BLUE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A NEW AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF SEAS AND OCEANS

Abstract

The concept of sustainability, which has become increasingly important in recent years, has been examined in different dimensions and disciplines. The works of international organizations such as the UN in the field of sustainability and the goals of sustainable development have enabled the emergence and spread of studies on the environment and sustainability. The two elements particularly emphasized in the scope of the study are "clean water and/or sanitation" and "life in water," The concept of blue entrepreneurship has been brought to the fore within the framework of blue growth. While studies within the framework of the concept of green growth and green entrepreneurship were carried out widely, the seas and oceans remained in the background in connection with the climate crisis. The fact that aquatic life is under threat due to the pollution of the seas and oceans and the increase in water temperature is a turning point in terms of sustainability. With this consciousness, while the oceans and seas came to the forefront, the concept of blue growth gained importance. For this reason, to ensure sustainable development and blue growth within the scope of the climate crisis, the concept of "blue entrepreneurship" should be brought to the fore and studied from a broad perspective. This study aims to define the concept of blue entrepreneurship and determine its general framework. Accordingly, suggestions were presented to future researchers for the conceptual and multidisciplinary examination of blue entrepreneurship.

Keywords

• Blue Entrepreneurship
• Blue Economy
• Sustainability

References

1. Aksay, C. S., Ketenoğlu, O., & Kurt, L. (2005) “Küresel Isınma ve İklim Değişikliği”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 1(25): 29-42.
2. Aras, O. N. (2001) “Petrol Üretiminin Deniz Kirliliğine Etkisi ve Kontrolü”, İnsan ve Felaketler Uluslararası Konferansı, Bakü.
3. Bagg, R. M. (1933) “Underground Water in Human Affairs”. Journal American Water Works Association, 25(7): 1000-1006.
4. Birkan, Z. (2019) “Deniz Ticaretinden Kaynaklanan Deniz Kirliliği: Mersin Limanı Örneği” Master's Thesis, Mersin University, Mersin.
5. Boyle, A. E. (1985) “Marine Pollution Under the Law of The Sea Convention”, American Journal of International Law, 79(2), 347-372.
6. Brodd, R. (2022) “What is Blue Energy?” https://www.electrochem.org/what-is-blue-energy, (10.03.2022).
7. Casimiro, D., & Guerreiro, J. (2019) “Trends in Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: An Approach to Governance Models”, Journal of Environmental Protection, 10(12): 1677-1698.
8. Crecente, F., Sarabia, M., & del Val, M. T. (2021) “Sustainable Entrepreneurship in The 2030 Horizon”, Sustainability, 13(2): 909-920.

