Narsisizm ile Utanç ve Suçluluk İlişkisi: Sistematik Bir Derleme

Year 2023, , 43 - 73, 30.06.2023

Ebru Tekçe , Yusuf Bilge

https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1301275

Abstract

Bu derlemenin temel amacı, narsisizm ile utanç ve suçluluk duyguları arasındaki ilişkiyi gözden geçirmek ve bu duyguların narsisizmin kırılgan ve büyüklenmeci boyutları ile ilişkisinin birbirinden farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir. Bu amaçla Scopus, ProQuest, Pubmed, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, Web of Science ve Ebsco-Host veri tabanlarında (narsisizm OR narsisistik kişilik bozukluğu) AND (utanç OR suçluluk) anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak 2000 ile 2022 yılları arasındaki çalışmalar taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda toplam 718 çalışmaya ulaşılmış olup 32 çalışma değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Değerlendirilen çalışmaların %56.3’ü (n=18) yalnızca utanç duygusunun, %6.3’ü (n=2) yalnızca suçluluk duygusunun ve %37.5’i (n=12) her iki duygunun birlikte narsisizm ile ilişkisini ele almaktadır. Çalışma sonuçları bir arada incelendiğinde kırılgan narsisizm ile utanç duygusu arasında tüm çalışmalarda pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki mevcut olduğu ancak kırılgan narsisizm ile suçluluk duygusu arasında ve büyüklenmeci narsisizm ile utanç ve suçluluk duyguları arasında farklı çalışmalarda birbirinden farklı sonuçlar elde edildiği görülmüştür.

Keywords

Kırılgan narsisizm, Büyüklenmeci narsisizm, Utanç, Suçluluk

The Relationship Between Narcissism, Shame, and Guilt: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The main purpose of this review is to examine the relationship between narcissism and feelings of shame and guilt, and to investigate whether these feelings differentiate between the vulnerable and grandiose dimensions of narcissism. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive search was conducted in databases including Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, Web of Science, and Ebsco-Host using the keywords "(narcissism OR narcissistic personality disorder) AND (shame OR guilt)" for studies published between 2000 and 2022. A total of 718 studies were identified through the search, of which 32 studies were included for evaluation. Among the evaluated studies, 56.3% (n=18) focused solely on shame, 6.3% (n=2) focused solely on guilt, and 37.5% (n=12) examined the relationship between both emotions and narcissism. The collective analysis of the studies revealed a consistent positive association between vulnerable narcissism and shame, whereas mixed findings were observed regarding the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and guilt, as well as between grandiose narcissism and feelings of shame and guilt.

