 39, 179-183.
- Sıvacı, E.R., Sıvacı, A. ve Sökmen, M. (2004). Biosorption of cadmium by Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Myriophyllum triphyllum orchard. Chemosphere, 56, 1043-1048.
- Miretzky, P., Saralegui, A. ve Fernandez Cirelli, A. (2004). Aquatic macrophytes potential for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Chemosphere, 57, 997–1005.
Doğan, M. (2011). Akuatik makrofitlerde ağır metal akümülasyonu. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 4(2), 33-36.
- Galal, T.M., Farahat, E.A. ve Fawzy, M. (2008). Submerged macrophytes as bioindicators for pollution in Lake Mariut along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Ecologia Mediterranea, 34, 83–91.
- WHO (World Health Organization), 2010. Quantifying Environmental Health Impacts. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Year 2022,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 46 - 57, 01.10.2022
Selda Tekin Özan
,
Şule Kayrak
,
Celal Ozan
References
- Ellis, K.V., White, G. ve Adn Warn, A.E. (1989). Surface water pollution and its Control. Wiltshire: Antony Rome Ltd. Chippenham.
- Kılıç, S., Çavuşoğlu, K. ve Kılıç, M. (2009). The effects of lead (Pb) pollution caused by vehicles on the pollen germination and pollen tube growth of apricot (Prunus armeniaca cv. Şekerpare). Biological Diversity and Conservation (BioDiCon), 2(3), 23-28.
- Akbayır, S., Osma, E. ve Varol, T. (2019). İstanbul’un sahil kesimlerinden toplanan Platanus orientalis L. (Doğu Çınarı)’te ağır metal birikimi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4 (3), 393-400.
- Kocataş, A. (2008). Çevre kirlenmesi, Çevre Biyolojisi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Uysal, K., Köse, E., Bülbül, M., Dönmez, M., Erdoğan, Y. Koyun, M…..Özmal, F. (2009). The comparison of heavy metal accumulation ratios of some fish species in Enne Dame Lake (Kütahya/Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157, 355–362.
- Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K. ve Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy metals toxicity and the Environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, 101, 133-164.
- Alrumman, S., El-Kott, A. ve Sherif, K. (2016). Water pollution: source and treatment. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 6, 88-89.
- Akbıyık, F. (2012). Felent Çayı’nda mikro ve makro elementlerin biyotik ve abiyotik öğelerde birikimlerinin araştırılması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
- Göksu, M.Z.L. (2003). Su Kirliliği. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Halim, M., Conte, P. ve Piccolo, A. (2003). Potential availability of heavy metals to phytoextraction from contaminated soils by exogenous humic substances. Chemosphere, 52, 265-275.
- Samarghandi, M.R., Nouri, J., Mesdaghinia, A.R., Mahvi, A.H., Nasseri, S. ve Vaezi, F. (2007). Efficiency removal of phenol, lead and cadmium by means of UV/TiO2/H2O2 Processses. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4, 19-25.
- Uzunoğlu, O. (1999). Gediz Nehri’nden alınan su ve sediment örneklerinde bazı ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Manisa
- Yuan, C., Shi, J., He, B., Liu, J., Liang L. ve Jiang G. (2004). Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China sea by ICP–MS with sequential extraction. Environment International, 30, 769-783.
- Liu, J., Yin, P., Chen, B., Gao, F., Song, H. ve Li, M. (2016). Distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Luanhe River Estuary, northwest of the Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109, 633-639.
- Ali, H., Khan, E. ve Ilahi, İ. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 4, 1-14.
- Engel, D. W., Sunda, W. G. ve Fowler, B.A. (1981). Factors affecting trace metal uptake and toxicity to estuarine organisms. 1. Environmental parameters. J. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg, ve W.B., Vernberg (Ed.), Biological Monitoring of Marine Pollutants içinde (127-144 ss). Cambridge: Academic Press.
- Türkmen, A. ve Türkmen, M. (2004). The seasonal variation of heavy metal in the suspended particulate material in the Iskenderun Bay (North-Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21 (3-4), 307-311.
- Zhuang W. ve Gao, X. (2015). Distributions, sources and ecological risk assessment of arsenic and mercury in the surface sediments of the southwestern coastal Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 99, 320-327.
- Nimptsch, J., Wunderlin, D.A., Dollan, A. ve Pflugmacher, S. (2005). Antioxidant and
biotransformation enzymes in Myriophyllum quitense as biomarkers of heavy metal exposure
and eutrophication in Suquía River basin (Córdoba, Argentina). Chemosphere, 61 (2), 147-157.
