Cezayir: İkinci Baharını Yaşamayan Ülke

Neslihan Temelat

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 22, 62 - 98, 01.12.2012

Öz

The mass protests of 2011 emanated in the Middle East, also known as ArabSpring, have not spread to Algeria that shares many socio-economic similarities with Tunisia and Egypt. The protest movement called NationalCoordination for Change and Democracy CNCD has not mobilized theAlgerian society accustomed to localized protests that have been an endemicfeature of social life since the 1980s. Starting with the presumption that political and economic measures taken by Algerian government in view of theprotests can partly explain the inhibited growth of protest movements, thispaper aims at providing a preliminary discussion on why Algeria has remainedimmune to the Arab Spring so far by examining the nature of the protestmovement, political and socio-economic past of the country with a particularemphasis on the violent civil war that marked the 1990s, political reforms andeconomic measures to contain the protests and international public opinion onAlgeria. The paper reviews the literature on collective memory of Algeriansabout the violent past and political economy of rent, and refers to securityconcerns to provide possible explanations for social disregard for protestmovements demanding political change. This article uses document analysisas its main method

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arab Spring, Algeria, Middle East, North Africa, reform

Kaynakça

Abderrezak, Ali. “Hydrocarbon price shocks and uncertainty: implications for Algeria’s economic growth.” The Journal of North African Studies, 2007: 86-98.
Adamson, Kay. “Establishing Utopia: Exploring the Political Origins of Econo- mic Policy in Algeria.” Transition and Development in Algeria; Econo- mic, Social and Cultural Challenges içinde, yazan Margeret A. Majum- dar ve Mohammed Saad. Intellect: Bristol, 2005.
Aghrout, Ahmed. “Policy Reforms in Algeria.” North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation içinde, yazan Yahia H. Zoubir ve Ha- izam Amirah-Fernandez, 31-52. New York: Routledge, 2008.
Akacem, Kada. “Economic reforms in Algeria: An Overview and Assessment.” The Journal of North African Studies, 2004: 115-125.
Al Jazeera. “Is Algeria Immune to the Arab Spring?” 14/5/2012. http://www.al- j a z e e r a . c o m / p r o g r a m m e s / i n s i d e s t o r y / 2 0 1 2 / 0 5 /- 201251465357500445.html
—. “Thousands protest unemployment in Algeria .” Al Jazeera. 14/3/2013. h t t p : / / w w w. a l j a z e e r a . c o m / n e w s / a f r i c a / 2 0 1 3 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 3- 31415371252748.html
—. “Video Algeria: The revolution that never was.” Al Jazeera. 17/5/2012. h t t p : / / w w w. a l j a z e e r a . c o m / p r o g r a m m e s / p e o p l e a n d p o wer/2012/05/2012516145457232336.html
Amnesty International. “Algeria: New law on associations used to stifle civil so- ciety.” Amnesty International. 7/5/2013. http://www.refworld.org/do- cid/519354484.html
Arieff, Alexis. “Algeria: Current Issues.” Congressional Research Service. 18/1/ 2012. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21532.pdf
Arieff, Alexis. Algeria: Current Issues. Congressional Research Service, 2013.
Assemblée Nationale. “Rapport D’Information par la Commission des Affaires Etrangeres sur “les printemps arabes”.” Assemblée Nationale. 22/2/2012. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/pdf/rap-info/i4399- .pdf
Bertelsmann Stiftung. BTI 2012 - Algeria Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertels- mann Stiftung, 2012.
Boughazi, Smail. “Algérie: Paiement de plus de 500 000 dinars par chèque - Le décret exécutif publié au Journal officiel.” allAfrica. 4/8/2010. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201008040612.html
Boundaoui, Assia. “‘Reform not revolt’ in Algeria.” Al Jazeera. 2/3/2011. h t t p : / / w w w . a l j a z e e r a . c o m / i n d e p t h / f e a t u r e s / 2 0 1 1- /03/201132131733827907.html
—. “‘Reform not revolt’ in Algeria.” Al Jazeera. 2/3/2011. http://www.aljaze- era.com/indepth/features/2011/03/201132131733827907.html
Butcher, Charity. “Can oil-reliant countries democratize? An assessment of the role of civil society in Algeria.” Democratization, 12/3/2013.
Buzek, Jerzy. “Recent Developments in Algeria.” European Parliament Press Releases. mer_ep_presidents /president-buzek/en/press/press_release/2011/2011- February/press_release-2011-February-15.html
CIA. “Africa: Algeria.” The World Factbook. 2013. https://www.cia.gov/lib- rary/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html.
—. “The World Factbook.” CIA. 29/4/2013. http://www.cia.gov/library/publica- tions/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html
Collombier, Virginie. “The Military and the Constitution: The Cases of Algeria, Pakistan and Turkey.” Arab Reform Initiative Constitutional Reforms. Haziran 2012. http://www.arab-reform.net/military-and-constitution- cases-algeria-pakistan-and-turkey.
