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Yetişkin ve Yaşlılarda Zihin Kuramının Ölçülmesi ve Zihin Kuramı Performansında Yaşa Bağlı Değişiklikler

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 19 - 31, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1255701

Abstract

Zihin kuramı, diğer bireylerin duygularını ve zihinsel durumlarını anlayabilme yetisini ifade eder ve sosyal etkileşimde bulunabilmek için gerekli olan temel bir sosyal bilişsel yetidir. Uluslararası alan yazınla paralel olarak ülkemizde zihin kuramının çocukluk döneminde ele alındığı oldukça çalışma olmasına rağmen, yetişkinlik ve yaşlılık dönemindeki bireylerde zihin kuramını ele alan sınırlı sayıda araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede öncelikle zihin kuramının tanımı ve türlerine değinilerek yetişkinlerde zihin kuramı ile ilgili ilk çalışmalardan bir tanesi olan Happé ve arkadaşlarının (1998) kullandıkları zihin kuramı görevleri ile ilgili bilgi vermek amaçlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, genç ve yaşlı bireylerin zihin kuramı performansı açısından karşılaştırıldığı güncel araştırma bulgularına yer vermek bu derlemenin bir diğer amacıdır. Araştırma sonuçları incelendiğinde birçok çalışmada, diğerlerinin zihinsel durumları hakkında çıkarımda bulunmak olarak tanımlanan zihin kuramının, afektif ve bilişsel olmak üzere iki farklı bileşen olarak ele alındığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca, yetişkin bireylerin zihin kuramı performanslarını ölçmek amacıyla bu bileşenlere yönelik çeşitli test ve görevler geliştirilmekle birlikte, en sık kullanılan test ve görevler arasında Hikâyeler, Gözlerden Zihin Okuma Testi, Videolar, Yanlış Kanı ve Gaf Yapma Testinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Uluslararası alan yazında zihin kuramını değerlendirmek amacıyla kullanılan bu testlerin birçoğunun Türkçe formunun geçerliği ve güvenirliğinin sınanmış olduğu, bununla birlikte Dokuz Eylül Zihin Teorisi Ölçeği gibi ülkemizde geliştirilmiş bazı ölçeklerin de olduğu saptanmıştır. Son olarak, birçoğunun diğer ülkelerde yapıldığı araştırma sonuçları zihin kuramının türlerine göre değişmekle birlikte yaşla birlikte zihin kuramı performansının genel olarak azaldığına işaret etmektedir. Elde edilen bu bulgunun ülkemizde yaşamını sürdüren yetişkinler için de geçerli olup olmadığının belirlenmesi için bu alanda daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Yoktur

