Rejection; Our Inner Fear

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 45 - 56, 30.06.2021

Gamze Vesile Çolak , Aslı Enzel Koç , Cicek Hocaoglu

https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.885037

Abstract

One of the most basic human needs is the need to be accepted and approved by others. Rejection sensitivity (RD) is a phenomenon described as a cognitive-emotional information process sing tendency that causes a person to wait for rejection cues in the behavior of others, perceive easily, and react heavily to rejection (De Rubeis et al., 2017; Sommerfeld ve Shechory Bitton, 2020). In this article, the definition of rejection sensitivity, related theories, and the explanation of the biological psychological and psychosocial factors that cause rejection sensitivity, the emotions felt by people with high rejection sensitivity, how this is reflected in interpersonal functioning and how they will cope are discussed. It is considered important in terms of laying the groundwork for the studies to be carried out in the protection and development of the psychological health of the individual who is a part of the society. It is predicted that its place in the diagnostic classification and its examination in comorbid mental disorders will contribute to mental health professionals and future scientific research. Individuals with high rejection sensitivity interpret their rejection and acceptance differently than those with low rejection. People with anxious anticipation of rejection take actions that validate their anxiety. İn addition, rejection sensitivity is intertwined with some psychopathologies.

Keywords

Rejection Sensitivity, Fear, Rejection, Psychiatry

Reddedilmek; İçsel Korkumuz

Abstract

İnsanın en temel ihtiyaçlarından biri başkaları tarafından kabul görme ve onaylanma ihtiyacıdır. Reddedilme duyarlılığı (RD), kişinin başkalarının davranışlarında reddedilme ipuçlarını beklemesine, kolayca algılamasına ve reddedilmeye yoğun şekilde tepki vermesine yol açan bilişsel-duygusal bir bilgi işleme eğilimi olarak açıklanan bir olgudur (De Rubeis vd., 2017; Sommerfeld ve Shechory Bitton, 2020). Bu yazıda reddedilme duyarlığının tanımı, ilgili kuramlar, reddedilme duyarlılığına neden olan biyolojik, psikolojik ve psikososyal faktörlerin açıklanmasıyla birlikte reddedilme duyarlılığı yüksek olan kişilerin hissettiği duygular, bunun kişiler arası işleyişe nasıl yansıdığı ve nasıl baş edecekleri incelenmiştir. Toplumun bir parçası olan bireyin psikolojik sağlığının korunmasında ve geliştirilmesinde yapılacak olan çalışmalara zemin hazırlaması açısından önemli görülmektedir. Tanı sınıflanmasındaki yeri ve eş tanılı ruhsal bozuklukların da incelenmesinin ruh sağlığı profesyonellerine, ileride yapılacak bilimsel araştırmalara katkı sağlaması öngörülmektedir. Reddedilme duyarlılığı yüksek olan bireyler düşük olanlara göre ret ve kabulleri farklı şekillerde yorumlamaktadırlar. Kaygılı reddedilme beklentisi olan kişiler, kaygılarını doğrulayan hareketlerde bulunurlar. Aynı zamanda reddedilme duyarlılığı bazı psikopatolojilerle iç içedir.

