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THE CONCEPT OF "PROGRESSIVE REALIZATION" AS A REASON FOR THE MARGINALIZATION OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

Year 2018, YBHD 2018/1, 1 - 40, 20.02.2018

Abstract

ABSTRACT

In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human rights are addressed in a holistic manner without being subjected to any classification. This holistic approach is not only in harmony with the Charter of the United Nations but also is consolidated by the Vienna Declaration and Plan of Action accepted at the World Human Rights Conference. Although this approach, which puts forth that the classification of human rights as civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights lacks ground, has been supported by the doctrine, it can be seen that economic, social and cultural rights have still been marginalized in practice. One of the main reasons for this marginalization is that the need for financial resources for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights is confirmed by using a different language on the relevant provisions regarding obligations of states arising from the Twins Covenants. In this regard, the concept of "progressive realization" expressed in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, but is not stated in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has caused misunderstandings in practice and weakened the protection of the rights recognized in the ICESCR. The clarification of the concept of progressive realization is important to make the rights recognized in the Covenant meaningful in practice. In this study, the meaning and borders of the concept of progressive realization accepted for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights are addressed in the light of the obligations of states arising from the ICESCR. 

References

  • Algan, Bülent (2007) Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması, Ankara, Seçkin. Alston, Philip 'International Law and the Right to Food' : Alston Philip / Tomaševski, Katarina (Editors) (1984) The Right to Food, SIM, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Alston, Philip / Quinn, Gerard (1987) 'The Nature and Scope of State Parties' Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 9, s. 156-229.
  • CESR General Comment 3: The Nature of State Parties' Obligations (Art. 2, Para. 1, of the Covenant), Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Committee on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 14 December 1990, E/1991/23).
  • CESR General Comment 9: The Domestic Application of the Covenant, Adopted at the Nineteenth Session of the Committee on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/1998/24 3 December 1998).
  • CESCR General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Art. 11) Adopted at the Twentieth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 12 May 1999 (Contained in Document E/C.12/1999/5).
  • CESCR General Comment No. 13: The Right to Education (Art. 13) Adopted at the Twenty-first Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 8 December 1999 (Contained in Document E/C.12/1999/10).
  • CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12) Adopted at the Twenty-second Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 11 August 2000 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2000/4).
  • CESR General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant) Adopted at the Twenty-ninth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 20 January 2003 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2002/11).
  • CESR General Comment No. 20: Non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) UN. Doc.E/C.12/GC/20 (2009).
  • Chapman, Audrey (1996) 'A 'Violations Approach' for Monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 18, N: 1, s.23-66.
  • Chapman, Audrey / Russell, Sage (Editors) (2002) Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp, Intersentia.
  • Craven, Matthew (Editor) (1995) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights- A perspective on Its Development, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Dennis, Michael J. / Stewart, David P. (2004) 'Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Should There be and Interantional Complaints Mechanism to Adjudicate the Rights to Food, Water, Housing and Health?' American Journal of International Law, V: 98, N: 3, s. 462-514.
  • Deva, Surya (2012) Regulating Corporate Human Rights Violations: Humanizing Bussiness, Oxon, Routledge. Eide, Asbørjn 'Economic and Social Rights': Symondies, Janusz (Editor) (2000) Human Rights: Concepts and Standards, Burlington, Ashgate UNESCO.
  • Göztepe, Ece (2011) 'Türkiye'de Anayasa Mahkemesi'ne Bireysel Başvuru Hakkının (Anayasa Şikâyeti) 6216 Sayılı Kanun Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi' TBB Dergisi, S: 95, s. 13-40.
  • Kent, George (2005) Freedom From Want, Washington D.C., Georgetown University Press.
  • Langford, Malcolm 'Judicial Review in National Courts: Recognition and Responsiveness' : Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe (Editors) (2014) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Liebenberg, Sandra (2001) 'The Right to Social Assistance: The Implications of Grootboom for Policy Reform in South Africa' South African Journal for Human Rights, V: 17, s. 232-257.
  • Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1986, U.N. Doc. E/CN4./1987/17, <http://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource attachments/UN_Limburg_Principle s_1987_En.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 22-26 January 1997, <http://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachme nts/UN_Limburg_Principles_1987_En.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackbeth K. (2002) 'Examining the Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' The International Journal of Human Rights, V: 6, N: 4, s. 29-48.
  • Marcus, David (2006) 'The Normative Development of Socioeconomic Rights Through Supranational Adjudication' Stanford Journal of International Law, V:42, s. 53-102.
  • Narula, Smita (2006) 'The Right to Food: Holding Global Actors Accountable Under International Law' Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, V: 44, s. 691-778.