Project Number

Yoktur

Thanks

Yoktur

References

  • Ahmed, F.S., & Miller, L.S. (2013). Relationship between theory of mind and functional independence is mediated by executive function. Psychology and Aging, 28(2), 293-303.
  • Artık, A., Çengel Kültür, S.E., Portakal, O., & Karaboncuk, A.Y. (2023). The association between autistic traits and serum testosterone, oxytocin, and androstenedione levels in prepubertal male drug naive children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 83, 98-107.
  • Aslıer, M., Aslıer, N.G.Y., Kirkim, G., & Güneri, E.A. (2020). The influence of age and language on developmental trajectory of theory of mind in children with cochlear implants. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 135, 110127.
  • Ay, R., Böke, Ö., Pazvantoğlu, O., Şahin, A.R., Sarısoy, G., Arık, A.C., & Güz, H. (2016). Şizofreni hastaları ve birinci derece yakınlarında zihin kuramı ve duygu tanımanın değerlendirilmesi. Arch Neuropsychiatry, 53, 338-343.
  • Bach, L.J., Happe, F., Fleminger, S., Powell, J. (2000). Theory of mind: Independence of executive function and the role of the frontal cortex in acquired brain injury. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5(3), 175-192.
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 38(7), 813-822.
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the mind in the eyes" Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
  • Başoğlu, E., İnanç, L., Altıntaş, M., & Beştepe, E.E. (2018). Bipolar I bozukluk hastalarında zihin kuramı becerileri, iç görü ve yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirildiği olgu-kontrol çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(3), 235-243.
  • Bottiroli, S., Cavallini, E., Ceccato, I., Vecchi, T., & Lecce, S. (2016). Theory of mind in aging: Comparing cognitive and affective components in the faux pas test. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 62, 152-162.
  • Charlton, R.A., Barrick, T.R., Markus, H.S., & Morris, R.G. (2009). Theory of mind associations with other cognitive functions and brain imaging in normal aging. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 338-348.
  • Çiray, R.O., Özyurt, G., Turan, S., Karagöz, E., Ermiş, Ç., Öztürk, Y., & Akay, A. (2022). The association between pragmatic language impairment, social cognition and emotion regulation skills in adolescents with ADHD. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 76(2), 89-95.
  • Dağdelen, F. (2021). Decreased theory of mind abilities and increased emotional dysregulation in adolescents with ASD and ADHD. Alpha Psychiatry, 22(2), 100-105.
  • Değirmencioğlu, B (2008). İlk kez geliştirilecek olan Dokuz Eylül Zihin Teorisi Ölçeği’nin (DEZTÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Duval, C., Piolino, P., Bejanin, A., Eustache, F., ve Desgranges, B. (2011). Age effects on different components of theory of mind. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(3), 627-642.
  • Ghamry, R.H., Azzam, H.M.E., Abdo, M.M.M., & Naguib, R.M. (2022). Reading the mind in the eyes: Theory of mind in acute psychosis and schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatry Research: An International Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 58(1), 33-42.
  • Gigi, A., & Papirovitz, M. (2022). Theory of mind in older adults: the nature of the decline. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1-6.
  • Girli, A. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Turkish child and adult form of “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test”. Psychology, 5(11), 1321-1337.
  • Gourlay, C., Collin, P., D’Auteuil, C., Jacques, M., Caron, P.O., & Scherzer, P.B. (2022). Age differences in social-cognitive abilities across the stages of adulthood and path model investigation of adult social cognition. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 29(6), 1033-1067.
  • Greenberg, D.M., Warrier, V., Abu-Akel, A., Allison, C., Gajos, K.Z., Reinecke, K., Rentfrow, P.J., Radecki, M.A. & Baron-Cohen, S. (2023). Sex and age differences in “theory of mind” across 57 countries using the English version of the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(1), e2022385119.
  • Happé, F.G.E., Winner, E., & Brownell, H. (1998). The getting of wisdom: Theory of mind in old age. Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 358-362.
  • Henry, J.D., Phillips, L.H., Ruffman, T., & Bailey, P.E. (2013). A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of mind. Psychology and Aging, 28(3), 826-839.
  • Kämpf, S.M., Kanske, P., Kleiman, A., Haberkamp, A., Glombiewski, J., & Exner, C. (2022). Empathy, compassion, and theory of mind in obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 95(1), 1-17.
  • Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F.M., & Singer, T. (2015). Dissecting the social brain: Introducing the EmpaToM to reveal distinct neural networks and brain-behavior relations for empathy and Theory of Mind. NeuroImage, 122, 6-19.
  • Kara, B., & Selcuk, B. (2023). The role of socioeconomic adversity and armed conflict in executive function, theory of mind and empathy in children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 54, 533-545.
  • Kılınçel, Ş. (2021). The relationship between the theory of mind skills and disorder severity among adolescents with ADHD. Alpha Psychiatry, 22(1), 7-11.
  • Maggi, G., Cima Muñoz, A. M., Obeso, I., & Santangelo, G. (2022). Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and clinical correlates of affective and cognitive theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 36(6), 483-504.
  • McDonald, B., Böckler, A., & Kanske, P. (2022). Soundtrack to the social world: Emotional music enhances empathy, compassion, and prosocial decisions but not theory of mind. Emotion, 22(1), 19-29.
  • Öztürk, Y., Özyurt, G., Turan, S., Mutlu, C., Tufan, A.E., & Akay, A.P. (2020). Relationships between theory of mind (ToM) and attachment properties in adolescent with social axiety disorder. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 57(1), 65-70.
  • Preckel, K., Kanske, P., & Singer, T. (2018). On the interaction of social affect and cognition: Empathy, compassion and theory of mind. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 1-6.
  • Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515-526.
  • Raimo, S., Cropano, M., Roldán-Tapia, M.D., Ammendola, L., Malangone, D., & Santangelo, G. (2022). Cognitive and affective theory of mind across adulthood. Brain Sciences, 12(7), 899.
  • Sakarya, A. (2012). Remisyonda şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluk hastalarında zihin kuramı bozukluklarının içgörü ve diğer bilişsel işlevlerle ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi.
  • Sarı, O.T. (2011). Zihin Kuramı Hikayeleri Testi’nin Türk çocuklarına uyarlanması ve okul öncesi dönemdeki normal gelişim gösteren, zihin engelli ve otizmli çocukların zihin kuramı gelişimlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Sevincok, D., Avcil, S., & Ozbek, M.M. (2021). The relationship between theory of mind and sluggish cognitive tempo in school-age children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(4), 1137-1152.
  • Stutesman, M.G., & Frye, D.A. (2022). Affective theory of mind in late adulthood: the role of emotion complexity and social relatedness. Experimental Aging Research, 1-29.
  • Sebastian, C.L., Fontaine, N.M., Bird, G., Blakemore, S.J., De Brito, S.A., McCrory, E.J., ve Viding, E. (2012). Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescents and adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(1), 53-63.
  • Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Tomer, R., Berger, B.D., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). Impaired affective "theory of mind" is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18, 55-67.
  • Slessor, G., Phillips, L.H., & Bull, R. (2007). Exploring the specificity of age-related differences in theory of mind tasks. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 639-643.
  • Stone, V.E., Baron-Cohen, S., Knight, R.T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(5), 640-656.
  • Şandor, S., & İşcen, P. (2023). Faux-Pas Recognition Test: A Turkish adaptation study and a proposal of a standardized short version. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 30(1), 34-42.
  • Tager-Flusberg, H., & Sullivan, K. (2000). A componential view of theory of mind: Evidence from Williams syndrome. Cognition, 76(1), 59-89.
  • Yıldırım, E.A., Kaşar, M., Güdük, M., Ateş, E., Küçükparlak, İ., ve Özalmete, E.O. (2011). Gözlerden Zihin Okuma Testi'nin Türkçe güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3), 177-186.
  • Valle, A., Massaro, D., Castelli, I., & Marchetti, A. (2015). Theory of mind development in adolescence and early adulthood: The growing complexity of recursive thinking ability. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 112-124.
  • Wang, Z., & Su, Y. (2013). Age-related differences in the performance of theory of mind in older adults: A dissociation of cognitive and affective components. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 284-291.
  • Wellman, H.M. (2017). The development of theory of mind: Historical reflections. Child Development Perspectives, 11(3), 207-214.
  • Qi, L., Zhao, J., Zhao, P., Zhang, H., Zhong, J., Pan, P., Wang, W., Yi, Z., Xie, L. (2022). Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 976439.

