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A Review on Sports Psychology

Year 2021, , 119 - 131, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.973705

Abstract

Sports psychology examines the psychological basis, processes and effects of sports. Sport psychology encompasses the scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise, as well as the practical application of this knowledge in sport and exercise settings. In addition, this structure of sports psychology, which includes both science and practice, has been seen since the development of sports psychology as a discipline. It is also considered that it is extremely useful in evaluating and developing performance-based skills in sports, with psychological development or improvement in practice, and also in maximizing the performance of athletes in competitive situations. Today, in parallel with these psychological developments in sports, an important development is observed in sports psychology research. This wealth of research; not only has it examined a wide range of topics that have both academic and practical importance within the field, but it has also incorporated other fields of sports and exercise science and various branches of the discipline of psychology. The most critical element to the advancement of knowledge in such an environment requires regularly summarizing, reflecting, and receiving feedback on work in any field of research. This task is usually fulfilled by a literature review. Literature review; It functions as the first tool for the organization, restructuring and defined structure of a subject. It also guides future research, lays the foundation for continued progress, and serves as reference points. In this study, the development of sports psychology from past to present, research topics and methods used in sports psychology research were briefly discussed and a reference point for future research was tried to be established.

References

  • Afonso, J., Garganta, J., & Mesquita, I. (2012). Decision-making in sports: the role of attention, anticipation and memory. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 14, 592-601.
  • Andrews, D., Mason, D., & Silk, M. (2005). Qualitative methods in sports studies. New York: Oxford.
  • Aydın, A. (2001). Gelişim ve öğrenme psikolojisi. İstanbul: Alfa yayınları.
  • Azboy, O., Erer, O., Oymak, Ö., Tunç, Ö. (2012). Spor psikolojisi. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Banister, H., & Blackburn, J. M. (1931). An eye factor affecting proficiency at ball games. British Journal of Psychology, 21(4), 382.
  • Baumeister, Roy F. (1993). Preface to self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. edited by Roy F.Baumeister. Plenum.
  • Bayar, P. (2011). Türkiye’de spor psikolojisinin gelişimi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 131-136.
  • Biddle, S. (ed.) (1995). European perspectives on exercise and sport psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • Biddle, S. J. H. and Mutrie, N. (2006). Psychology of physical activity. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Browne, M.A., & Mahoney, M.J. (1984). Sport psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 35(1), 605-625.
  • Cast, A.D., & Burke, P.J. (2002). A theory of self-esteem. Social forces, 80(3), 1041-1068.
  • Cei, A. (2011). Ferruccio Antonelli: His work and legacy. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(4), 356-361.
  • Chandler, T., Vamplew, W., & Cronin, M. (2007). Sport and physical education: The key concepts. New York: Routledge.
  • Culver, D., Gilbert, W., Sparkes, A. (2012). Qualitative research in sport psychology journals: The next decade 2000-2009 and beyond. The Sport Psychologist, 26, 261-281.
  • Davis, S.F., Huss, M.T., & Becker, A.H. (1995). Norman Triplett and the dawning of sport psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 9(4), 366-375.
  • Doğan, O. (2015). Spor psikolojisi. (Genişletilmiş Üçüncü Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599.
  • FEPSAC. (1996). Position statement of the FEPSAC: 1. Definition of sport psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 221-223.
  • Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual review of sociology, 8(1), 1-33.
  • Geron, E. (1982). History and recent position of sport psychology. Netanya: Wingate Institute.
  • Green, C.D., & Benjamin, L.T. (Eds.). (2009). Psychology gets in the game: Sport, mind, and behavior, 1880-1960. U of Nebraska Press.
  • Gill, D.L., & Gill, D.L. (2000). Sport and exercise psychology around the world. International Psychology Reporter, 4(3), 33-34.
  • Hanrahan, S. J., & Andersen, M. B. (2010). Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology: A comprehensive guide for students and practitioners. New York: Routledge.