Keywords

Grandiose narcissism, Vulnerable narcissism, Shame, Guilt

References

• Akbağ M., Erden İmamoğlu S. (2010). Cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin utanç, suçluluk ve yalnızlık duygularını yordama gücünün araştırılması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(2), 651-682.
• Akgün, Z. ve Uysal, Y. (2019). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve narsisizm ilişkisi. DÜSTAD Dünya Sağlık ve Tabiat Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 29-35.
• Akhtar, S. (Ed.). (2013). Guilt: Origins, manifestations, and management. Jason Aronson.
• Baldwin, K.M., Baldwin, J.R., Ewald, T. (2006). The relationship among shame, guilt, and self-efficacy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 60(1), 1-21.
• Barelds, D., Dijkstra, P. (2010). Narcissistic personality inventory: Structure of the adapted dutch version. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 132-138.
• Benecke, C., Peham, D. (2007). Scham und Schuld bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Persönlichkeitsstörungen: Theorie und Therapie 11(1), 21-30.
• Besser, A., Priel, B. (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 874-902.
• Bilevicius, E., Neufeld, D.C., Single, A., Foot, M., Ellery, M., Keough, M.T., Johnson, E. A. (2019). Vulnerable narcissism and addiction: The mediating role of shame. Addictive Behaviors, 92, 115-121.
• Broucek, F.J. (1991). Shame and the self. Guilford.
• Calderon, C. (2021). The relationship between attachment style and narcissism: mediating effects of shame. [Doktora tezi, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Casale, S. (2022). Psychological distress profiles of young adults with vulnerable narcissism traits. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 210(6), 426-431.
• Cheng, W.J.Y. (2004). Overt and covert narcissism in Asian Americans, European Americans, and Asians. [Doktora tezi, University of Michigan]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
• Derry, K.L., Ohan, J.L., Bayliss, D.M. (2020). Fearing failure: Grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and emotional reactivity in children. Child Development, 91(3), e581-e596.
• Di Sarno, M., Zimmermann, J., Madeddu, F., Casini, E., & Di Pierro, R. (2020). Shame behind the corner? A daily diary investigation of pathological narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 85, 103924.
• Dickinson, K.A., Pincus, A.L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(3), 188-207.
• Eldoğan, D. (2016). Hangi narsisizm? Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin karşılaştırılmasına ilişkin bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19(37), 1-10.
• Erikson, E.H. (1977). Childhood and society, Triad/Paladin.
• Fjermestad-Noll, J., Ronningstam, E., Bach, B.S., Rosenbaum, B., Simonsen, E. (2020). Perfectionism, shame, and aggression in depressive patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 34, 25-41.
• Freis, S.D., Brown, A.A., Carroll, P.J., Arkin, R.M. (2015). Shame, rage, and unsuccessful motivated reasoning in vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(10), 877-895.
• Freud, S. (1914). Narsisizm üzerine ve Schreber vakası, (M. Atakay, Çev.; 2. Baskı). Metis Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006.
• Hirsch, M. (1997). Schuld und Schuldgefühl. Psychoanalyse von Trauma und Introjekt. Göttingen.
• Hirsch, M. (2008). Scham und Schuld – Sein und Tun. Psychotherapeut, 53, 177-184.
• Horvath, S., Morf, C.C. (2009). Narcissistic defensiveness: Hypervigilance and avoidance of worthlessness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1252-1258.
• Jaksic, N., Marcinko, D., Skocic Hanzek, M., Rebernjak, B., Ogrodniczuk, J.S. (2017). Experience of shame mediates the relationship between pathological narcissism and suicidal ideation in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(12), 1670-1681.
• Kaufman, S.B., Weiss, B., Miller, J.D., Campbell, W.K. (2020). Clinical correlates of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism: A personality perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders, 34(1), 107-130.
• Kazancıoğlu, G. (2022). Küçük olmanın utancı. Psikanaliz defterleri 8-Çocuk ve ergen çalışmaları: Utanç ve suçluluk içinde (s. 113-130). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Kealy, D., Laverdière, O., Cox, D.W., & Hewitt, P.L. (2023). Childhood emotional neglect and depressive and anxiety symptoms among mental health outpatients: the mediating roles of narcissistic vulnerability and shame. Journal of Mental Health, 32(1), 24-32.
• Keene, A.C., Epps, J. (2016). Childhood physical abuse and aggression: Shame and narcissistic vulnerability. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 276-283.
• Kingston, P. (2005). Differentiating the two types of narcissism through the disposition to shame and guilt –proneness [Doktora Tezi, New School University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Kramer, U., Pascual-Leone, A., Rohde, K.B., Sachse, R. (2018). The role of shame and self-compassion in psychotherapy for narcissistic personality disorder: An exploratory study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 25(2), 272-282.
• Leunissen, J.M., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T. (2017). Why narcissists are unwilling to apologize: The role of empathy and guilt. European Journal of Personality, 31(4), 385-403.
• Luoma, J., Guinther, P., Potter, J., Cheslock, M. (2017). Experienced-based versus scenario-based assessments of shame and guilt and their relationship to alcohol consumption and problems. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(13), 1692-1700.