- Vardanyan, L.G. ve Ingole, B.S. (2006). Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic
macrophytes from Sevan (Armenia) and Carambolim (India) Lake systems. Environment International, 32 (2), 208-218.
- Zhulidov, A.V. (1996). Heavy metals in Russian Wetlands. N.M. Van Straalen, ve D.A. Krivolutsky (Ed.),
Bioindicator Systems for Soil Pollution içinde (233-247 ss). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic
Publishers. 233–247.
- Shine, J., Ryan, D., Limon, J. ve Ford, T. (1998). Annual cycle of heavy metals in a tropical
lake–Lake Chapala, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Science Health, Part A, 33, 23-43.
- Duman, F. (2005). Sapanca ve Abant Gölü su, sediment ve sucul bitki örneklerindeki ağır
metal konsantrasyonlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. (Doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara
- Keskinkan, O., Göksu, M.Z.L., Yüceer, A. ve Başıbüyük, M. (2007). Comparison of the adsorption capabilities of Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum for zinc, copper and lead. Engineering in Life Science, 7(2), 192-196.
- Yücel, E., Edirnelioğlu, E., Soydam, S., Çelik, S. ve Çolak, G. (2010). Myriophyllum spicatum (Spiked water-milfoil) as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Porsuk Stream/Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 3 (2), 133-144.
- Galal, T.M. ve Shehata, H.S. (2014). Evaluation of the invasive macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. as a bioaccumulator for heavy metals in some watercourses of Egypt. Ecological Indicators, 41, 209-214.
- Yabanlı, M., Yozukmaz, A. ve Sel, F. (2014). Heavy metal accumulation in the leaves, stem and root of the invasive submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. (haloragaceae): An example of Kadın Creek (Muğla, Turkey). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 57 (3), 434-440.
- Harguinteguy, C.A., Cofré, M.N., Cirelli-Fernández, A. ve Pignata, M.L. (2016). The macrophytes Potamogeton pusillu L. and Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. as potential bioindicators of a river contaminated by heavy metals. Microchemical Journal, 124, 228-234.
- Sancer, O. ve Tekin Özan, S. (2016). Seasonal changes of metal accumulation in water, sediment and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel growing in Lake Kovada (Isparta, Türkiye). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Journal of Science, 11(2), 45-60.
- Emiroğlu, Ö., Köse, E., Koyuncu, O., Çiçek, A. ve Şahin, M. (2018). Porsuk Çayı bazı su kenarı bitkilerinde makro ve mikro elementlerin belirlenmesi. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 11 (2), 24-26.
- Zubair, A., Abdullah, N.O., İbrahim, R. ve Rachma, A.R.D. (2020). Effectivity of constructed wetland using Typha angustifolia in analyzing the decrease of heavy metal (Fe) in acid mine drainage. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 419, 012160.
- Keser, G., Topak, Y. ve Sevgiler, Y. (2020). Concentrations of some heavy metal and macroelements in sediment, water, macrophyte species, and leech (Hirudo sulukii n.sp.) from the Kara Lake, Adıyaman, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 75.
- Alp, A., Akyürek, M., Balık, S. ve Ustaoğlu, M.R. (1994). Akşehir Gölü’nün bazı biyoekolojik özelliklerinin tespiti projesi sonuç raporu. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Eğirdir.
Web 1: https://www.wwf.org.tr/ne_yapiyoruz/doga_koruma/doal_alanlar/egirdir_golu/
- Web 2: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Firdir_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC
- Web 3: https://www.haberler.com/egirdir-golu-nun-su-seviyesi-11-santimetre-daha-14779289-haberi/#:~:text=ISPARTA%20%2D%20T%C3%BCrkiye'nin%20d%C3%B6rd%C3%BCnc%C3%BC%20b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk,%C3%B6l%C3%A7%C3%BCmlemede%20915.45%20metre%20seviyesine%20ula%C5%9Ft%C4%B1.
- WWF. (2013). World Wildlife Fund, Eğirdir Gölü’nde Kirlilik Durumu ve Kirlilik Kaynakları Modelleme Çalışması Raporu, Yedi Renkli Göle Yedi Renkli Hayat Projesi, 35s.
- Seçmen, Ö. ve Leblebici, E. (1997). Türkiye Sulak Alan Bitkileri ve Bitki Örtüsü. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Yayınları. ,
- Kesici E. (1997). Eğirdir Gölü makrofitik vejetasyonu üzerinde fitososyolojik ve ekolojik bir araştırma. (Doktora tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Su Ürünleri Temel Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Isparta.
- Aiken, S.G., Newroth, P.R ve Wile I. (1979). The biology of Canadian weeds.: 34. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 59, 201–215.