CPJ. “In Algeria, new media law stifles free expression.” Committee to Protect Journalists. 25 1 2012. http://www.cpj.org/2012/01/in-algeria-new-me- dia-law-stifles-free-expression.php
Crowley, Philip J. “Protests in Algeria.” U.S. Department of State Press State- ment. 13/2/2011. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/02/156515.htm
Dessì, Andrea. Algeria at the Crossroads, Between Continuity and Change. Wor- king Papers 1128, Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2011.
—. “Algeria: Cosmetic Change or Actual Reform.” IFRI. 9/7/2012. www.if- ri.org/downloads/ifriactuellesdessialgerie.pdf
Dris-Äit Hamadouche , Louisa. “L’Algérie face au printemps arabe: pressions diffuses et résilience entretenue.” Politiques méditerranéennes, 2012.
Dris-Aït Hamadouche, Louisa. “L’Algérie face au “printemps arabe”: l’Equilib- re par la neutralisation des contestations.” Confluences Méditerranée, 2012: 55-67.
El Hadi , Hayam . “Algeria tightens control over religious associations.” Mag- harebia. 21 5 2013. http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/featu- res/2013/ 05/22/feature-03
El Hadi, Hayam. “New Algerian Association Law Faces Criticism.” Maghare- bia. 16/ 12/2011. http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en- _GB/fea tures/awi/features/2011/12/16/feature-04
El Watan. “2013, l’anné” des grandes manouvres.” 14/1/2013. www.elwa- tan.com/actualite/2013-l-annee-des-grandes-manoeuvres-04-01-2013- 198199_109.php
—. “Les Algériens connaîtront leur printemps quand les conditions d’une révol- te seront réunies.” El Watan. 19/2/2013. http://www.elwatan.com/actu- alite/les-algeriens-connaitront-leur-printemps-quand-les-conditions-d- une-revolte-seront-reunies-19-02-2013-203909_109.php
Entelis, John P. “Democratic Reform and the Authoritarian Temptation.” North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation içinde, yazan Yahia H. Zoubir ve Haizam Amirah-Fernandez, 9-30. New York: Rout- ledge, 2008.
—. “Algeria: democracy denied, and revived?” The Journal of North African Studies, 2011: 653-678.
EUROPA Press Releases. “The EU’s response to the ‘Arab Spring’.” EUROPA. 16 Aralık 2011. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11- 918_en.htm
European Union. “ENP Package - Algeria.” Memo/12/XXX. 15/5/2012. http://ec.europa.eu /world/enp/docs/2012_enp_pack/algeria_memo_- 2011_en.pdf
Fethi, Nazım. “Algeria begins constitutional reforms.” Magharebia. 10 4 2013. http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/04/10/featu- re-03
French Embassy in London. “France welcomes general election in Algeria- Statement by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs Spokes- man.” Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres. 11/5/2012. https://ambafran- ce-uk.org/France-welcomes-general-election
ICNL. “NGO Law Monitor: Algeria.” The International Center for Not-for- Profit Law. 6/6/2013. http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/algeria.pdf.
Inter Parliamentary Union. ALGERIA Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani (National People’s Assembly). PARLINE, 2012.
Kateb, Alexandre. “Pourquoi l’Algérie n’est pas encore une puissance émergen- te .” La Tribune. 18/12/2012. http://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribune s/20121217trib000737735/pourquoi-l-algerie-n-est-pas-encore-une- puissance-emergente-.html
Layachi, Azzedine. “Algeria’a Rebellion by Installments.” Middle East Research and Information Project. 12/3/2011. www.merip.org/mero- /mero031211
Lazar, Mehdi , ve Sidi-Mohammed Nehad. “Why did Algeria not know its own Arab Spring? The Islamic hypothesis.” Global Geopolitics & Political Economy. 3/2/2013. http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/2013/02/- 03/why-did-algeria-not-know-its-own-arab-spring-the-islamic-hypot- hesis/
Le Sueur, James D. Between Terror and Democracy: Algeria Since 1989. Lon- don: Zed Books, 2010.
Magharebia. “Algeria boosts security at Mali border.” Magharebia. 13/2/2013. h t t p : / / m a g h a r e b i a . c o m / e n _ G B / a r t i c l e s / a w i / f e a - tures/2013/02/06/feture-02
—. “Algeria hostage crisis over.” Magharebia. 20/1/2013. http://mag- harebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/01/20/feature-01
—. “Terrorist target Algeria gas pipeline.” Magharebia. 29/1/2013. http://mag- harebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/01/29/feature-01
—. “Terrorists attack Algeria, dozens killed.” Magharebia. 17/1/2013. http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/01/17-/fea- ture-01
Mansour, Fidet. “Algeria to redefine role of mosques.” Magharebia. 11/1/2013. h t t p : / / m a g h a r e b i a . c o m / e n _ G B / a r t i c - les/awi/features/2013/01/11/feature-04
—. “Islamists lose ground in Algeria local elections.” Magharebia. 2/12/2012. http://magharebia.com/cocoon-/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/fea- tures/2012/12/02/feature-01
Martinez, Luis. Algeria: The Illusion of Oil Wealth. No.168: Science Po.CERI, 2010.
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Cezayir: İkinci Baharını Yaşamayan Ülke