  • Hansen, J. (2012). De Coubertin, Pierre´ Frédy, Baron (1863-1937). In Sports around the World: History, Culture, And Practice (pp. 274-275). ABC-Clio.
  • Horn, T. (1992). Advances in sport psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • İkizler, C. & Karagözoğlu, C. (1997). Sporda başarının psikolojisi. (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Jayakody, K., Gunadasa, S., & Hosker, C. (2014). Exercise for anxiety disorders: systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 187-196.
  • Jarvis, M. (2006). Sport psychology: A student's handbook. London: Routledge.
  • Kremer, J. & Scully, D. (1994). Psychology in sport. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kleine, D. (1989). Anxiety and sports performance: A metal-analysis. Anxiety Research, 2, 113-131.
  • Lazarus, R.S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York: Springer.
  • Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Lane, A.M. (Ed.). (2015). Sport and exercise psychology. London: Routledge.
  • LeUnes, A. & Nation, JR. (2002). Sport psychology. Pacific Grove, CA, Wadsworth.
  • Mellalieu, S., & Hanton, S. (Eds.). (2015). Contemporary advances in sport psychology: A review. New York: Routledge.
  • Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. (2009). A competitive anxiety review: Recent directions in sport psychology research. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Mruk, C.J. (2006). Self-esteem research, theory, and practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Moran, A., & Toner, J. (2017). A critical introduction to sport psychology: A critical introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Moran, A. (2009). Attention in sport. Advances in applied sport psychology: A review, 195-220.
  • Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Perry, C. (2004). Mental Imagery in sport. In T. Morris & J. Summers (Eds.) Sport psychology: Theories, applications and issues (2nd ed., pp. 345-387). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Wiley.
  • Nesti, M. (2006). Existential psychology and sport. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Peterson, G. (2015). Connecting social psychology and the sociology of sport: Using Goffman as a framework for sociological sports research. Sociology Compass, 9(5), 379-385.
  • Posner, M.I. and Rothbart, M.K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of a psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1-23.
  • Polat, O. (2016). Şiddet. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 22(1), 15-34.
  • Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E.L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67.
  • Rees, T., and Hardy, L. (2004). Matching social support with stressors: Effects on factors underlying performance in tennis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 319-337.
  • Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem. American Sociological Review, 60, 141-56.
  • Silk, M., Andrews, D., & Mason, D. (2005). Encountering the field: Sports studies and qualitative research. In D. Andrews, D. Mason, & M. Silk (Eds.). Qualitative methods in sports studies (pp. 1-20). New York: Oxford.
  • Smith, B. (2013). Sporting spinal cord injuries, social relations, and rehabilitation narratives: An ethnographic creative non-fiction of becoming disabled through sport. Sociology of sport journal, 30(2), 132-152.
  • Smith, G. (2006). Erving Goffman. London: Routledge.
  • Schinke, R.J., & Hanrahan, S.J. (Eds.). (2009). Cultural sport psychology. United States: Human Kinetics.
  • Szczepanik, N. (2005). Focused Cech puts records low on his list of priorities. The Times, 30 April, p.100.
  • Turkay, H. (2020). Spor bilimlerinde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Vallerand, R. J. (2007). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and physical activity: A review and a look at the future. In G. Tenenbaum and E. Eklund (Eds), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 49-83). New York: John Wiley.
  • Vealey, R.S., Udry, E.M., Zimmerman, V., & Soliday, J. (1992). Intrapersonal and situational predictors of coaching burnout. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 40-58.
  • Vandereycken, W., Habermas, T., Van Deth, R., & Meermann, R. (1991). German publications on anorexia nervosa in the nineteenth century. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(4), 473-490.
  • Young, D.J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest?. The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 426-439.
  • Weinberg, R. & Gould, D. (1999) Foundations of sport and exercise psychology, 2nd edn, Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • Woodman, T. & Hardy, L. (2001). Stress and anxiety. In R. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, and C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 290-318). New York: Wiley.

