Research Article

War, Industry, and Debt: The United States’ Rise and Europe’s Economic Decline (1916–1919)

Volume: 2 Number: 2 December 31, 2025
TR EN

War, Industry, and Debt: The United States’ Rise and Europe’s Economic Decline (1916–1919)

Abstract

The First World War profoundly reshaped not only political balances but also the foundations of global economic order. Between 1916 and 1919, European states suffered economic collapse due to depleted production capacities, inflationary pressures, and overwhelming debt burdens. Losses exceeding 50 percent in strategic raw materials such as coal, iron, and steel foreshadowed the difficulties of postwar reconstruction, while monetary expansion and food shortages drastically undermined living standards. In contrast, the United States emerged as the economic victor through mass production, standardization, and strong financial capacity. Concrete examples such as the Handley Page Memorandum illustrate that European industry had become unsustainable without American support. The shift of Europe into a debtor position and the U.S. into a creditor position paved the way for New York to replace London as the world’s financial hub and for the dollar’s rise as the global reserve currency. Thus, the years 1916–1919 represent not only the fiscal aftermath of the war but also a decisive threshold in the formation of today’s global economic system. It marked the beginning of a world economy increasingly shaped by American industrial practices, financial dominance, and institutional influence—developments that would define international economic relations for decades to come.

Keywords

First World War , U.S. Ascendancy , European Economy , Debt Crisis , Global Finance

References

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APA
Kaya Kisić, T. (2025). War, Industry, and Debt: The United States’ Rise and Europe’s Economic Decline (1916–1919). Yönetim, Ekonomi Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 151-164. https://izlik.org/JA32CG56JA