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Zorlu Yaşam Olaylarını Anlamlandırmada Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar ve Din

Year 2024, , 181 - 207, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2024.10.1.07

Abstract

Zorlu yaşam olayları insanı bilişsel, duygusal ve davranışsal olarak etkileyen travmatik olaylardır. Bu tür yaşantıları tecrübe etmiş bireylerin psikolojik tepkilerini anlamın yollarından biri bu insanların dünya ile ilgili temel varsayımlarını ve bu olayların varsayımları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Travmatik yaşantılara sahip mağdurlar üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar, insanların genellikle sorgulanmayan varsayımlara sahip olduğu ve bunlara göre düşünce ve davranışlarını şekillendirdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Travmatik olaylar, bireylerin sahip olduğu bu varsayımların sarsılmasına neden olduğu gibi bu inançların doğasını ortaya çıkaracak özelliklere sahiptir. ‘Parçalanmış Varsayımlar Modeli’ insanların temel inançlarını açıklamaya yönelik kuramsal bir çerçeve sunmaya çalışmıştır. Bu modele göre insanlar ‘dünyanın iyiliği’, ‘dünyanın anlamlılığı’ ve ‘kendilik değeri’ olarak temelde üç ana varsayıma sahiptirler. Bu üç temel varsayımın dayandığı inançlar, bir bütün olarak ele alındığında bireyin dünyaya ilişkin varsayımlarıyla ilgili kavramsal modelde toplamda sekiz ilke görülmektedir. Bunlar; dünyanın iyiliği, insanların iyiliği, adalet, kontrol edebilirlik, rastlantısallık, kendilik değeri, kendilik kontrolü ve şanstır. İnsanların bu inançları, yaşamlarındaki ekstrem olayları tahmin etmede onlara yardımcı olacak ve karar almalarına destek olacak bilişsel çerçeve işlevine sahiptirler. Zorlu yaşam olayları, bireyleri örseleyici, stresli ve sıkıntı verici duygusal durumlardır. Bu deneyimlerin hem psikolojik hem de fiziksel sağlık üzerinde güçlü etkileri vardır; en yaygın sonuçları ise travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve depresyondur. Burada en belirgin ruhsal durumu anlamsızlıktır. Çünkü bireyler; kendilerini, anlamsız bir dünyada başlarına gelenlerden dolayı çaresiz ve yalnız hissetmektedirler. Dünya artık eskisi gibi anlamlı olmamakta ve bundan sonra yaşanacaklar ile ilgili kontrolün kendilerinde olmadığını düşünmektedirler. Bireylerin, yaşadığı acıları iyileştirmesi ve bu zor durumdan kurtulabilmesi, kendi iç dünyasını yeniden inşâ etmesi ile mümkündür. Eski varsayımlar, hayatın art niyetli ve anlamsız olduğu sonucunu doğurmuş olduğu için yaşama kaygı ve endişe hâkim olmuştur. Travma ile zorlu bir dönem geçiren bireyler, kendisini yanıltan, ölümlü ve savunmasız olduğu gerçeğini ile karşı karşıya kalmasına ve hayatın anlamsız olduğu sonucunu doğurmasına neden olan eski varsayımlarını değiştirmesiyle önceki yaşantılarına dönmesi kolaylaşacaktır. Yeni varsayımlar travmatik durumlarla başa çıkmanın temel yollarından biridir. Yeni varsayımlar oluşturmada dinin anlamlandırmaları, bireyler için önemli bir kaynaktır. Din, zorlu yaşam olaylarında en çok bilişsel boyutta işlev görerek yeni anlamlandırma ve bakış açısı getirmektedir. Din, çoğu zaman insan için gerçekliğin algılandığı birer şema işlevine sahip olabilmektedir. Din, insanların yaşadıkları acı ve ıstırapların amaçsız ve anlamsız olmadığını; ilahi bir plan çerçevesinde gerçekleştiğini ifade etmektedir. Yaşananları inkâr etmek ve onlardan kaçmak yerine, dinin sunduğu anlam çerçevesinde yaşanan acılar, manevi gelişim için bir fırsatı olarak görülebilir. Çalışmanın amacı zorlu yaşam olaylarının bireyler tarafından nasıl anlamlandırıldığını inceleyerek dinin, anlamlandırmada rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Din ve manevi değerler bireylerin acılı durumlarla başaçıkmasında yeni varsayımlar sunabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak zorlu yaşam olaylarının insanlar üzerindeki etkileri ele alınmıştır. İkinci olarak dünyaya ilişkin temel varsayımlar Parçalanmış Varsayımlar Modeli çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Son olarak zorlu yaşam olaylarında dini perspektiften geliştirilen dünyaya ilişkin varsayımlar ve bu varsayımların psikolojik iyileşmeye katkıları ele alınmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik yöntemin kullanıldığı araştırmada mevcut literatür gözden geçirilerek dünya varsayımlarının şekillenmesinde din ve maneviyatın rolü ile ilgili olarak teorik bir çerçeve oluşturulmak istenmiştir. Çalışmanın travmatik yaşantılara sahip bireylerin varsayımlarının anlaşılmasında ve yeni varsayımlar geliştirerek iyileşme sürecine katkıda bulunmasında etkili olacağı düşünülmektedir.