Spor Psikolojisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2021, , 119 - 131, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.973705

Abstract

Spor psikolojisi, sporun psikolojik temeli, süreçleri ve etkilerini incelemektedir. Spor psikolojisi, spor ve egzersizde insan davranışının bilimsel çalışmasını ve bu bilginin aynı zamanda spor ve egzersiz ortamlarında pratik uygulamasını kapsamaktadır. Ayrıca spor psikolojisinin, hem bilimi hem de uygulamayı içeren bu yapısı, spor psikolojisinin bir disiplin olarak gelişmesinden itibaren görülmektedir. Sporda psikolojik gelişim veya uygulamadaki iyileştirmeyle, spordaki performansa dayalı becerilerin değerlendirilmesi ve geliştirilmesinde, ayrıca rekabetçi durumlarda sporcuların performansını en üst seviyeye çıkarmada son derece faydalı olduğu da göz önündedir. Günümüzde spordaki psikolojik bu gelişmelere paralel olarak, spor psikolojisi araştırmalarında önemli bir gelişme görülmektedir. Ortaya çıkan bu araştırma zenginliği; yalnızca alan içinde hem akademik hem de pratik önemi olan geniş bir konu yelpazesini incelemekle kalmamış, aynı zamanda diğer spor ve egzersiz bilim alanlarını ve psikoloji disiplininin çeşitli dallarını da bünyesine katmıştır. Böylesine bir ortamda bilginin ilerlemesinin en kritik unsuru, herhangi bir araştırma alanında düzenli olarak çalışmaları özetlenmesini, yansıtılmasını ve geri bildirim alınmasını gerektirir. Bu görev de genellikle bir literatür incelemesiyle yerine getirilir. Literatür incelemesi; bir konunun organizasyonu, yeniden yapılanması ve tanımlanmış yapı için ilk araç olarak işlev görür. Aynı zamanda gelecekteki araştırmaları yönlendirir, sürekli ilerleme için temel oluşturur ve referans noktalarına hizmet eder. Bu çalışmada da spor psikolojisinin geçmişten günümüze gelişimi, araştırma konuları ve spor psikolojisi araştırmalarında kullanılan yöntemler kısaca ele alınarak gelecek araştırmalara bir referans noktası oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Afonso, J., Garganta, J., & Mesquita, I. (2012). Decision-making in sports: the role of attention, anticipation and memory. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 14, 592-601.
  • Andrews, D., Mason, D., & Silk, M. (2005). Qualitative methods in sports studies. New York: Oxford.
  • Aydın, A. (2001). Gelişim ve öğrenme psikolojisi. İstanbul: Alfa yayınları.
  • Azboy, O., Erer, O., Oymak, Ö., Tunç, Ö. (2012). Spor psikolojisi. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Banister, H., & Blackburn, J. M. (1931). An eye factor affecting proficiency at ball games. British Journal of Psychology, 21(4), 382.
  • Baumeister, Roy F. (1993). Preface to self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. edited by Roy F.Baumeister. Plenum.
  • Bayar, P. (2011). Türkiye’de spor psikolojisinin gelişimi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 131-136.
  • Biddle, S. (ed.) (1995). European perspectives on exercise and sport psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • Biddle, S. J. H. and Mutrie, N. (2006). Psychology of physical activity. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Browne, M.A., & Mahoney, M.J. (1984). Sport psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 35(1), 605-625.
  • Cast, A.D., & Burke, P.J. (2002). A theory of self-esteem. Social forces, 80(3), 1041-1068.
  • Cei, A. (2011). Ferruccio Antonelli: His work and legacy. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(4), 356-361.
  • Chandler, T., Vamplew, W., & Cronin, M. (2007). Sport and physical education: The key concepts. New York: Routledge.
  • Culver, D., Gilbert, W., Sparkes, A. (2012). Qualitative research in sport psychology journals: The next decade 2000-2009 and beyond. The Sport Psychologist, 26, 261-281.
  • Davis, S.F., Huss, M.T., & Becker, A.H. (1995). Norman Triplett and the dawning of sport psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 9(4), 366-375.
  • Doğan, O. (2015). Spor psikolojisi. (Genişletilmiş Üçüncü Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599.
  • FEPSAC. (1996). Position statement of the FEPSAC: 1. Definition of sport psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 221-223.
  • Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual review of sociology, 8(1), 1-33.
  • Geron, E. (1982). History and recent position of sport psychology. Netanya: Wingate Institute.
  • Green, C.D., & Benjamin, L.T. (Eds.). (2009). Psychology gets in the game: Sport, mind, and behavior, 1880-1960. U of Nebraska Press.
  • Gill, D.L., & Gill, D.L. (2000). Sport and exercise psychology around the world. International Psychology Reporter, 4(3), 33-34.
  • Hanrahan, S. J., & Andersen, M. B. (2010). Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology: A comprehensive guide for students and practitioners. New York: Routledge.
  • Hansen, J. (2012). De Coubertin, Pierre´ Frédy, Baron (1863-1937). In Sports around the World: History, Culture, And Practice (pp. 274-275). ABC-Clio.