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 22, 62 - 98, 01.12.2012

Neslihan Temelat

Öz

2011’de Orta Doğu’da başlayan ve Arap Baharı olarak adlandırılan kitleselprotestolar, Tunus ve Mısır ile sosyo-ekonomik benzerlikler taşıyan Cezayir’ipek etkilememiştir. Değişim ve Demokrasi için Ulusal Koordinasyon CNCD adlı protesto hareketi, 1980’lerden bu yana yerel protestoların toplumsal hayatın bir parçası olduğu Cezayir’de halkı mobilize edememiştir. Buçalışma, Cezayir hükümetinin aldığı siyasi ve ekonomik önlemlerin protestohareketinin yaygınlaşmamasını kısmen açıklayabileceği varsayımından hareketle, Cezayir’in neden şu ana kadar Arap Baharına istisna teşkil ettiğine dair görüşleri incelemektedir. Bu kapsamda, protesto hareketinin özellikleri,1990’lara damgasını vuran iç savaş başta olmak üzere ülkenin siyasi ve sosyo-ekonomik geçmişi, protestoları önlemek amacıyla alınan siyasi ve ekonomik önlemler ve uluslararası kamuoyunun değerlendirmeleri ele alınmaktadır.Çalışmada, Cezayir halkının geçmişte yaşanan şiddetli iç savaş ile ilgili kolektif hafızası, ranta dayalı ekonomi politik ile ilgili literatüre ilaveten güvenlik mülahazaları değerlendirilerek toplumun siyasi değişime yönelik protestohareketlerine neden kayıtsız kaldığı açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Yöntem olarakbelge analizi kullanılmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arap Baharı, Cezayir, Orta Doğu, Kuzey Afrika, reform

