Development of the Revision Form of the a Procrastination Scale-15 and Investigation of the Factor Structure

Abstract

The aim of the study was to review and examine the factor structure of the A Procrastination Scale with one dimension, and 20 items in line with theoretical approaches to procrastination. In the study, the A Procrastination Scale-20, developed to measure the general level of procrastination and so, suitable for use outside the academic context was administered. Participants were 1546 people, 767 men and 779 women, ranging in age from 18 to 70. Items of the scale were examined by item response theory, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and item analysis. The scale were rearranged with “Cognitive”, “Behavioral” and ”Emotional” sub-dimensions which explained 63.24% of the total variance and item number was reduced to 15, excluding five items (4, 7, 8, 11, 13). Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that fit indices were not very strong for the construct with three factors. The results of Item Response Theory analysis of the scale showed that item discrimination parameters varied between 1.292 and 2.453 values and item difficulty parameters varied between 0.647 and 1.935 values. Internal consistency reliability coefficient for the whole scale was 0.912, for the Behavioral sub-dimension was 0.822, for the Emotional sub-dimension was 0.864, and for the Cognitive sub-dimension was 0.850. The correlation coefficients between sub dimensions were calculated; the correlation coefficient between Behavioral and Emotional sub dimensions was 0.56, between Behavioral and Cognitive sub dimensions was 0.66, and between Emotional and Cognitive sub dimensions was 0.47. An overall evaluation of the results reveals that the revised A Procrastination Scale -15 has the properties that can be used in scanning type of studies. 

Keywords

• Procrastination,A Procrastination Scale,Cognitive,Behavioral,Emotional

Gözden Geçirilmiş A Erteleme Ölçeği-15 Formunun Geliştirilmesi ve Faktör Yapısının İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada tek boyutlu yapıyla değerlendirilen 20 maddeli A Erteleme Ölçeği’nin, ertelemeye yönelik kuramsal yaklaşımlar doğrultusunda gözden geçirilmesi ve faktör yapısının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, akademik bağlam dışında kullanıma uygun ve genel örneklemde genel erteleme düzeyini ölçmeye yönelik olarak geliştirilen A Erteleme Ölçeği-20 uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılar 18-70 yaşları arasında 767 erkek, 779 kadın olmak üzere toplam 1546 kişiden oluşmuştur. Ölçek maddeleri, Madde Yanıt Kuramı, açıklayıcı faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve madde analiziyle incelenmiştir. Ölçek, toplam varyansın %63,24’lük kısmı açıklanan “Bilişsel”, “Davranışsal” ve “Duygusal” alt boyutlarıyla yeniden düzenlenmiş, beş maddesi (4, 7, 8, 11, 13) de atılarak madde sayısı 15’e indirilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ise üç faktörlü yapı için çok güçlü olmayan uyum gösterge değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Ölçeğin, Madde Yanıt Kuramı ile yapılan analizler sonucunda, maddelerinin 1,292 ile 2,453 arasında değişen düzeyde madde ayırt ediciliği ve 0,647 ile 1,935 arasında değişen madde güçlük parametre değerleri olduğu hesaplanmıştır. İç tutarlılık güvenirlik katsayıları ise ölçek bütünü için 0,912, Davranışsal alt boyutu için 0,822, Duygusal alt boyutu için 0,864, Bilişsel alt boyutu için 0,850 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Alt boyutlar arası korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ise Davranışsal alt boyutu ile Duygusal alt boyutu arasında 0,56, Davranışsal alt boyutu ile Bilişsel alt boyutu arasında 0,66, Duygusal alt boyutu ile Bilişsel alt boyutu arasında da 0,47 düzeyinde korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, gözden geçirilmiş A Erteleme Ölçeği-15 formunun tarama türü araştırmalarda kullanılabilir özellikler taşıdığı görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Erteleme,A Erteleme Ölçeği,Bilişsel,Davranışsal,Duygusal