  • Horn, T. (1992). Advances in sport psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • İkizler, C. & Karagözoğlu, C. (1997). Sporda başarının psikolojisi. (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Jayakody, K., Gunadasa, S., & Hosker, C. (2014). Exercise for anxiety disorders: systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 187-196.
  • Jarvis, M. (2006). Sport psychology: A student's handbook. London: Routledge.
  • Kremer, J. & Scully, D. (1994). Psychology in sport. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kleine, D. (1989). Anxiety and sports performance: A metal-analysis. Anxiety Research, 2, 113-131.
  • Lazarus, R.S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York: Springer.
  • Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Lane, A.M. (Ed.). (2015). Sport and exercise psychology. London: Routledge.
  • LeUnes, A. & Nation, JR. (2002). Sport psychology. Pacific Grove, CA, Wadsworth.
  • Mellalieu, S., & Hanton, S. (Eds.). (2015). Contemporary advances in sport psychology: A review. New York: Routledge.
  • Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. (2009). A competitive anxiety review: Recent directions in sport psychology research. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Mruk, C.J. (2006). Self-esteem research, theory, and practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Moran, A., & Toner, J. (2017). A critical introduction to sport psychology: A critical introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Moran, A. (2009). Attention in sport. Advances in applied sport psychology: A review, 195-220.
  • Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Perry, C. (2004). Mental Imagery in sport. In T. Morris & J. Summers (Eds.) Sport psychology: Theories, applications and issues (2nd ed., pp. 345-387). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Wiley.
  • Nesti, M. (2006). Existential psychology and sport. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Peterson, G. (2015). Connecting social psychology and the sociology of sport: Using Goffman as a framework for sociological sports research. Sociology Compass, 9(5), 379-385.
  • Posner, M.I. and Rothbart, M.K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of a psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1-23.
  • Polat, O. (2016). Şiddet. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 22(1), 15-34.
  • Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E.L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67.
  • Rees, T., and Hardy, L. (2004). Matching social support with stressors: Effects on factors underlying performance in tennis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 319-337.
  • Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem. American Sociological Review, 60, 141-56.
  • Silk, M., Andrews, D., & Mason, D. (2005). Encountering the field: Sports studies and qualitative research. In D. Andrews, D. Mason, & M. Silk (Eds.). Qualitative methods in sports studies (pp. 1-20). New York: Oxford.
  • Smith, B. (2013). Sporting spinal cord injuries, social relations, and rehabilitation narratives: An ethnographic creative non-fiction of becoming disabled through sport. Sociology of sport journal, 30(2), 132-152.
  • Smith, G. (2006). Erving Goffman. London: Routledge.
  • Schinke, R.J., & Hanrahan, S.J. (Eds.). (2009). Cultural sport psychology. United States: Human Kinetics.
  • Szczepanik, N. (2005). Focused Cech puts records low on his list of priorities. The Times, 30 April, p.100.
  • Turkay, H. (2020). Spor bilimlerinde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Vallerand, R. J. (2007). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and physical activity: A review and a look at the future. In G. Tenenbaum and E. Eklund (Eds), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 49-83). New York: John Wiley.
  • Vealey, R.S., Udry, E.M., Zimmerman, V., & Soliday, J. (1992). Intrapersonal and situational predictors of coaching burnout. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 40-58.
  • Vandereycken, W., Habermas, T., Van Deth, R., & Meermann, R. (1991). German publications on anorexia nervosa in the nineteenth century. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(4), 473-490.
  • Young, D.J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest?. The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 426-439.
  • Weinberg, R. & Gould, D. (1999) Foundations of sport and exercise psychology, 2nd edn, Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  • Woodman, T. & Hardy, L. (2001). Stress and anxiety. In R. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, and C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 290-318). New York: Wiley.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Volume:5, Issue:10 December
Authors

Hikmet Turkay 0000-0002-7851-2757

Ayça Demir 0000-0001-9090-5302

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Turkay, H., & Demir, A. (2021). Spor Psikolojisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(10), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.973705