9. Daly, H. E. (2002) “Sustainable Development—Definitions, Principles, Policies” World Bank, Washington, DC.
10. Desa, U. N. (2016) “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda For Sustainable Development”, United Nations, 70(1): 1-36.
11. Doğan-Sağlamtimur, N., & Subaşı, E. (2018), “Dünya ve Türkiye’de Gemilerden Kaynaklanan Deniz Kirliliği ve Atık Kabul Tesisleri: Genel Perspektif, Yönetim Ve Öneriler”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(3): 481-493.
12. European Comission, (2021) “European Green Deal: Developing A Sustainable Blue Economy in The European Union”, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_2341, (09.02.2022).
13. Everest-Phillips, M. (2014) “Complexity in Small Island Developing States, Block A, 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace: UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence”, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/capacity-building/global-centre-for-public-serviceexcellence/complexity-small-islands.html, (17.12.2021).
14. Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M., & Hultink, E. J. (2017) “The Circular Economy–A New Sustainability Paradigm?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 143: 757-768.
15. Gifford, E., & McKelvey, M. (2019) “Knowledge-intensive Entrepreneurship and S3: Conceptualizing Strategies for Sustainability”, Sustainability, 11(18): 1-16.
16. Goel, P. K. (2006) “Water Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control”, New Delhi, New Age International.
17. Gollasch, S., David, M., Voigt, M., Dragsund, E., Hewitt, C., & Fukuyo, Y. (2007) “Critical Review of The IMO International Convention on The Management of Ships’ Ballast Water And Sediments”, Harmful Algae, 6(4): 585-600.
18. Hernandez, A. (2003) “Water law in the Republic of México”, US-Mexico. United States-Mexico Law Journal.
19. Jia, Z., Wang, B., Song, S., & Fan, Y. (2014) “Blue Energy: Current Technologies For Sustainable Power Generation From Water Salinity Gradient”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31: 91-100.
20. Jones, G., & Lubinski, C. (2014) “Making ‘Green Giants’: Environment Sustainability in The German Chemical Industry, 1950s–1980s”, Business History, 56(4): 623-649.
21. Karaca, A., & Turgay, O.C. (2012) “Toprak Kirliliği”, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 1(1): 13 - 19.
22. Keser, H. Y., & Çetin, I. (2016) “Kara ile Çevrili Olmanın İhracat Üzerine Etkisi: Gelişmekte olan Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Analiz”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 71(1): 199-230.
23. Kınacıgil, H. T., & İlkyaz, A. T. (1997) “Ege Denizi Balıkçılığı ve Sorunları. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 14(3): 351-367.
24. Kiessling, T., Salas, S., Mutafoglu, K., & Thiel, M. (2017) “Who Cares About Dirty Beaches? Evaluating Environmental Awareness and Action on Coastal Litter in Chile”, Ocean & Coastal Management, 137: 82-95.
25. Kontakos, P. (2019) “Blue Growth and Entrepreneurship: Opportunities and Challenges in”, The Cyprus Institute Colloquium Series, 165-172.
26. Kyvelou, S. S. I., & Ierapetritis, D. G. (2019) “How to Make Blue Growth Operational? A Local and Regional Stakeholders Perspective in Greece”, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 18(2): 249-280.
27. Lodge, M. (2021) “The International Seabed Authority and Deep Seabed Mining”, https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/international-seabed-authority-and-deep-seabed-mining (22.11.2021).
28. Nathan, Alexi (2017) "The Law of the Seas: A Barrier to Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14", Sustainable Development Law & Policy, 16(2): 36-52.
29. Okafor-Yarwood I, Kadagi NI, Miranda NAF, Uku J, Elegbede IO and Adewumi IJ (2020) “The Blue Economy–Cultural Livelihood–Ecosystem Conservation Triangle: The African Experience”, Frontiers in Marine Science, 586: 1-18.
30. Özdemir, Ü. (2012) “Türkiye’de Gemilerden Kaynaklı Deniz Kirliliğinin İncelenmesi”, Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2): 373-384.
31. Özden, S. (2013) “Uzman Görüşlerine Göre Çanakkale’de Deniz Kirliliği ve Kirliliğin Sebepleri”, Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 6(1): 74-76.
32. Öztürk, İ., & Şeker, M. (2021) “Marmara Deniz Ekolojisi; Deniz Salyası Oluşumu, Etkileşimleri ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, Ankara.