- Nassouhi, D., Ergönül, M.B., Fikirdeşici, Ş., Karacakaya, P. ve Atasagun, S. (2018). Ağır metal kirliliğinin biyoremediasyonunda bazı su içi ve yüzücü sucul makrofitlerin kullanımı. SDÜ Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 14 (2), 148-165.
- Altınayar, G. (1988). Su Yabancı Otları. Ankara: T.C. Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı.
- Bock, R. (1979). A handbook of decomposition methods in analytical chemistry. Scranton: International Textbook Co.
- Sawidis, T., Chettri, M.K., Zachariadis, G.A. ve Stratis, J.A. (1995). Heavy metals in aquatic plants and sediments from water systems in Macedonia, Greece. Ecotoxicology and Environmetal Safety. 32, 73-80.
- Laing, G.D., Tack, F.M.G. ve Verloo, M.G. (2003). Performance of selected destruction methods for the determination of heavy metals in reed plants (Phragmites australis). Analytica Chimica Acta, 497 (1-2), 191-198.
- Fisher, R.A. (1928). The general sampling distribution of the multiple correlation coefficient, Proceeding of the Royal Society A, 121 (788), 654–673.
- Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1-42.
- Rai, U.N., Sinha, S., Tripathi, R.D. ve Chandra, P. (1995). Wastewater treatability potential of some aquatic macrophytes: Removal of heavy metals. Ecological Engineering, 5, 5–12.
- Yadav S. ve Chandra R. (2011). Heavy metals accumulation and ecophysiological effect on Typha angustifolia L. and Cyperus esculantus L. growing in distillery and tannery effluent polluted natural wetland site, Unnao, India, Environmental Earth Science, 62: 1235-1243.
- Kaptan, H. ve Tekin-Özan, S. (2014). Eğirdir Gölü’nün (Isparta) suyunda, sedimentinde ve gölde yaşayan sazanın (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) bazı doku ve organlarındaki ağır metal düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. SDÜ Journal of Science (E-Journal), 9 (2), 44-60.
- Şener, Ş., Elitok, Ö., Şener, E. ve Davraz, A. (2011). An investigation of Mn contents in water and bottom sediments from Eğirdir Lake, Turkey, Journal of Engineering Science and Design, 1 (3), 145-149.
- Usero J., Izquierdo C., Morillo J. ve Gracia I. (2003). Heavy metals in fish ( Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata) from salt marshes on the Southern Atlantic Coast of Spain, Environmental International, 1069, 1-8.
- Baron J., Legret M. ve Astruc M. (1990). Study of interactions between heavy metals and sewage sludge: determination of stability constants and complexes formed with Cu and Cd. Environmental Technology, 11, 151-162.
- Duman F., Çiçek M. ve Sezen G. (2007). Seasonal changes of metal accumulation and distribution in common club rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris) and common ceed (Phragmites australis). Ecotoxicology, 16, 457-463.
- Deng, H., Ye, Z.H. ve Wong, M.H. (2004). Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China. Environmental Pollution, 132, 29-40.
- Badr, N., Fawzy, M. ve Al-Qahtani, K.H. (2012). Phytoremediation: An ecological solution to heavy-metal-polluted soil and evaluation of plant removal ability. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16 (9), 1292–1301.
- Vymazal, J. (2007). Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 380, 48-65.
- Dunbabin, J.S. ve Bowmer, K.H. (1992). Potential use of constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial waste waters containing metals. Science of the Total Environment, 3, 151–168.
- Keskinkan, O., Göksu, M.Z.L., Yüceer, A., Başıbüyük, M. ve Forster, C.F. (2003). Heavy metal adsorption characteristics of a submerged aquatic plant (Myriophyllum spicatum). Process Biochemistry, 39, 179-183.
- Sıvacı, E.R., Sıvacı, A. ve Sökmen, M. (2004). Biosorption of cadmium by Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Myriophyllum triphyllum orchard. Chemosphere, 56, 1043-1048.
- Miretzky, P., Saralegui, A. ve Fernandez Cirelli, A. (2004). Aquatic macrophytes potential for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Chemosphere, 57, 997–1005.
Doğan, M. (2011). Akuatik makrofitlerde ağır metal akümülasyonu. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 4(2), 33-36.
- Galal, T.M., Farahat, E.A. ve Fawzy, M. (2008). Submerged macrophytes as bioindicators for pollution in Lake Mariut along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Ecologia Mediterranea, 34, 83–91.
- WHO (World Health Organization), 2010. Quantifying Environmental Health Impacts. World Health Organization, Geneva.