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Assumptions about the World and Religion in Making Sense of Difficult Life Events

Year 2024, , 181 - 207, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2024.10.1.07

Abstract

Challenging life events are traumatic events that affect people cognitively, emotionally and behaviorally. One way to understand the psychological reactions of individuals who have experienced such events is to examine their basic assumptions about the world and the effects of these events on their assumptions. Research on victims of traumatic experiences has found that people often have unquestioned assumptions and shape their thoughts and behaviors accordingly. Traumatic events not only cause these assumptions to be shaken, but also have the ability to reveal the nature of these beliefs. The 'Fragmented Assumptions Model' has tried to provide a theoretical framework to explain people's core beliefs. According to this model, people have three main assumptions: 'goodness of the world', 'meaningfulness of the world' and 'self-worth'. When the beliefs on which these three basic assumptions are based are considered as a whole, a total of eight principles are seen in the conceptual model of the individual's assumptions about the world. These are the goodness of the world, the goodness of people, justice, controllability, randomness, self-worth, self-control and chance. These beliefs function as a cognitive framework to help people anticipate extreme events in their lives and support their decision-making. Challenging life events are emotional situations that are overwhelming, stressful and distressing for individuals. These experiences have powerful effects on both psychological and physical health, with the most common consequences being post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. The most prominent mental state here is meaninglessness. This is because individuals feel helpless and alone because of what has happened to them in a meaningless world. They feel that the world is no longer as meaningful as it used to be and that they are not in control of what happens next. It is possible for individuals to heal their suffering and get out of this difficult situation by reconstructing their inner world. Old assumptions have led to the conclusion that life is malevolent and meaningless, resulting in anxiety and worry. Individuals who go through a difficult period with trauma will find it easier to return to their previous lives by changing their old assumptions that misled them, made them face the fact that they are mortal and vulnerable, and led them to conclude that life is meaningless. New assumptions are one of the main ways of coping with traumatic situations. Religious interpretations are an important source for individuals in creating new assumptions. Religion functions mostly in the cognitive dimension in challenging life events, bringing new meaning and perspective. Religion can often function as a schema through which reality is perceived. Religion states that the pain and suffering experienced by people are not aimless and meaningless; they are realized within the framework of a divine plan. Instead of denying and avoiding the experiences, the pain experienced within the framework of the meaning offered by religion can be seen as an opportunity for spiritual development. The aim of the study is to examine how individuals make sense of difficult life events and to reveal the role of religion in making sense. Religion and spiritual values may offer new assumptions for individuals to cope with painful situations. In this context, firstly, the effects of difficult life events on people are discussed. Secondly, basic assumptions about the world are examined within the framework of the Fragmented Assumptions Model. Finally, the assumptions about the world developed from a religious perspective in difficult life events and their contribution to psychological recovery are discussed. In the study, in which phenomenological method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used, it was aimed to create a theoretical framework about the role of religion and spirituality in shaping world assumptions by reviewing the existing literature. It is thought that the study will be effective in understanding the assumptions of individuals with traumatic experiences and contributing to the healing process by developing new assumptions.

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There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology of Religion
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Muharrem Aka 0000-0002-3195-8946

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 29, 2024
Acceptance Date June 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD Aka, Muharrem. “Zorlu Yaşam Olaylarını Anlamlandırmada Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar Ve Din”. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10/1 (June 2024), 181-207. https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2024.10.1.07.
Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.