  • Nolan, Aoife & Dutschke, Mira (2010) 'Article 2 (1) ICESCR and state parties obligations: whiter the budget?' European Human Rights Law Review, V:3, s. 280-289.
  • Nolan, Aoife 'Budget Analysis and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' : Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe (Editors) (2014) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • OHCHR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Monitoring the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CESCR/Pages/CESCRIntro.aspx>, s.e.t. 21.12.2017.
  • OHCHR, Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Fact Sheet 33, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet33en.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • OHCHR Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights: The Human Rights Committee, Fact Sheet 15, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet15rev.1en.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, Human Rights Treaty Bodies -General Comments, <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/Pages/TBGeneralComments.aspx>, s.e.t. 15.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, Manual on Human Rights Monitoring, Chapter 20 Monitoring Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Chapter20-48pp.pdf>, s.e.t. 15.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Implementation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, (June 8, 2009), UN. Doc. E/2009/90, <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/362/90/PDF/N0936290.pdf?Open Element>, s.e.t. 15.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, The Right to Adequate Food, UN Fact Sheet 34, 2010.
  • <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet34en.pdf >, s.e.t. 02.11.2017.
  • Oxford Learner's Dictionary, <www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/ english/ progressive_1?q=progressive>, s.e.t. 20.12.2017.
  • Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe 'The Development of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law' : Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe (Editors) (2014) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Human Rights Council Thirty-first session Agenda item 3 Promotion and Protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/31/51, 14 December 2015. <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/293/26/PDF/G1529326.pdf ?Open Element>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • ECOSOC Resolution 1985/17, 28 May 1985, Review of the composition, organization and administrative arramgements of the Sessional Working Group of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Richardson, Lucy (2015) 'Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (and Beyond) in the UN Human Rights Council' Human Rights Law Review, V: 15, s. 409-440.
  • Robertson, Robert E. (1994) 'Measuring State Compliance with the Obligation to Devote the "Maximum Available Resources" to Realizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 16, N:4, s. 693-714.
  • Schultz, Jim (2002) Promises to Keep: Using the Public Budgets as Advance Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Mexico City, Fundar. Sepulveda, Magdalena (2003) The Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp, Intersentia.
  • Shue, Henry (1980) Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Sur, Melda (1997-1998) 'Sosyal Hakların Uluslararası Alanda Korunma Sistemleri' İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, C: 19-20, s. 65-91.
  • UN General Assembly [UNGA] resolution 421(V) (4 December 1950) Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and measures of implementation: future work of the Commission on Human Rights. <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/060/19/I MG/NR006019.pd f?OpenElement>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • UNGA resolution 543(VI) (5 February1952) Preparation of two Draft International Covenants on Human Rights. <https://documents-dds ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/067/98/I MG/NR006798.pdf ?OpenElement>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • Van Hoof, G. J. H. 'Legal Nature of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Rebuttal of Some Traditional Views' : Alston, Philip / Tomaševski, Katarina (Editors) (1987) The Right to Food, SIM, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Verma, Shivani (2015) 'Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Relavant Case Law', The International Council on Human Rights Policy, <file:///D:/LCIL/CAMBRIDGE/ Justiciability%20of%20the%20right%20to%20food/Justiciability%20of%20ESCR.pdf> s.e.t. 17.11.2017.
  • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna on 25 June 1993. <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Vien na.aspx> s.e.t. 17.11.2017.
  • Vivero Pol, Jose Luis 'Hunger for Justice in Latin America, Justiciability of Social Rights in Hungry Democracies' : Martin, Miguel Angel / Vivero Pol, Jose Luis (Editors) (2011) New Challenges to the Right to Food, Barcelona, CEHAP.
  • Way, Sally-Anne (2014) 'The "Myth" and Mystery of US History on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: The 1947 United States Suggestions for Articles to be Incorporated in International Bill of Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 36, N: 4, s.869-897.
  • Whelan Daniel. J. & Donnelly Jack (2007) 'The West, Economic and Social Rights and the Global Human Rights Regime: Setting the Record Straight' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 29, s. 908-949.
  • Young, Katherine (2008) 'The Minimum Core Obligation of Economic and Social Rights: A Concept in Search of Content' Yale Journal of International Law, V: 33, s. 113-175.
  • Zeigler, Jean / Golay, Christophe / Mahon, Claire / Way, Sally-Anne (2011) The Fight for the Right to Food, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Constitutional Court of South Africa, Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Irene Grootboom and others, 2001 (1) SA 46 (CC), 2000 (11) BCLR 1169. (CC).
  • Constitutional Court of South Africa, Minister of Health and others v. Treatment Action Campaign and others. 2002 (5) SA 721 (CC). Supreme Court of India, People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & others, 2003, 2 S.C.R. 1136.

EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK “AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA” KAVRAMI

Year 2018, YBHD 2018/1, 1 - 40, 20.02.2018

Abstract

ÖZET

İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi’nde insan hakları herhangi bir sınıflandırmaya tabi tutulmaksızın bir bütün olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu bütüncül yaklaşım, Birleşmiş Millet Şartı ile uyum içinde olduğu gibi, Dünya İnsan Hakları Konferansı’nda kabul edilen Viyana Deklarasyonu ve Eylem Planı ile de pekiştirilmiştir. Medeni ve siyasal haklar ile ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel haklar arasındaki ayrımın temelden yoksun olduğunu ve insan haklarının yapay bir sınıflandırma ile ayrılamayacağını ortaya koyan bu yaklaşım, doktrinde de destekleniyor olmasına rağmen, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel hakların, uygulamada halen ikincilleştirildiği görülmektedir. Bu durumun en büyük nedenlerinden biri,  ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel hakların sağlanması bakımından ekonomik kaynaklara duyulan ihtiyacın, İkiz Sözleşmelerin devletlerin yükümlülüklerine ilişkin ilgili maddelerinde farklı bir dil kullanılmak suretiyle teyit edilmiş olmasıdır. Bu bağlamda, Medeni ve Siyasal Haklara ilişkin Sözleşme’de yer almayıp Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme’de ifadesini bulan “aşamalı sağlama” kavramı uygulamada yanlış anlamalara mahal vermiş olup Sözleşme’de tanınan hakların korunmasını zayıflatmıştır. Aşamalı sağlama kavramının ne anlama geldiğinin ortaya konulması, Sözleşme’de tanınan hakların pratikte anlam kazanabilmesi bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel hakların tanınması açısından kabul edilen aşamalı sağlama kavramının anlamı ve sınırları,  Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme’nin devletlere yüklemiş olduğu yükümlülükler ışığında ortaya konulacaktır.