Keywords

Reddedilme Duyarlılığı, Korku, Reddedilmek, Psikiyatri

References

• Algaç Kutlu, M. (2018). Borderline kişilik bozukluğu: Bir gözden geçirme. Medeniyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(5), 11-20.
• Ayduk, Ö.N. (1999). Impact of self-control strategies on the link between rejection sensitivity and hostility: Risk negotiation through strategic control. The Sciences & Engineering, 60(1-B), 04-01.
• Ayduk, Ö.N., Downey, G. & Feldman, S. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 776-792.
• Ayduk, O., May, D., Downey, G., Higgins, E.T. (2003). Tactical differences in coping with rejection sensitivity: The role of prevention pride. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 29, 435-448.
• Ayduk, Ö., & Gyurak, A. (2008). Applying the cognitive-affective processing systems approach to conceptualizing rejection sensitivity. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 2016-2033.
• Baldwin, M.W., & Kay, A.C. (2003). Adult attachment and the inhibition of rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(3), 275-293.
• Baumeister, R.F., & Leary, M.R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
• Berenson, K.R., Gyurak, A., Ayduk, Ö., Downey, G., Garner, M.J., Mogg, K., ... & Pine, D. S. (2009). Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1064-1072.
• Boyce, P., Parker, G. (1989). Development of a Scale to Measure Interpersonal Sensitivity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 341-351.
• Borgstrom, E. (2016). Social Death. QJM, 110(1), 5-7.
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry.
• Bozkuş, O. &Araz, A. (2015). Narsisizm ve evlilik uyumu ilişkisinde reddedilme duyarlılığı ve olumlu yanılsamaların aracı rolü. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 29- 54.
• De Rubeis, J., Lugo, R.G., Witthöft, M., Sütterlin, S., Pawelzik, M.R., & Vögele, C. (2017). Rejection sensitivity as a vulnerability marker for depressive symptom deterioration in men. PloS one, 12(10), e0185802.
• DeWall, C.N., Twenge, J.M., Gitter, S.A., & Baumeister, R.F. (2009). It's the thought that counts: The role of hostile cognition in shaping aggressive responses to social exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 45-59.
• DeWall, C.N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G.D., Masten, C.L., Baumeister, R.F., Powell, C., Eisenberger, N.I. (2010). Acetaminophen reduces social pain. Psychological Science, 21(7), 931-937.
• DeWall, C.N., & Bushman, B.J. (2011). Social acceptance and rejection: The sweet and the bitter. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 256-260.
• Downey, G. & Feldman, S.I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
• Downey, G., Khouri, H., & Feldman, S. I. (1997). Early interpersonal trauma and later adjustment: The mediational role of rejection sensitivity. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychology, Vol. 8. Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research, and intervention (p.85-114). University of Rochester Press.
• Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincón, C., & Freitas, A.L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children's interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69(4), 1074-1091.
• Downey G, Mougious V, Ayduk O, London BE, Shoda Y (2004) Rejection sensitivity and the defensive motivational system: Insights from the startle response to rejection cues. Psychol Sci, 15, 668-673.
• Erözkan, A. (2004). The analysis of university student’s interpersonal sensitiveness and rejection sensitiveness. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 85-98.
• Erozkan, A. (2009). Rejection sensitivity levels with respect to attachment styles, gender, and parenting styles: A study with Turkish students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(1), 1-14.
• Feldman, S., & Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6(1), 231-247.
• Feinstein, B.A. (2020). The rejection sensitivity model as a framework for understanding sexual minority mental health. Arch Sex Behav 49, 2247-2258.
• Gao, S., Assink, M., Cipriani, A., & Lin, K. (2017). Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 59-74.
• Godleski, S.A., Eiden, R.D., Kachadourian, L., & Lucke, J.F. (2019). Etiological pathways to rejection sensitivity in a high-risk sample. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(5), 715-727.
• Harb, G. C., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., Scheiner, F. R & Liebowitz, M. R. (2002). The Psychometric Properties of Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure in Social Anxiety Disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 961-979.
• Higgins, E.T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300.
• Hill, V.Z., & Shackelford, T.K. (2020). Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer International Publishing.
• Horney, K. (1991). Kendi kendine psikanaliz. (Selçuk, B.Çev.). Ankara: Öteki Yayınları.
• Horney, K.(2007). Çağımızın nevrotik kişiliği. (Selma, K.Çev.). İstanbul: Doruk Yayınları.
• İbrahim, D.M., Rohner, R.P., Smith, R.L., & Flannery, K.M. (2015). Adults’ remembrances of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood predict current rejection sensitivity in adulthood. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 44(1), 51-62.
• Kesebir, S., Kavzoğlu, S., Üstündağ, M. (2011). Bağlanma ve psikopatoloji. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3(2), 321-342.
• Lang, P.S., Davis, M., Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal and human cognitive psychophysiology. J Affect Disord, 61, 137-159.
• Leary, M.R., Kowalski, R.M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 202-214.
• Lou, N.M., & Li, L.M.W. (2017). Interpersonal relationship mindsets and rejection sensitivity across cultures: The role of relational mobility. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 200-206.
• Marston, E.G., Hare, A., Allen, J.P. (2010). Rejection sensitivity in late adolescence: Social and emotional sequelae. J Res Adolesc, 20(4), 959-982.
• Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246-268.
• Normansell, K.M., & Wisco, B.E. (2016). Negative interpretation bias as a mechanism of the relationship between rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 31(5), 950-962.
• Özen, D.Ş., & Güneri, F.K. (2018). Basic determinant of success of interpersonal relationship: Rejection sensitivity. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 10(4), 444-459.
• Pietrzak, J., Downey, G., & Ayduk, O. (2005). Rejection sensitivity as an interpersonal vulnerability. Interpersonal Cognition, 62-84.
• Poggi, A., Richetin, J., & Preti, E. (2019). Trust and rejection sensitivity in personality disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(8), 1-9.
• Rohner, R.P., & Britner, P.A. (2002). Worldwide mental health correlates of parental acceptance-rejection: Review of cross-cultural and intracultural evidence. Cross-Cultural Research, 36(1), 16-47.
• Rokach, A. (2004). Loneliness then and now: Reflections on social and emotional alienation in everyday life. Current Psychology, 23(1), 24-40.
• Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection-hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119-148.
• Sarıçam, H. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin reddedilme duyarlılıkları ile benlik saygıları ve yalnızlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Set, Z. (2019). Potential regulatory elements between attachment styles and psychopathology: Rejection Sensitivity and Self-esteem. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 56(3), 205-212.
• Sommerfeld, E., & Shechory Bitton, M. (2020). Rejection sensitivity, self-compassion, and aggressive behavior: The role of borderline features as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 44.
• Twenge, J.M., Baumeister, R.F., Tice, D.M., & Stucke, T.S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1058-1069.
• Weinstein, A., Abu, H.B., Timor, A., & Mama, Y. (2016). Delay discounting, risk-taking, and rejection sensitivity among individuals with internet and video gaming disorders. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 674-682.
• Williams, K.D. (1997). Social ostracism. In R. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors. New York: Plenum.
• Williams, K.D., Cheung, C.K.T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762.