Measuring of Theory of Mind in Adults and The Elderly and Age-Related Differences in The Performance of Theory of Mind

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 19 - 31, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1255701

Abstract

Theory of mind refers to the ability to comprehend the emotions and mental states of others, and is a basic social cognitive ability that is required for social interaction. Although there have been many studies addressing the issue of theory of mind in childhood in our country, paralleling those in international literature, there have been few studies to date on theory of mind in the adult population. I present here a definition and summary of the components of theory of mind, followed by an explanation of the theory of mind tasks put forward by Happé et al. (1998) – as one of the first studies of theory of mind. As a further aim of this study, I review the current research findings comparing young and old people in terms of theory of mind. Theory of mind, referring to the act of making inferences about the mental states of others, can be measured in adults in terms of its affective and cognitive components, for which various tests and tasks have been developed that make use, most often, of Stories, Reading The Mind in The Eyes, Videos, False Belief and The Faux Pas Test. It has been determined that most of these tests used for the evaluation of theory of mind in international literature are valid also for the Turkish context, although some specific scales have been developed for our country, such as the Dokuz Eylül Theory of Mind Index. Finally, many studies comparing theory of mind in young and old people in different countries show that its performance generally decreases with age, although the level of this decline differs between the different components of theory of mind. Further studies of this issue are needed to determine whether this finding is also valid for the adult population of our country.