References

  • Algan, Bülent (2007) Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması, Ankara, Seçkin. Alston, Philip 'International Law and the Right to Food' : Alston Philip / Tomaševski, Katarina (Editors) (1984) The Right to Food, SIM, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Alston, Philip / Quinn, Gerard (1987) 'The Nature and Scope of State Parties' Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 9, s. 156-229.
  • CESR General Comment 3: The Nature of State Parties' Obligations (Art. 2, Para. 1, of the Covenant), Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Committee on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 14 December 1990, E/1991/23).
  • CESR General Comment 9: The Domestic Application of the Covenant, Adopted at the Nineteenth Session of the Committee on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/1998/24 3 December 1998).
  • CESCR General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Art. 11) Adopted at the Twentieth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 12 May 1999 (Contained in Document E/C.12/1999/5).
  • CESCR General Comment No. 13: The Right to Education (Art. 13) Adopted at the Twenty-first Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 8 December 1999 (Contained in Document E/C.12/1999/10).
  • CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12) Adopted at the Twenty-second Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 11 August 2000 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2000/4).
  • CESR General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant) Adopted at the Twenty-ninth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 20 January 2003 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2002/11).
  • CESR General Comment No. 20: Non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) UN. Doc.E/C.12/GC/20 (2009).
  • Chapman, Audrey (1996) 'A 'Violations Approach' for Monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 18, N: 1, s.23-66.
  • Chapman, Audrey / Russell, Sage (Editors) (2002) Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp, Intersentia.
  • Craven, Matthew (Editor) (1995) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights- A perspective on Its Development, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Dennis, Michael J. / Stewart, David P. (2004) 'Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Should There be and Interantional Complaints Mechanism to Adjudicate the Rights to Food, Water, Housing and Health?' American Journal of International Law, V: 98, N: 3, s. 462-514.
  • Deva, Surya (2012) Regulating Corporate Human Rights Violations: Humanizing Bussiness, Oxon, Routledge. Eide, Asbørjn 'Economic and Social Rights': Symondies, Janusz (Editor) (2000) Human Rights: Concepts and Standards, Burlington, Ashgate UNESCO.
  • Göztepe, Ece (2011) 'Türkiye'de Anayasa Mahkemesi'ne Bireysel Başvuru Hakkının (Anayasa Şikâyeti) 6216 Sayılı Kanun Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi' TBB Dergisi, S: 95, s. 13-40.
  • Kent, George (2005) Freedom From Want, Washington D.C., Georgetown University Press.
  • Langford, Malcolm 'Judicial Review in National Courts: Recognition and Responsiveness' : Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe (Editors) (2014) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Liebenberg, Sandra (2001) 'The Right to Social Assistance: The Implications of Grootboom for Policy Reform in South Africa' South African Journal for Human Rights, V: 17, s. 232-257.
  • Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1986, U.N. Doc. E/CN4./1987/17, <http://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource attachments/UN_Limburg_Principle s_1987_En.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 22-26 January 1997, <http://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachme nts/UN_Limburg_Principles_1987_En.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackbeth K. (2002) 'Examining the Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' The International Journal of Human Rights, V: 6, N: 4, s. 29-48.
  • Marcus, David (2006) 'The Normative Development of Socioeconomic Rights Through Supranational Adjudication' Stanford Journal of International Law, V:42, s. 53-102.
  • Narula, Smita (2006) 'The Right to Food: Holding Global Actors Accountable Under International Law' Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, V: 44, s. 691-778.
  • Nolan, Aoife & Dutschke, Mira (2010) 'Article 2 (1) ICESCR and state parties obligations: whiter the budget?' European Human Rights Law Review, V:3, s. 280-289.
  • Nolan, Aoife 'Budget Analysis and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' : Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe (Editors) (2014) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • OHCHR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Monitoring the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CESCR/Pages/CESCRIntro.aspx>, s.e.t. 21.12.2017.
  • OHCHR, Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Fact Sheet 33, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet33en.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • OHCHR Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights: The Human Rights Committee, Fact Sheet 15, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet15rev.1en.pdf>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, Human Rights Treaty Bodies -General Comments, <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/Pages/TBGeneralComments.aspx>, s.e.t. 15.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, Manual on Human Rights Monitoring, Chapter 20 Monitoring Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Chapter20-48pp.pdf>, s.e.t. 15.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Implementation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, (June 8, 2009), UN. Doc. E/2009/90, <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/362/90/PDF/N0936290.pdf?Open Element>, s.e.t. 15.11.2017.
  • OHCHR, The Right to Adequate Food, UN Fact Sheet 34, 2010.
  • <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet34en.pdf >, s.e.t. 02.11.2017.
  • Oxford Learner's Dictionary, <www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/ english/ progressive_1?q=progressive>, s.e.t. 20.12.2017.
  • Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe 'The Development of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law' : Riedel, Eibe / Giacca, Gilles / Golay, Christophe (Editors) (2014) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Human Rights Council Thirty-first session Agenda item 3 Promotion and Protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development, A/HRC/31/51, 14 December 2015. <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/293/26/PDF/G1529326.pdf ?Open Element>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • ECOSOC Resolution 1985/17, 28 May 1985, Review of the composition, organization and administrative arramgements of the Sessional Working Group of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Richardson, Lucy (2015) 'Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (and Beyond) in the UN Human Rights Council' Human Rights Law Review, V: 15, s. 409-440.
  • Robertson, Robert E. (1994) 'Measuring State Compliance with the Obligation to Devote the "Maximum Available Resources" to Realizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 16, N:4, s. 693-714.
  • Schultz, Jim (2002) Promises to Keep: Using the Public Budgets as Advance Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Mexico City, Fundar. Sepulveda, Magdalena (2003) The Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp, Intersentia.
  • Shue, Henry (1980) Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Sur, Melda (1997-1998) 'Sosyal Hakların Uluslararası Alanda Korunma Sistemleri' İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, C: 19-20, s. 65-91.
  • UN General Assembly [UNGA] resolution 421(V) (4 December 1950) Draft International Covenant on Human Rights and measures of implementation: future work of the Commission on Human Rights. <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/060/19/I MG/NR006019.pd f?OpenElement>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • UNGA resolution 543(VI) (5 February1952) Preparation of two Draft International Covenants on Human Rights. <https://documents-dds ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/067/98/I MG/NR006798.pdf ?OpenElement>, s.e.t. 16.11.2017.
  • Van Hoof, G. J. H. 'Legal Nature of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Rebuttal of Some Traditional Views' : Alston, Philip / Tomaševski, Katarina (Editors) (1987) The Right to Food, SIM, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Verma, Shivani (2015) 'Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Relavant Case Law', The International Council on Human Rights Policy, <file:///D:/LCIL/CAMBRIDGE/ Justiciability%20of%20the%20right%20to%20food/Justiciability%20of%20ESCR.pdf> s.e.t. 17.11.2017.
  • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna on 25 June 1993. <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Vien na.aspx> s.e.t. 17.11.2017.
  • Vivero Pol, Jose Luis 'Hunger for Justice in Latin America, Justiciability of Social Rights in Hungry Democracies' : Martin, Miguel Angel / Vivero Pol, Jose Luis (Editors) (2011) New Challenges to the Right to Food, Barcelona, CEHAP.
  • Way, Sally-Anne (2014) 'The "Myth" and Mystery of US History on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: The 1947 United States Suggestions for Articles to be Incorporated in International Bill of Rights' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 36, N: 4, s.869-897.
  • Whelan Daniel. J. & Donnelly Jack (2007) 'The West, Economic and Social Rights and the Global Human Rights Regime: Setting the Record Straight' Human Rights Quarterly, V: 29, s. 908-949.
  • Young, Katherine (2008) 'The Minimum Core Obligation of Economic and Social Rights: A Concept in Search of Content' Yale Journal of International Law, V: 33, s. 113-175.
  • Zeigler, Jean / Golay, Christophe / Mahon, Claire / Way, Sally-Anne (2011) The Fight for the Right to Food, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Constitutional Court of South Africa, Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Irene Grootboom and others, 2001 (1) SA 46 (CC), 2000 (11) BCLR 1169. (CC).
  • Constitutional Court of South Africa, Minister of Health and others v. Treatment Action Campaign and others. 2002 (5) SA 721 (CC). Supreme Court of India, People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & others, 2003, 2 S.C.R. 1136.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section PUBLIC LAW
Authors