• Malkin, M.L., Barry, C.T., Zeigler-Hill, V. (2011). Covert narcissism as a predictor of internalizing symptoms after performance feedback in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(5), 623-628.
• Masterson, J.F., Lieberman, A.R. (2012). Terapistler için kişilik bozuklukları rehberi. Mirel Benveniste (Çev.). İstanbul: İklim.
• Mathur, M., Khandelwal, P., Jain, S., Jain, V. (2022). Guilt and shame proneness in relations to covert narcissism among emerging adults. Ambient Science, 9(1), 31-37.
• McWilliams, N. (2013). Psikanalitik tanı. Klinik süreç içinde kişilik yapısını anlamak (Çev: E. Kalem). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.
• Molinari, E. (2022). Utanç ve kuşaklararası gölgesi. Psikanaliz defterleri 8-Çocuk ve ergen çalışmaları: Utanç ve suçluluk içinde (s.113-130). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Montebarocci, O., Surcinelli, P., Baldaro, B., Trombini, E., Rossi, N. (2004). Narcissism versus proneness to shame and guilt. Psychological Reports, 94(3), 883-887.
• O'Connor, L.E., Berry, J.W., Weiss, J. (1999). Interpersonal guilt, shame, and psychological problems. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18(2), 181-203.
• Poless, P.G., Torstveit, L., Lugo, R.G., Andreassen, M., Sütterlin, S. (2018). Guilt and proneness to shame: Unethical behaviour in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 28-43.
• Resneck-Sannes, H. (2019). Scham: Der Wunsch gesehen zu werden und das Bedürfnis sich zu verstecken. Bioenergetic Analysis, 29(1-DE), 41-60.
• Ritter, K., Vater, A., Rüsch, N., Schröder-Abé, M., Schütz, A., Fydrich, T. Lammers, C.-H., Roepke, S. (2014). Shame in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 215(2), 429-437.
• Rustin, M. (2022). Çocuklukta utanç: Kendinden utanmak, utandırılmak ve başkalarının utancının yükü. Psikanaliz defterleri 8-Çocuk ve ergen çalışmaları: Utanç ve suçluluk içinde (s.113-130). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Göttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., Jacob, G.A., Corrigan, P.W., Bohus, M. (2007). Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 500-508.
• Schoenleber, M., Roche, M.J., Wetzel, E., Pincus, A.L., Roberts, B.W. (2015). Development of a brief version of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1520-1526.
• Schoenleber, M., Berenbaum, H. (2012). Aversion and proneness to shame in self-and informant-reported personality disorder symptoms. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(3), 294-304.
• Schroder-Abe, M., Fatfouta, R. (2019). Shades of narcissistic dishonesty: Grandiose versus vulnerable narcissism and the role of self-conscious emotions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 71, 148-158.
• Sekowski, M., Gambin, M., Cudo, A., Wozniak-Prus, M., Penner, F., Fonagy, P., Sharp, C. (2020). The relations between childhood maltreatment, shame, guilt, depression and suicidal ideation in inpatient adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 667-677.
• Shankar, S. (2016). The mediating role of sensitivity to criticism on the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and negative affect [Doktora Tezi, Eastern Michigan University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Stoessel, B.J. (2007). Facets of the self in grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: implicit self -esteem, explicit self -esteem, and shame [Doktora Tezi, University of Massachusetts]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Tangney, J.P., Dearing, R.L. (2002). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
• Tangney, J.P., Wagner, P., Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 469-478.
• Thomaes, S., Bushman, B.J., Stegge, H., Olthof, T. (2008). Trumping shame by blasts of noise: Narcissism, self-esteem, shame, and aggression in young adolescents. Child Development, 79(6), 1792-1801.
• Tracy, J.L., Cheng, J.T., Martens, J.P., Robins, R.W. (2012). The emotional dynamics of narcissism: Inflated by pride, deflated by shame. The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments içinde (s.330-343).
• Uji, M., Nagata, T., Kitamura, T. (2012). Narcissism: Its function in modulating self-conscious emotions. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 76(3), 211-234.
• Van Buren, B.R., Meehan, K.B. (2015). Child maltreatment and vulnerable narcissism: The roles of shame and disavowed need. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 63(3), 555-561.
• Van Schie, C.C., Jarman, H.L., Reis, S., Grenyer, B.F.S. (2021). Narcissistic traits in young people and how experiencing shame relates to current attachment challenges. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 246.
• Webb, M., Heisler, D., Call, S., Chickering, S.A., Colburn, T.A. (2007). Shame, guilt, symptoms of depression, and reported history of psychological maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(11-12), 1143-1153.
• Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 590-597.
• Wright, F., O'Leary, J., Balkin, J. (1989) Shame, guilt, narcissism and depression: Correlates and sex differences. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 6(2), 217-230.
• Young, J.E., Klosko, J.S., Weishaar, M.E. (2003). Schema theraphy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Zobel, S.B., Mirizio, V. (2021). Suicide in narcissism: Can shame-proneness make a difference? European Psychiatry, 64(S1), 586-586.
• Zobel, S.B., Rossetti, R., Rogier, G., Velotti, P. (2021). On the road leading to non-suicidal self-injury: Brief report on narcissistic vulnerability and shame. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 1-12.