Project Number

Yoktur

References

  • Ahmed, F.S., & Miller, L.S. (2013). Relationship between theory of mind and functional independence is mediated by executive function. Psychology and Aging, 28(2), 293-303.
  • Artık, A., Çengel Kültür, S.E., Portakal, O., & Karaboncuk, A.Y. (2023). The association between autistic traits and serum testosterone, oxytocin, and androstenedione levels in prepubertal male drug naive children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 83, 98-107.
  • Aslıer, M., Aslıer, N.G.Y., Kirkim, G., & Güneri, E.A. (2020). The influence of age and language on developmental trajectory of theory of mind in children with cochlear implants. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 135, 110127.
  • Ay, R., Böke, Ö., Pazvantoğlu, O., Şahin, A.R., Sarısoy, G., Arık, A.C., & Güz, H. (2016). Şizofreni hastaları ve birinci derece yakınlarında zihin kuramı ve duygu tanımanın değerlendirilmesi. Arch Neuropsychiatry, 53, 338-343.
  • Bach, L.J., Happe, F., Fleminger, S., Powell, J. (2000). Theory of mind: Independence of executive function and the role of the frontal cortex in acquired brain injury. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5(3), 175-192.
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 38(7), 813-822.
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the mind in the eyes" Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
  • Başoğlu, E., İnanç, L., Altıntaş, M., & Beştepe, E.E. (2018). Bipolar I bozukluk hastalarında zihin kuramı becerileri, iç görü ve yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirildiği olgu-kontrol çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(3), 235-243.
  • Bottiroli, S., Cavallini, E., Ceccato, I., Vecchi, T., & Lecce, S. (2016). Theory of mind in aging: Comparing cognitive and affective components in the faux pas test. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 62, 152-162.
  • Charlton, R.A., Barrick, T.R., Markus, H.S., & Morris, R.G. (2009). Theory of mind associations with other cognitive functions and brain imaging in normal aging. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 338-348.
  • Çiray, R.O., Özyurt, G., Turan, S., Karagöz, E., Ermiş, Ç., Öztürk, Y., & Akay, A. (2022). The association between pragmatic language impairment, social cognition and emotion regulation skills in adolescents with ADHD. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 76(2), 89-95.
  • Dağdelen, F. (2021). Decreased theory of mind abilities and increased emotional dysregulation in adolescents with ASD and ADHD. Alpha Psychiatry, 22(2), 100-105.
  • Değirmencioğlu, B (2008). İlk kez geliştirilecek olan Dokuz Eylül Zihin Teorisi Ölçeği’nin (DEZTÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Duval, C., Piolino, P., Bejanin, A., Eustache, F., ve Desgranges, B. (2011). Age effects on different components of theory of mind. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(3), 627-642.
  • Ghamry, R.H., Azzam, H.M.E., Abdo, M.M.M., & Naguib, R.M. (2022). Reading the mind in the eyes: Theory of mind in acute psychosis and schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatry Research: An International Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 58(1), 33-42.
  • Gigi, A., & Papirovitz, M. (2022). Theory of mind in older adults: the nature of the decline. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1-6.
  • Girli, A. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Turkish child and adult form of “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test”. Psychology, 5(11), 1321-1337.
  • Gourlay, C., Collin, P., D’Auteuil, C., Jacques, M., Caron, P.O., & Scherzer, P.B. (2022). Age differences in social-cognitive abilities across the stages of adulthood and path model investigation of adult social cognition. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 29(6), 1033-1067.
  • Greenberg, D.M., Warrier, V., Abu-Akel, A., Allison, C., Gajos, K.Z., Reinecke, K., Rentfrow, P.J., Radecki, M.A. & Baron-Cohen, S. (2023). Sex and age differences in “theory of mind” across 57 countries using the English version of the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(1), e2022385119.
  • Happé, F.G.E., Winner, E., & Brownell, H. (1998). The getting of wisdom: Theory of mind in old age. Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 358-362.
  • Henry, J.D., Phillips, L.H., Ruffman, T., & Bailey, P.E. (2013). A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of mind. Psychology and Aging, 28(3), 826-839.
  • Kämpf, S.M., Kanske, P., Kleiman, A., Haberkamp, A., Glombiewski, J., & Exner, C. (2022). Empathy, compassion, and theory of mind in obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 95(1), 1-17.
  • Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F.M., & Singer, T. (2015). Dissecting the social brain: Introducing the EmpaToM to reveal distinct neural networks and brain-behavior relations for empathy and Theory of Mind. NeuroImage, 122, 6-19.