Kaynakça

Abderrezak, Ali. “Hydrocarbon price shocks and uncertainty: implications for Algeria’s economic growth.” The Journal of North African Studies, 2007: 86-98.
Adamson, Kay. “Establishing Utopia: Exploring the Political Origins of Econo- mic Policy in Algeria.” Transition and Development in Algeria; Econo- mic, Social and Cultural Challenges içinde, yazan Margeret A. Majum- dar ve Mohammed Saad. Intellect: Bristol, 2005.
Aghrout, Ahmed. “Policy Reforms in Algeria.” North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation içinde, yazan Yahia H. Zoubir ve Ha- izam Amirah-Fernandez, 31-52. New York: Routledge, 2008.
Akacem, Kada. “Economic reforms in Algeria: An Overview and Assessment.” The Journal of North African Studies, 2004: 115-125.
Al Jazeera. “Is Algeria Immune to the Arab Spring?” 14/5/2012. http://www.al- j a z e e r a . c o m / p r o g r a m m e s / i n s i d e s t o r y / 2 0 1 2 / 0 5 /- 201251465357500445.html
—. “Thousands protest unemployment in Algeria .” Al Jazeera. 14/3/2013. h t t p : / / w w w. a l j a z e e r a . c o m / n e w s / a f r i c a / 2 0 1 3 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 3- 31415371252748.html
—. “Video Algeria: The revolution that never was.” Al Jazeera. 17/5/2012. h t t p : / / w w w. a l j a z e e r a . c o m / p r o g r a m m e s / p e o p l e a n d p o wer/2012/05/2012516145457232336.html
Amnesty International. “Algeria: New law on associations used to stifle civil so- ciety.” Amnesty International. 7/5/2013. http://www.refworld.org/do- cid/519354484.html
Arieff, Alexis. “Algeria: Current Issues.” Congressional Research Service. 18/1/ 2012. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21532.pdf
Arieff, Alexis. Algeria: Current Issues. Congressional Research Service, 2013.
Assemblée Nationale. “Rapport D’Information par la Commission des Affaires Etrangeres sur “les printemps arabes”.” Assemblée Nationale. 22/2/2012. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/pdf/rap-info/i4399- .pdf
Bertelsmann Stiftung. BTI 2012 - Algeria Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertels- mann Stiftung, 2012.
Boughazi, Smail. “Algérie: Paiement de plus de 500 000 dinars par chèque - Le décret exécutif publié au Journal officiel.” allAfrica. 4/8/2010. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201008040612.html
Boundaoui, Assia. “‘Reform not revolt’ in Algeria.” Al Jazeera. 2/3/2011. h t t p : / / w w w . a l j a z e e r a . c o m / i n d e p t h / f e a t u r e s / 2 0 1 1- /03/201132131733827907.html
—. “‘Reform not revolt’ in Algeria.” Al Jazeera. 2/3/2011. http://www.aljaze- era.com/indepth/features/2011/03/201132131733827907.html
Butcher, Charity. “Can oil-reliant countries democratize? An assessment of the role of civil society in Algeria.” Democratization, 12/3/2013.
Buzek, Jerzy. “Recent Developments in Algeria.” European Parliament Press Releases. mer_ep_presidents /president-buzek/en/press/press_release/2011/2011- February/press_release-2011-February-15.html
CIA. “Africa: Algeria.” The World Factbook. 2013. https://www.cia.gov/lib- rary/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html.
—. “The World Factbook.” CIA. 29/4/2013. http://www.cia.gov/library/publica- tions/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html
Collombier, Virginie. “The Military and the Constitution: The Cases of Algeria, Pakistan and Turkey.” Arab Reform Initiative Constitutional Reforms. Haziran 2012. http://www.arab-reform.net/military-and-constitution- cases-algeria-pakistan-and-turkey.
CPJ. “In Algeria, new media law stifles free expression.” Committee to Protect Journalists. 25 1 2012. http://www.cpj.org/2012/01/in-algeria-new-me- dia-law-stifles-free-expression.php
Crowley, Philip J. “Protests in Algeria.” U.S. Department of State Press State- ment. 13/2/2011. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/02/156515.htm
Dessì, Andrea. Algeria at the Crossroads, Between Continuity and Change. Wor- king Papers 1128, Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2011.
—. “Algeria: Cosmetic Change or Actual Reform.” IFRI. 9/7/2012. www.if- ri.org/downloads/ifriactuellesdessialgerie.pdf
Dris-Äit Hamadouche , Louisa. “L’Algérie face au printemps arabe: pressions diffuses et résilience entretenue.” Politiques méditerranéennes, 2012.
Dris-Aït Hamadouche, Louisa. “L’Algérie face au “printemps arabe”: l’Equilib- re par la neutralisation des contestations.” Confluences Méditerranée, 2012: 55-67.
