THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATION BASED SELF-ESTEEM AND PROACTIVE PERSONALITY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIGHT AND LOOSE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURES AND JOB CRAFTING

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of organizational culture on job crafting within the scope of its structural dimensions, while investigating the role of predictive approach and organization-based self-esteem in this effect. Since each variable of the study is explained within the scope of self-regulation theory, it contributes to the literature. 655 data were collected by questionnaire method in this study. According to the findings of the study, organizational culture affects job crafting. In this effect, organization-based self-esteem plays a partial mediator role, while proactive personality takes a partial moderator role. These results of the study showed that managers and human resources managers should pay attention to the structure of the organization in order to craft the jobs of the employees. In addition, this study emphasizes that the human resources unit should not ignore the self-esteem and proactive personality structure of the working individuals on the basis of the organization.

Keywords

• JOB CRAFTING
• ORGANIZATION BASED SELF-ESTEEM
• PROACTIVE PERSONALIT
• TIGHT AND LOOSE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURES

References

1. Ashford, S.J. & Tsui, A.S. (1991) “Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role active feedback seeking”, Academy of Management Journal, 34(2): 251-280.
2. Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. & Verbeke, W. (2004) “Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance”, Human Resource Management, 43(1): 83-104.
3. Baron, R.M. & Kenny, D.A. (1986) “The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6): 1173-1182.
4. Bateman, T.S. & Crant, J.M. (1993) “The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2): 103-118.
5. Bell, C. & Njoli, N. (2016) “The role of big five factors on predicting job crafting propensities amongst administrative employees in a South Africa tertiary institution”, SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1): 1-11.
6. Berg, J.M., Wrzesniewski, A. & Dutton, J.E. (2010) “Perceiving and responding to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity” Journal of Organization Behavior, 31(2): 158-186.
7. Bruning, P.F. & Campion, M.A. (2018) “A Role-resource approach-avoidance model of job crafting: A multimethod integration and extension of job crafting theory”, Academy of Management Journal, 61(2): 499-522.
8. Bunocore, F., Gennaro, D., Russo, M. & Salvatore, D. (2020) “Cognitive job crafting: A possible response to increasing job insecurity and declining professional prestige”, Human Resource Management Journal, 30(2): 244-259.