33. Panagou, N., Kokkali, A., & Stratigea, A. (2018) “Towards an İntegrated Participatory Marine/Coastal and Territorial Spatial Planning Approach at The Local Level-Planning Tools and Issues Raised”, Regional Science Inquiry, 10: 87-111.
34. Raheem, S. (2022) “Women's Blue Entrepreneurship Economic Empowerment Strategy”, IGI Global, 165-184.
35. Reçber, S. (2022) “Açık Denizlerin Korunması ve Deniz Koruma Alanları”, Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(1): 81-120.
36. Rodríguez-García, M., Guijarro-García, M., & Carrilero-Castillo, A. (2019) “An Overview of Ecopreneurship, Eco-Innovation, and The Ecological Sector”, Sustainability, 11(10): 2909.
37. Santos, C. (2021) “The Integrated Maritime Policy in The European Union and The Portuguese Experience Over The Past 14 Years”. Public Policy Portuguese Journal, 6(1): 40-55.
38. Schultz-Zehden, A., Weig, B., & Lukic, I. (2019) “Maritime Spatial Planning and the EU’s Blue Growth Policy: Past, Present and Future Perspectives”. In Maritime Spatial Planning, Palgrive Macmillan, Germany.
39. Scoones, I. (2007) “Sustainability”, Development in Practice, 17(4-5): 589-596.
40. Sedlar, D. K., Vulin, D., Krajačić, G., & Jukić, L. (2019) “Offshore Gas Production Infrastructure Reutilisation for Blue Energy Production”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 108: 159-174.
41. Smith-Godfrey, S. (2016) “Defining the Blue Economy”, Maritime Affairs: Journal of The National Maritime Foundation of India, 12(1): 58-64.
42. Steele, J. H., McIntyre, A. D., Johnston, R., Baxter, I. G., Topping, G., & Dooley, H. D. (1973) “Pollution Studies in The Clyde Sea Area”. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 4(10): 153-157.
43. Subaşı, E. (2010), “Türkiye’deki Liman Atık Kabul Tesislerinin Bazı Kirlilik Parametreleri Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Niğde.
44. Techera, E. J. (2018), “Supporting Blue Economy Agenda: Fisheries, Food Security and Climate Change in the Indian Ocean”. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 14(1): 7-27.
45. Türkmen, S., Şener, B., Arıkan, Y. (2010) “Türkiye Karasularında Petrol Sızıntısı Tehlikesine Karşın Petrol Temizleme Gemisi İhtiyacı Ve Petrol Gemisi Dizayn Gerekleri”, Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi, 182: 7-12.
46. UNEP, FAO, IMO, UNDP, IUCN, World Fish Center, GRID-Arendal. (2012) “Green Economy in a Blue World: Synthesis Report” https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=656&menu=1515, (17.12.2021).
47. United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (2012) “The Future We Want, Outcome of Conference”, (Rio+20) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
48. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2012) “Green Economy in a Blue World Synthesis Report”. www.unep.org/pdf/green_economy_blue.pdf, (26.11.2021).
49. Vega, A., & Hynes, S. (2017) “Ireland's Ocean Economy”, Socio-Economic Marine Research Unit, NUI, 1-63.
50. Veríssimo, N. V., Mussagy, C. U., Oshiro, A. A., Mendonça, C. M. N., de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma, V., Pessoa, A., ... & Pereira, J. F. B. (2021) “From Green to Blue Economy: Marine Biorefineries for A Sustainable Ocean-Based Economy”. Green Chemistry, 23(23): 9377-9400.
51. Willis, K. A., Serra-Gonçalves, C., Richardson, K., Schuyler, Q. A., Pedersen, H., Anderson, K., ... & Puskic, P. S. (2021) “Cleaner Seas: Reducing Marine Pollution”, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 1-16.
52. Winther, J. G., Dai, M., Rist, T., Hoel, A. H., Li, Y., Trice, A., ... & Whitehouse, S. (2020) “Integrated Ocean Management for A Sustainable Ocean Economy”. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(11): 1451-1458.
53. Wolfrum, R., & Matz, N. (2000) “The Interplay of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity”. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 4: 445-480.
54. WWF, (2021) “Marine Pollution”, https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/oceans/marine-pollution#gs.eba0ys, (22.10.2021).
55. WWF, (2022) “Denizlerimiz Neden Önemli?” https://www.wwf.org.tr/calismalarimiz/oceans/, (10.03.2022).
56. Yalçın Erik, N. (2015) “Petrol Tankeri Kazaları ve Neden Olduğu Çevre Kirliliği”, Mavi Gezegen, 20: 1-11.
57. Yılmaz, H. K., & Sönmez, H. (2018) “Environmental Problems and Precautions of Iskenderun Gulf in Eastern Mediterranean Region”. Acta Biologica Turcica, 31(3): 69-81.