Rabia İlay Akbulut Peerzada

Publication Date February 20, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 YBHD 2018/1

Cite

APA Akbulut Peerzada, R. İ. (2018). EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK “AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA” KAVRAMI. Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi(1), 1-40.
AMA Akbulut Peerzada Rİ. EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK “AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA” KAVRAMI. YBHD. February 2018;(1):1-40.
Chicago Akbulut Peerzada, Rabia İlay. “EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK ‘AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA’ KAVRAMI”. Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi, no. 1 (February 2018): 1-40.
EndNote Akbulut Peerzada Rİ (February 1, 2018) EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK “AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA” KAVRAMI. Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi 1 1–40.
IEEE R. İ. Akbulut Peerzada, “EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK ‘AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA’ KAVRAMI”, YBHD, no. 1, pp. 1–40, February 2018.
ISNAD Akbulut Peerzada, Rabia İlay. “EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK ‘AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA’ KAVRAMI”. Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi 1 (February 2018), 1-40.
JAMA Akbulut Peerzada Rİ. EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK “AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA” KAVRAMI. YBHD. 2018;:1–40.
MLA Akbulut Peerzada, Rabia İlay. “EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK ‘AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA’ KAVRAMI”. Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1-40.
Vancouver Akbulut Peerzada Rİ. EKONOMİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL HAKLARIN İKİNCİLLEŞTİRİLMESİNİN BİR NEDENİ OLARAK “AŞAMALI SAĞLAMA” KAVRAMI. YBHD. 2018(1):1-40.

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