9. Carpenter, S. (2000) “Effects of culture tightness and collectivism on self-concept and causal attributions”, Cross-Cultural Research, 34(1): 38-56.
10. Choi, D. (2019) “Job crafting in the eyes of others: Social-relational implications of job crafting”, Academy of Management Proceeding, 1(1): 1-40.
11. Chua, R.Y., Roth, Y. & Lemoine, J.-F. (2015) “How culture impacts creativity: Cultural tightness, cultural distance, and global creative work”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 60(2): 189-227.
12. Cohen, J. (1988) “Statistical power analysis for the behaviour sciences (second edition)”, New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. Costantini, A., Demerouti, E., Ceschi, A. & Sartori, R. (2019) “Evidence on the hierarchical, multidimensional nature of behavioural job crafting”, Applied Psychology, 70(1): 1-31.
14. Crant, J.M. & Bateman, T. S. (2000) “Charismatic leadership viewed from above: the impact of proactive personality”, Journal of Organization Behavior, 21(4): 63-75.
15. Çetin, F., Güner Kibaroğlu, G. & Basım, H.N. (2021) “İş biçimlendirme (Job Crafting) ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması”, İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 8(2): 257-271.
16. De Stobbeleir, K.E.M, Ashford, S.J. & Buyens, D. (2011) “Self-regulation of creativity at work: The role of feedback-seeking behavior in creative performance”, Academy of Management Journal, 54(4): 811-831.
17. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B. & Halbesleben, J. R. (2015) “Productive and counterproductive job crafting: A Daily diary study”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(4): 457-469.
18. Demerouti, E., Soyer, L.M., Vakola, M. & Xanthopoulou, D. (2020) “The effects of a job crafting intervention on the success of an organizational change effort in a blue-collar work environment”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(2): 374-399.
19. Elster, A. & Gelfand, M.J. (2020) “When guiding principles do not guide: The moderating effects of cultural tightness on value‐behavior links”, Journal of Personality, 89(2): 325-337.
20. Erez, M. (2010) “Culture and job design”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2-3): 389-400.
21. Fong, C.Y.M., Tims, M., Khapova, S. N. & Beijer, S. (2020) “Supervisor reactions to avoidance job crafting: The Role of political skill and approach job crafting”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 70(3): 1209-1241.
22. Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F (1981) “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1): 39-50.
23. Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E. & Hyun, H.H. (2012) “How to design and evaluate research in education”, New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Gardner, D.G., Huang, G.-H., Niu, X., Pierce, J.L. & Lee, C. (2014) “Organization‐based self‐esteem, psychological contract fulfillment, and perceived employment opportunities: A Test of self‐regulatory theory”, Human Resource Management, 54(6): 933-953.
25. Gelfand, M.J., Nishii, L. H. & Raver, J. L. (2006) “On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6): 1225-1244.
26. Gelfand, M.J., Raver, J.L., Nishii, L.H., Leslie, L.M., Lun, J., Lim, B.C., . . . Yamaguchi, S. (2011) “Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33- Nation study”, Science, 332(6033): 1100-1104.
27. Güner Kibaroğlu, G. (2022) “Sıkılık ve esneklik bağlamında örgüt kültürünün iş biçimlendirmeye üzerindeki etkisinde örgüt temelli öz saygı ve proaktif kişiliğin rolü”, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
28. Harju, L. K., Kaltiainen, J. & Hakanen, J. J. (2021) “The double‐edged sword of job crafting: The effects of job crafting on changes in job demands and employee well‐being”, Human Resources Manegament, 60(6): 953-968.
29. Hayes, A. F. (2018) “Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2.nd Edition)”, New York: The Guilford Press.
30. Johnson, R. E., Lanaj, K. & Barnes, C. M. (2014) “The good and bad of being fair: Effects of procedural and interpersonal justice behaviors on regulatory resources”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(4): 635-650.
31. Kim, M. & Beehr, T. A. (2017) “Organization-based self-esteem and meaningful work mediate effects of empowering leadership on employee behaviors and well-being”, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25(4): 1-14.
32. Kühnel, J., Bledow, R. & Feuerhahn, N. (2016) “When do you procrastinate? Sleep quality and social sleep lag jointly predict self-regulatory failure at work”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7): 983-1002.
33. Lam, W., Lee, C. , Taylor M. S. & Zha, H.H. (2018) “Does proactive personality matter in leadership transitions? Effects of proactive personality on new leader identification and responses to new leaders and their change agendas”, Academy of Management Journal, 61(1): 245-263.
34. Leana, C., Appelbaum, E. & Shevchuk, I. (2009) “Work process and quality of care in early childhood education: The role of job crafting”. Academy of Management Journal, 52(6): 1169-1192.
35. Lee, Y. & Eissenstat, S.J. (2018) “An application of work engagement in the job demands–resources model to career development: Assessing gender differences”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 29(2): 143-161.
36. Li, H., Jin, H. & Chen, T. (2020) “Linking proactive personality to creative performance: The role of job crafting and high‐involvement work systems”, Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(1): 196-210.
37. Li, N., Liand, J. & Crant, M.J. (2010) “The role of proactive personality in job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: a relational perspective”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2): 395-404.
38. Lin, B. & Law, K.S. (2016) “Why is underemployment related to creativity and OCB? A task-crafting explanation of the curvilinear moderated relations”, Academy of Management Journal, 60(1): 156-177.
39. Liao, P. (2013) “The role of self-concept in the mechanism linking proactive personality to employee work outcomes”, Applied Psychology, 62(2): 421-443.
40. Loi, R., Xu, A.J., Chow, C.W. & Chan, W.W. (2020) “Linking customer participation to service employees’ work‐to‐family enrichment: The role of job crafting and OBSE”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(22): 381-404.
41. Mäkikangas, A. (2018) “Job crafting profiles and work engagement: A person-centered approach”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106: 101-111.
42. McAllister, D.J. & Biegley, G.A. (2002) “Work context and the definition of self: How organizational care influences organization-based self-esteem”, Academy of Management Journal, 45(5): 894-904.