El Hadi , Hayam . “Algeria tightens control over religious associations.” Mag- harebia. 21 5 2013. http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/featu- res/2013/ 05/22/feature-03
El Hadi, Hayam. “New Algerian Association Law Faces Criticism.” Maghare- bia. 16/ 12/2011. http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en- _GB/fea tures/awi/features/2011/12/16/feature-04
El Watan. “2013, l’anné” des grandes manouvres.” 14/1/2013. www.elwa- tan.com/actualite/2013-l-annee-des-grandes-manoeuvres-04-01-2013- 198199_109.php
—. “Les Algériens connaîtront leur printemps quand les conditions d’une révol- te seront réunies.” El Watan. 19/2/2013. http://www.elwatan.com/actu- alite/les-algeriens-connaitront-leur-printemps-quand-les-conditions-d- une-revolte-seront-reunies-19-02-2013-203909_109.php
Entelis, John P. “Democratic Reform and the Authoritarian Temptation.” North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation içinde, yazan Yahia H. Zoubir ve Haizam Amirah-Fernandez, 9-30. New York: Rout- ledge, 2008.
—. “Algeria: democracy denied, and revived?” The Journal of North African Studies, 2011: 653-678.
EUROPA Press Releases. “The EU’s response to the ‘Arab Spring’.” EUROPA. 16 Aralık 2011. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11- 918_en.htm
European Union. “ENP Package - Algeria.” Memo/12/XXX. 15/5/2012. http://ec.europa.eu /world/enp/docs/2012_enp_pack/algeria_memo_- 2011_en.pdf
Fethi, Nazım. “Algeria begins constitutional reforms.” Magharebia. 10 4 2013. http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/04/10/featu- re-03
French Embassy in London. “France welcomes general election in Algeria- Statement by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs Spokes- man.” Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres. 11/5/2012. https://ambafran- ce-uk.org/France-welcomes-general-election
ICNL. “NGO Law Monitor: Algeria.” The International Center for Not-for- Profit Law. 6/6/2013. http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/algeria.pdf.
Inter Parliamentary Union. ALGERIA Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani (National People’s Assembly). PARLINE, 2012.
Kateb, Alexandre. “Pourquoi l’Algérie n’est pas encore une puissance émergen- te .” La Tribune. 18/12/2012. http://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribune s/20121217trib000737735/pourquoi-l-algerie-n-est-pas-encore-une- puissance-emergente-.html
Layachi, Azzedine. “Algeria’a Rebellion by Installments.” Middle East Research and Information Project. 12/3/2011. www.merip.org/mero- /mero031211
Lazar, Mehdi , ve Sidi-Mohammed Nehad. “Why did Algeria not know its own Arab Spring? The Islamic hypothesis.” Global Geopolitics & Political Economy. 3/2/2013. http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/2013/02/- 03/why-did-algeria-not-know-its-own-arab-spring-the-islamic-hypot- hesis/
Le Sueur, James D. Between Terror and Democracy: Algeria Since 1989. Lon- don: Zed Books, 2010.
Magharebia. “Algeria boosts security at Mali border.” Magharebia. 13/2/2013. h t t p : / / m a g h a r e b i a . c o m / e n _ G B / a r t i c l e s / a w i / f e a - tures/2013/02/06/feture-02
—. “Algeria hostage crisis over.” Magharebia. 20/1/2013. http://mag- harebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/01/20/feature-01
—. “Terrorist target Algeria gas pipeline.” Magharebia. 29/1/2013. http://mag- harebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/01/29/feature-01
—. “Terrorists attack Algeria, dozens killed.” Magharebia. 17/1/2013. http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2013/01/17-/fea- ture-01
Mansour, Fidet. “Algeria to redefine role of mosques.” Magharebia. 11/1/2013. h t t p : / / m a g h a r e b i a . c o m / e n _ G B / a r t i c - les/awi/features/2013/01/11/feature-04
—. “Islamists lose ground in Algeria local elections.” Magharebia. 2/12/2012. http://magharebia.com/cocoon-/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/fea- tures/2012/12/02/feature-01
Martinez, Luis. Algeria: The Illusion of Oil Wealth. No.168: Science Po.CERI, 2010.
—. “Algérie: comment préparer l’apres-Bouteflika?” Le Monde, 31/5/2013: 16.
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Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Research Article
Yazarlar	Neslihan Temelat Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2012 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA	Temelat, N. (2012). Cezayir: İkinci Baharını Yaşamayan Ülke. Yasama Dergisi(22), 62-98.

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