References

1. Diaz-Morales, J. F., Ferrari, J. R., Diaz, K., & Argumedo, D. (2006). Factorial structure of three procrastination scales with a Spanish adult population. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 132-137.
2. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
3. Fernie, B. A., Bharucha, Z., Nikčević, A. V., Marino, C., & Spada, M. M. (2017). A Metacognitive model of procrastination. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 196-203.
4. Fernie, B. A., Kopar, U. Y., Fisher, P. L., & Spada, M. M. (2018). Further development and testing of the metacognitive model of procrastination: self-reported academic performance. Journal of Affective Disorders, 240, 1-5.
5. Fernie, B. A., Spada, M. M., Nikčević, A. V., Georgiou, G. A., & Moneta, G. B. (2009). Metacognitive beliefs about procrastination: development and concurrent validity of a self-report questionnaire. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(4), 283-293.
6. Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J., & McCown, W. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: theory, research, and treatment. New York: Plenum Press.
7. Flett, G. L., Stainton, M., Hewitt, P. L., Sherry, S. B., & Lay, C. (2012). Procrastination automatic thoughts as a personality construct: an analysis of the Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 223-236.
8. Haghbin, M. (2015). Conceptualization and operationalization of delay: development and validation of the Multifaceted Measure of Academic Procrastination and the Delay Questionnaire. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Carleton University, Ottowa, Canada.

9. Klein, E. M., Beutel, M. E., Müller, K. W., Wölfling, K., Brähler, E., & Zenger, M. (2017). Assessing procrastination: dimensionality and measurement invariance of the General Procrastination Scale-Screening (GPS-S) in a representative sample, European Journal of Psychological Assessment, Advance online publication.
10. Krause, K., & Freund, A. M. (2014). Delay or procrastination: a comparison of self-report and behavioral measures of procrastination and their impact on affective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 75-80.
11. Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20(4), 474-495.
12. McCown, W., Johnson, J., & Petzel, T. (1989). Procrastination, a principal components analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 197-202.
13. Nguyen, B., Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Procrastination's impact in the workplace and the workplace's impact on procrastination. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(4), 388-399.
14. Orellana-Damacela, L. E., Tindale, R. S., & Suárez-Balcázar, Y. (2000). Decisional and behavioral procrastination: how they relate to self-discrepancies. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 225-238.
15. Pinxten, M., de Laet, T., van Soom, C., Peeters, C., & Langie, G. (2019). Purposeful delay and academic achievement. A critical review of the Active Procrastination Scale. Learning and Individual Differences, 73, 42-51.
16. Pychyl, T. A., & Flett, G. L. (2012). Procrastination and self-regulatory failure: an introduction to the special issue. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 203-212.
17. Rebetez, M. M. L., Rochat, L., & van der Linden, M. (2015). Cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors related to procrastination: a cluster analytic approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 1-6.
18. Rebetez, M. M. L., Rochat, L., Gay, P., & van der Linden, M. (2014). Validation of a French version of the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(6), 1442-1447.
19. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
20. Simpson, W. K., & Pychyl, T. A. (2009). In search of the arousal procrastinator: Investigating the relation between procrastination, arousal-based personality traits and beliefs about procrastination motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 906-911.
21. Stainton, M., Lay, C. H., & Flett, G. L. (2000). Trait procrastinators and behavior / trait-specific cognitions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 297-312.
22. Steel, P. (2007).The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94.
23. Steel, P. (2010). Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist?. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 926-934.
24. Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: an epidemiological study of procrastinators' characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51-58.
25. Svartdal, F., Granmo, S., & Færevaag, F. S. (2018). On the behavioral side of procrastination: exploring behavioral delay in real-life settings. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, article id: 746.
26. Svartdal, F., Pfuhl, G., Nordby, K., Foschi, G., Klingsieck, K. B., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Lindblom-Ylänne, S., & Rębkowska, K. (2016). On the measurement of procrastination: comparing two scales in six European countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, article id: 1307.
27. Tatar, A., & Özdemir, H. (2019). Madde Yanıt Kuramıyla A Erteleme Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Social, Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 5(20), 1011-1022.
28. van Eerde, W. (2003). A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(6), 1401-1418.
29. van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73-85.
30. Wilson, B. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (2012). Belonging to tomorrow: an overview of procrastination. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(1), 211-217.
31. Wohl, M. J. A., Pychyl, T. A., & Bennet, S. H. (2010). I forgive myself, now I can study: how selfforgiveness for procrastinating can reduce future procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 803-808.