  • Kara, B., & Selcuk, B. (2023). The role of socioeconomic adversity and armed conflict in executive function, theory of mind and empathy in children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 54, 533-545.
  • Kılınçel, Ş. (2021). The relationship between the theory of mind skills and disorder severity among adolescents with ADHD. Alpha Psychiatry, 22(1), 7-11.
  • Maggi, G., Cima Muñoz, A. M., Obeso, I., & Santangelo, G. (2022). Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and clinical correlates of affective and cognitive theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 36(6), 483-504.
  • McDonald, B., Böckler, A., & Kanske, P. (2022). Soundtrack to the social world: Emotional music enhances empathy, compassion, and prosocial decisions but not theory of mind. Emotion, 22(1), 19-29.
  • Öztürk, Y., Özyurt, G., Turan, S., Mutlu, C., Tufan, A.E., & Akay, A.P. (2020). Relationships between theory of mind (ToM) and attachment properties in adolescent with social axiety disorder. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 57(1), 65-70.
  • Preckel, K., Kanske, P., & Singer, T. (2018). On the interaction of social affect and cognition: Empathy, compassion and theory of mind. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 1-6.
  • Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515-526.
  • Raimo, S., Cropano, M., Roldán-Tapia, M.D., Ammendola, L., Malangone, D., & Santangelo, G. (2022). Cognitive and affective theory of mind across adulthood. Brain Sciences, 12(7), 899.
  • Sakarya, A. (2012). Remisyonda şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluk hastalarında zihin kuramı bozukluklarının içgörü ve diğer bilişsel işlevlerle ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi.
  • Sarı, O.T. (2011). Zihin Kuramı Hikayeleri Testi’nin Türk çocuklarına uyarlanması ve okul öncesi dönemdeki normal gelişim gösteren, zihin engelli ve otizmli çocukların zihin kuramı gelişimlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Sevincok, D., Avcil, S., & Ozbek, M.M. (2021). The relationship between theory of mind and sluggish cognitive tempo in school-age children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(4), 1137-1152.
  • Stutesman, M.G., & Frye, D.A. (2022). Affective theory of mind in late adulthood: the role of emotion complexity and social relatedness. Experimental Aging Research, 1-29.
  • Sebastian, C.L., Fontaine, N.M., Bird, G., Blakemore, S.J., De Brito, S.A., McCrory, E.J., ve Viding, E. (2012). Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescents and adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(1), 53-63.
  • Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Tomer, R., Berger, B.D., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). Impaired affective "theory of mind" is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18, 55-67.
  • Slessor, G., Phillips, L.H., & Bull, R. (2007). Exploring the specificity of age-related differences in theory of mind tasks. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 639-643.
  • Stone, V.E., Baron-Cohen, S., Knight, R.T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(5), 640-656.
  • Şandor, S., & İşcen, P. (2023). Faux-Pas Recognition Test: A Turkish adaptation study and a proposal of a standardized short version. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 30(1), 34-42.
  • Tager-Flusberg, H., & Sullivan, K. (2000). A componential view of theory of mind: Evidence from Williams syndrome. Cognition, 76(1), 59-89.
  • Yıldırım, E.A., Kaşar, M., Güdük, M., Ateş, E., Küçükparlak, İ., ve Özalmete, E.O. (2011). Gözlerden Zihin Okuma Testi'nin Türkçe güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3), 177-186.
  • Valle, A., Massaro, D., Castelli, I., & Marchetti, A. (2015). Theory of mind development in adolescence and early adulthood: The growing complexity of recursive thinking ability. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 112-124.
  • Wang, Z., & Su, Y. (2013). Age-related differences in the performance of theory of mind in older adults: A dissociation of cognitive and affective components. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 284-291.
  • Wellman, H.M. (2017). The development of theory of mind: Historical reflections. Child Development Perspectives, 11(3), 207-214.
  • Qi, L., Zhao, J., Zhao, P., Zhang, H., Zhong, J., Pan, P., Wang, W., Yi, Z., Xie, L. (2022). Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 976439.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology, Developmental Psychology (Other)
Journal Section Volume:7, Issue:13 June
Authors

Cem Soylu 0000-0002-6250-3450

Project Number Yoktur
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Soylu, C. (2023). Yetişkin ve Yaşlılarda Zihin Kuramının Ölçülmesi ve Zihin Kuramı Performansında Yaşa Bağlı Değişiklikler. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(13), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1255701