KÖLELİK, ZORLA ÇALIŞTIRMA VE BENZER UYGULAMALARA İLİŞKİN YASAĞIN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK VE AİHM İÇTİHATLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE GELİŞİMİ

Year 2019, , 55 - 112, 31.07.2019

Ali Bal

https://doi.org/10.33432/ybuhukuk.553022

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Kölelik, köle ticareti, kulluk, insan ticareti, zorla veya zorunlu olarak çalıştırma ve bunlara benzer uygulamaların uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde yasaklanması, insan haklarının tarihsel gelişimi içerisinde oldukça eskidir. İlgili uluslararası düzenlemeler, bu uygulamaların nisbeten azalmasına yol açmakla birlikte, sonunu getirememiş ve hatta hukuk karşısında âdeta bağışıklık kazanarak yeni ve kolaylıkla fark edilmez biçimlere bürünüp varlığını sürdürmesini ve dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde endişe verici şekilde yaygınlaşmasını engelleyememiştir. Konuyla ilgili birçok düzenleme ve güvence mekanizması içinde Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesinin “kölelik ve zorla çalıştırma yasağı”nı düzenleyen 4. maddesi ile Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesinin içtihadı şüphesiz önemli bir yer tutar. AİHM’nin içtihadı, hem konuyla ilgili somut vakaların Sözleşme çerçevesinde denetlenip karara bağlanmasını sağlamaktadır hem de Sözleşmenin 4. maddesindeki insan hakları ile taraf devletlerin yükümlülüklerini açıklayıp geliştirmektedir. Böyle bir işlev görürken AİHM, söz konusu hükmün anlam ve kapsamını belirlemek ve bazen de sağladığı koruma düzeyini arttırmak için ilgili uluslararası hukuk düzenlemeleri ile Avrupa Konseyi üyesi devletlerin ortak değer ve standartlarını göz önünde bulundurmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, zorla veya zorunlu olarak çalıştırma mutlak bir yasak olmadığından, istenen bir çalışmanın bu yasak kapsamına girip girmediğini incelerken Mahkemenin çatışan menfaatleri 4. maddenin hedefleri ışığında bağdaştırmaya çalıştığı da görülmektedir. Bütün bunlar, konunun çeşitli yönleri bulunduğunu, geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de önemini koruduğunu ve dikkatle incelenmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir

Keywords

Uluslararası hukuk, AİHM, kölelik, kulluk, insan ticareti, zorla veya zorunlu olarak çalıştırma

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROHIBITION OF SLAVERY, FORCED LABOUR AND SIMILAR PRACTICES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ECtHR CASE LAW

Abstract

Prohibition of slavery, slave trade, servitude, human trafficking, forced or compulsory labour and similar practices in international law has a long-standing background within the historical development of human rights law. While the relevant international materials have caused a decrease in these practices, they could not be completely eradicated. Moreover their new and more subtle forms, as it were by developing immunity to the law, are alarmingly on the rise in many parts of the world. Article 4 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms prohibiting “slavery and forced labour” and the European Court of Human Rights case law have surely an important place in the relevant international legal instruments. ECtHR’s judgments serve not only to decide the cases brought before the Court but also to elucidate and develop the human rights and the contracting states’ obligations under Article 4 of the Convention. ECtHR, while doing so, makes reference to the relevant international law rules and common standards of the member states of the Council of Europe in order to determine the meaning and scope of the provision and sometimes to provide a higher level of protection. On the other hand the Court attempts to strike a balance between the competing interests in the light of the underlying objectives of Article 4 when deciding whether a service required to be performed falls within the prohibition of forced or compulsory labour since this prohibition has not an absolute character. All these features show that it is essential to examine carefully the subject which has many aspects and maintains its importance today as in the past.

Keywords

International Law, ECtHR, Slavery, Servitude, Human Trafficking, Forced or Compulsory Labour, Positive Obligations

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