43. Neves, P., Pires, D. & Costa, S. (2020) “Empowering to reduce intentions to resist future change: Organization‐based self‐esteem as a boundary condition”, British Journal of Management, 32(3): 872-891.
44. Norman, S.M., Gardner, D.G. & Pierce, J. (2015) “Leader roles, organization-based self-esteem, and employee outcomes”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal 36(3): 253-270.
45. Omondi, A.A., K’Obonyo, P., Muindi, F. & Odock, S. (2019) “Effect of proactive personality in the relationship between organizational sponsorship and career success of managerial staff in large manufacturing firms in Kenya”, Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(1): 46-64.
46. Özeren, E. (2011) “Örgüt kültüründe yeni bir boyut olan sıkılık-esneklik ile örgütsel yenilikçilik ilişkisi: Türk ve İtalyan mermer sektöründe karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
47. Pelto, P.J. (1968) “The differences between ‘thigh’ and ‘loose’ societies. Trans-action, 5: 37 40.
48. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Hetland, J. (2012) “Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8): 1120-1141.
49. Petrou, P. & Xanthopoulou, D. (2021) “Interactive effects of approach and avoidance job crafting in explaining weekly variations in work performance and employability”, Applied Psychology, 70(3): 1345-1359.
50. Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L. & Dunham, R. B. (1989) “Organization-based self-esteem: Construct definition, measurement, and validation”, Academy of Management Journal, 32(3): 622-648.
51. Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Dunham, R. B. & Cummings, L. L. (2017) “Moderation by organization-based self-esteem of role condition-employee response relationships”, Academy of Management Journal, 36(2): 271-288.
52. Plomp, J., Tims, M., Khapova, S.N., Jansen, P. & Bakker, A.B. (2016) “Proactive Personality and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Job Crafting and Career Competencies”, Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2016(1): 11411.
53. Rattrie, L.T., Kittler, M.G. & Paul, K.I. (2019) “Culture, burnout, and engagement: A meta analysis on national cultural values as moderators in JD‐R theory”, Applied Psychology, 69(1): 176-220.
54. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003) “Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures”, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2): 23-74.
55. Scott, K.L., Shaw, J.D. & Duffy, M.K. (2008) “Merit pay raises and organization-based self-esteem”, Journal of Organization Behavior, 29(7): 967-980.
56. Seibert, S. E., Crant, J.M. & Kraimer, M.L. (1999) “Proactive personality and career success”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3): 416-427. Shin, D., Hasse, V.C. & Schotter, A.P. (2016) “Multinational enterprises within cultural space and place: Integrating cultural distance and tightness- looseness”, Academy of Management Journal, 60(3): 904-921.
57. Shin, Y., Hur, W.-M. & Kim, H.-G. (2018) “Managers as a missing entity in job crafting research: Relationships between store manager job crafting job resources, and store performance”, Applied Psychology, 69(2): 479-507.
58. Sun, L.-Y., Pan, W. & Chow, I.H. (2014) “The role of supervisor political skill in mentoring: Dual motivational perspectives”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2): 213-233.
59. Sun, S., Wang, N., Zhu, J. & Song, Z. (2020) “Crafting job demands and employee creativity: A diary study”, Human Resource Management, 59(6): 569-583.
60. Thompson, J.A. (2005) “Proactive personality and job performance: A social capital perspective”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5): 1011-1017.
61. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. & Derks, D. (2012) “Development and validation of the job crafting scale”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80: 173-186.
62. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. & Derks, D. (2013) “The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(2): 230-240.
63. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. & Derks, D. (2014) “Daily job crafting and the self-efficacy–performance relationship”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(5): 490-507.
64. Tims, M. & Parker, S.K. (2019) “How coworkers attribute reacts to, and shape job crafting”, Organizational Psychology Review, 10(1): 29-54.
65. Tsui, A. S. & Ashford, S.J. (1994) “Adaptive self-regulation: A process view of managerial effectiveness”, Journal of Management, 20(1): 93-121.
66. Uz, I. (2015) “The index of culture tightness and looseness among 68 countries”, Journal of Cross-Culture Psychology, 46(3): 319-335. Vegchel, N., Jonge, J. & Landsbergis, P.A. (2005) “Occupational stress in (inter)action: the interplay between job demands and job resources”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(5): 535-560.
67. Vogel, R. M., Rodell, J. B. & Lynch, J. W. (2016) “Engaged and productive misfits: How job crafting and leisure activity mitigate the negative effects of value incongruence”, Academy of Management Journal, 59(5): 1561-1584.
68. Wallace, C. & Chein, G. (2006) “A multilevel integration of personality, climate, self-regulation, and performance”, Personnel Psychology, 59(3): 529-557.
69. Wingerden, J. V., Derks, D. & Bakker, A.B. (2017) “The impact of personal resources and job crafting interventions on work engagement and performance”, Human Resource Management, 56(1): 51-67.
70. Wong, S. I., Škerlavaj, M. & Černe, M. (2016) “Build coalitions to fit: Autonomy expectations, competence mobilization, and job crafting”, Human Resource Management, 56(5): 785-801.
71. Wrzesniewski, A. & Dutton, J.E. (2001) “Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work”, Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 179-201.
72. Wu, X., Lyu, Y., Kwan, H.K. & Zhai, H. (2019) “The impact of mentoring quality on protégés' organization‐based self‐esteem and proactive behavior: The moderating role of traditionality”, Human Resource Management, 58(4): 417-430.
73. Yoon, H., Kwon, N., Kim, M.-S. & Min, W. (2020) “Job crafting alone or together?: Job crafting, collective job crafting, and creativity”, Academy of Management Proceedings 1(1): 1-48.
74. Zhang, F. & Parker, S.K. (2018) “Reorienting job crafting research: A hierarchical structure of job crafting concepts and integrative review”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(2): 126-146.
75. Zhang, Z., Wang, M. & Shi, J. (2012) “Leader-follower congruence in proactive personality and work outcomes: The mediating role of leader-member exchange”, Academy of Management Journal, 55(1): 111-130.